What Age Should I Freeze My Eggs

What Age Should I Freeze My Eggs
Shannon's Edits
What Age Should I Freeze My Eggs?
The short answer is the earlier the better. Studies show that banking eggs at an younger age increases the likelihood of having a successful birth after.
However, these studies also show that women who bank their eggs earlier are less likely to use them, because they have more time to conceive
naturally. Keep in mind, these findings don't apply if you're freezing your eggs due to health issues that impact your fertility directly.
So, what's the recommended age for egg freezing if you don't have any health threats?
It turns out there are two major age–related factors that can help answer this question: egg quantity and quality. For the best egg freezing results, you
need to know at what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tolga Mesen found in his research that the highest probability of live birth >74% occurred when eggs were frozen before 34 years of age. However,
most doctors say that freezing your eggs before the age of 37 is fine. This recommended age is when the quality and quantity of a woman's egg is still
suitable for egg freezing.
What if I'm older than 37 years?
Good news: Women still conceive naturally at this age.
The CDC reports that nearly 120,000 women in their 40s give a birth every year in the United States, with only 9% of these births resulting from IVF.
However, at some point in their 40s, women experience Diminished Ovarian Reserve. This means that women no longer have healthy eggs to fertilize
naturally or retrieve for preservation. The condition may occur at younger age due to disease or injury, but it most commonly occurs as a result of the
normal aging process.
Dr. Dominic Stoop suggests the ideal age for the egg freezing is 31–35. However, although eggs from women in 36–40 years will result in fewer

pregnancies because of lower egg quality, he adds that "these women may still benefit given the accelerated age–related decline in fertility after the age
of 40 years". In other words, if you're 36 or older and you're not trying to conceive right now, you're more likely achieve pregnancy success later if you
freeze your eggs
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Brief Description Of Technology And Assisted Reproductive...
Brief description of technology
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) refers to the technology used to assist human reproduction for individuals who are infertile (inability to
conceive after trying for at least 12 months). Assisted Reproductive Technologies are categorized as HardwareThere are a variety of assisted
reproductive technologies that are used to help couples reproduce:
In vitro fertilization (IVF) – this is fertilization outside of the body. IVF is the most effective and the most common form of ART.
Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT) or tubal embryo transfer – this is similar to IVF. Fertilization occurs in the laboratory. The embryo is then
transferred to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
Gamete intra ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Australia, approximately 3.1% of births are a result of Assisted Reproductive Technology. ARTs have evolved over the last three decades into a suite
of mainstream medical interventions that have resulted in the birth of more than 4.3 million children worldwide (2010). Scientific advancements
continue to emerge in the field of ART technologies, clinical practice and patient characteristics. ART has changed over the last three decades with the
development of technology such as complex ovarian hyper stimulation protocols and numerous variations to the typical IVF treatment cycle
Reproductive technology was developed in the biology and genetics of the embryo as it is now possible to test for chromosome and gene defects in the
embryo, prior to implantation. This technique is called preimplantation genetic testing or preimplantation genetic diagnosis and is when one or more
cells are removed from the embryo and analysed for chromosomal disorders or genetic diseases before embryo transfer. Therefore, assisted
reproductive technologies (ART) not only assist in conception but can also avoid the birth of a child with a disability or hereditary disease. While new
technologies continue to extend the available options for infertile couples, they also have the potential to help single women and homosexual couples
to have children. Overall, these technologies have developed from when they were first introduced to now and have

Endometriosis Research Paper
How and Why Is Endometriosis Important to Know About There are many diseases that impact a women's life, and one of those would be
endometriosis. Endometriosis is one of the many diseases that impact a woman's life. There should be more research done on this topic so that women
can understand that their lives may be affected by this disease. Endometriosis is a disease that impacts women's bodies and fertility that can have
different causes but a few treatments.
Not many women know what exactly endometriosis is, because no one does research on it. There was only twenty one reported cases of
endometriosis over seventy years ago (Begley and Glick 76), although today there are more than five million cases reported in the U.S. Endometriosis is
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A laparoscopy allows the OBGYN to vividly see the patient's organs and what is affected by the disease (Thornton 23). During a laparoscopy the
doctor will burn off the endometriosis on whatever part of the body it's on (Harvard Medical School 1). If the condition worsens a Hysterectomy
will be performed (Harvard Medical School 1). When you have a hysterectomy, you will not be able to reproduce (Harvard Medical School 1). A
hysterectomy removes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the uterus (Harvard Medical School 1). Another surgical option is a Laparotomy (Durning 1).
A laparotomy involves making a longer incision than a laparoscopy, and this is done as an inpatient (Durning 1). "A laparotomy involves a cut into the
abdomen to remove the growths", and it is a more major operation (Thornton 23). Progesterone Therapy can shrink endometriosis tissue. The side
effects are breakthrough bleeding, mood and weight changes, bloating, and sexual problems (Durning 1). A common treatment used to remove pain is
called the laser op, and it can also reverse infertility (Thornton 23). The laser op "goes through tiny nicks in the skin to the affected areas and blasts the
endometriosis (Thornton

