1) A clause is a group of related words that contains both a subject and a verb and forms part of a larger sentence. 2) There are two main types of clauses - independent clauses that can stand alone as a complete thought and dependent clauses that cannot stand alone and need to be attached to an independent clause. 3) Dependent clauses function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs within a sentence.

1. WHAT IS A CLAUSE?
A CLAUSE IS A GROUP OF RELATED
WORDS USED TOGETHER AS PART OF
A SENTENCE.
IT CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND A
VERB.

2. Phrase
One way to define a phrase is to say it is a group of
words that “belong together” in terms of meaning but
do not have both a subject and a verb.
Phrase  S + V
Another way to think of a phrase is to think of
how it works within a sentence. When you think
of a phrase this way, you can define it as:
Phrase = a group of words that acts like one word

3. Phrase
example
Here is a phrase:
1. the gym at the end of the street
It acts like a noun  The gym at the end of the street is new.
It functions as the subject of the sentence
and subjects are nouns.

4. KINDS OF CLAUSES
 AN INDEPENDENT OR MAIN
CLAUSE- EXPRESSES A COMPLETE
THOUGHT AND IT CAN STAND BY
ITSELF.
 A DEPENDENT OR SUBORDINATE
CLAUSE DOES NOT EXPRESS A
COMPLETE THOUGHT AND
CANNOT STAND BY ITSELF.

5. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
 Ex….
THE CROWD BECAME VIOLENT.
THE POLICE WAS COMPELLED TO TAKE
ACTION AGAINST THEM.
By joining these sentences..
1. THE CROWD BECAME VIOLENT, AND THE
POLICE WAS COMPELLED TO TAKE ACTION
AGAINST THEM.

6. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES MAY BE JOINED BY
THE CONJUNCTIONS AND, BUT, OR, FOR, YET.
 JOHN CALLED ALL OF HIS FRIENDS.
 NOBODY TURNED UP.
By joining these sentences..
JOHN CALLED ALL HIS FRIENDS BUT
NOBODY TURNED UP.

7. DEPENDENT/ SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
 Ex.
1. that he would work hard
2. because the joke was funny
3. when I was younger
4. If you do not hurry
5. After such hard work
6. since I returned from Delhi
7. as I had no money with me.

8. The uses of Subordinate Clauses
 Subordinate clauses are named
according to their functions. They
could do the work of…
1. An Adjective
2. An Adverb
3. A Noun

9. THE NOUN CLAUSE
 A noun clause is a subordinate clause as a Noun.
Examples….
1. I believe that hard work is the key to success.
2. I do not know who broke the window.
3. I am not sure whether he would tell the truth.
4. The law will punish whosoever is guilty.
5. He showed how the problem was solved.
6. Tell me what you think about this.
7. They do not know where he is living.

10. NOUN CLAUSE
 Noun clauses are usually introduced by words like..
1. That
2. Whether
3. What
4. Who
5. Whoever
6. Whose
7. Where
8. Why
9. How

11. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
 An Adjective clause is a subordinate clause used as
an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun . It
always follows the noun or the pronoun it modifies.
1. The company that Sourabh worked in the last year
is keen to have him back.
2. Our house, which was built by our grandfather, has
been sold to them.
3. The children apologized to the man whose car they
had damaged.

12. 1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
 Adjective clauses are introduced by the
pronouns..
1. Who
2. Whom
3. Whose
4. Which
5. That
6. With

13. ADVERB CLAUSE
 An Adverb clause is a subordinate clause that
modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb.
 Adverbial clauses express how, when, where or
under what conditions.
 Ex.
1. If you win the contest, you will be rewarded with a
trophy.
2. Whenever I visit you, I find your house in a mess.
3. Neera looked as if she was about to faint.

14. ADVERB CLAUSE
 Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating
conjunctions.
 Some common subordinating conjunctions are
1. After
2. Although
3. As
4. As if
5. As long as
6. As soon as

15. CONTINUED…..
1. Unless 9. Before
2. Until 10. If
3. When 11. In order that
4. Whenever 12. Since
5. Where 13. So that
6. Wherever 14. Than
7. While 15. Though
8. Because

16. LET’S PRACTICE
SOME
EXAMPLES….

17. Add a suitable Noun Clause
1. I thought _______________.
2. The police must know __________________.
3. The law will punish __________________.
4. He begged ______________.
5. Have you heard ________________?
6. We are sure __________________.
7. It is uncertain ______________.
8. He saw _________________.
9. I believe __________________.

18. Add a suitable adjective clause
1. I know the place ________________.
2. I found the book ________________.
3. Where is the book _______________?
4. God helps those _____________.
5. Mary had a white lamb _________________.
6. The man ____________ is my uncle.
7. He met a boy _____________.
8. People ___________ should not throw stones.
9. Students _____________ get good jobs.

19. Add a suitable adverb clause
1. Do not go _______________.
2. We shall miss the train _________________.
3. They fought ______________.
4. _______________ I ran away.
5. I will not go out _________________.
6. You may go home _____________.
7. ___________ I keep it.
8. Fools rush in _________________.
9. Arithmetic is less difficult ______________.