Extend Fertility Analysis
Extend Fertility – Analysis
Extend Fertility – Analysis
This assignment is about a critical analysis of Christy Jones, founder of Extend Fertility and her business plan about offering the service of retrieving
and freezing young women's eggs to 'beat the biological clock' for the future use. Her business idea was to offer the service of combining the best–of
class science, service, and storage of the eggs.
Finding the Idea
After several years of studying and then working to gain experience, women tend to prefer first being successful in their job and build a career and
delay parenthood until they are a older (Wilkie, 1981). A study from the New York Post showed that about 43 % of women with higher education
between 33 and 46 are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of course it is very good that nowadays there is the possibility to freeze your eggs, but how can the best scientist and the best clinic help when your
target group doesn't know you. Additionally, as the target group are educated women in their twenties, they are most likely still at university or in
bigger cities. So showing presence there and to educational work would be a good idea.
Dealing with Competitors
As this was a fast moving business and the topic of freezing eggs wasn't new to competitors, Jones knew that she had to act fast. Her goal was to
become leader in this industry including the scientific, service, storage, marketing and education aspect. With working closely with the scientific
leaders, building exclusive strategic partnerships within the industry and being the only company with an FDA approved egg–freezing science, Jones
wanted to make sure that she is and stays market leader in this industry. Though, it might have been very hard to be the only company receiving
exclusive rights for FDA approval. When fulfilling the regulations, also other companies can be FDA approved (FDA, 2009). Additionally, a market
analysis regarding other fertility centers and their plans for the future would be helpful. There, new opportunities for alliances might come up. Also,
sharing studies and improving the procedure could be a possible side effect when working with other organizations. There were also other companies
on the market with the idea of

How Roundworms Can Affect Women's Fertility
There are many factors that can effect women's fertility, such as health problems, weight and generics. When a couple is trying to conceive many
doctors and health care professionals will tell their patients to continue trying for about a year. If the couple has tried for a year without any positive
results, they may need to consult their professional once more and see what their options are.
For many years IVF, has been one of the only methods women can try to become pregnant. That is no longer the case, researchers have found that
different parasitic worms such as roundworms can alter a woman's immune system. Increasing their chances of becoming pregnant. In a recent study
with 986 indigenous women in Bolivia it indicated a lifetime of roundworm

Fertility Treatment Research Paper
Using Fertility Treatments as a Solution to Infertility Making big choices in life can be difficult, especially if that big choice is having children. There
are many men and women who are infertile that still want to have children. Most decide to adopt other children who do not have families or their
families do not want them. But when adoption is not an option, there is now a way where those men and women can have their own children together
through fertility treatments. Fertility treatments could be a good thing:being able to freeze egg and sperm, they can help infertile couples, and avoiding
transmitted diseases would be easier.
Egg Freezing The more popular and developing method of treatment is egg freezing. During this procedure they take an embryo and freeze it for a
month before they place it in a uterus to be later fertilized (Maher). This method was first used for cancer patients. Cancer treatments, like
chemotherapy, can damage the ovaries and make it almost impossible for chemo patients to reproduce. Doctors do this procedure by taking an ovary,
from the patient before they start their cancer treatments, and slicing it into strips before they freeze it (Though Experimental, Ovarian Tissue
Transplants Can Help Some Women Have Children)(see figure 1).
Dr. Claus Yding Andersen, an ovarian... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Embryonic tissue that was removed is first tested for genetic abnormalities. This is done so that the healthiest embryos are frozen and implanted. Dr.
Timothy Yeko, a medical director of theassisted reproductive technology program at the Reproductive Medicine Group in Tampa, talked about the
genetic testing, " Most of our patients now choose to have this genetic testing, which has come into widespread use in the past year or so. By doing
this , the miscarriage rate has dropped by 50 percent because the genetically abnormal embryos are the ones that end in miscarriage."

Why Do Women Use In-Vitro Fertilization?
Since the beginning of time, women have had problems becoming pregnant. Artificial birth methods have been around since the 1500's in countries
other than the United States. New technology has allowed many women to become pregnant who otherwise would never have been able to conceive.
These methods give women the ability to enjoy motherhood. Cesarean sections, Infertility drugs, and IVF methods have had a rapid usage growth in
the United States in the last twenty years. All three of these artificial birth methods are used daily by doctors and medical professionals, with IVF
methods being used to least.
Women often have infertility issues when they are unable to conceive a child. Often with medical help, women are able to conceive. There... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In In–Vitro fertilization, the eggs are removed from the ovaries, fertilized with sperm in a laboratory dish, and put back inside the womb to create a
fetus. The first In–Vitro birth was in 1978 when a woman was unable to conceive due to damage of the Fallopian tubes. Some of the most common
reasons to use In–Virto fertilization are due to: blocked or damaged Fallopian tubes, low sperm count, using fertilization drugs with out success, and
trying to conceive for more than two without success. The first step is to control ovarian hyper stimulation; this is the most commonly done with a
medication. The next step of IVF is to remove the egg from the mother. The eggs are removed by a surgical operation, placed in a special media slide,
and cluttered with other eggs in an incubator until insemination. The third step is fertilization. One hundred thousand motile sperm are transferred to
the test tube containing the eggs. Fertilization is assessed for about eighteen hours after insemination. The next step of the process is to determine the
embryo quality; this step is very important to choose which embryos are transferred to the uterus. The final step is to transfer the embryos to the uterus,
eventually forming a fetus! The embryos are transferred on the third day when they are in the state of cleavage or the fifth day when they are in the
state of blastocyst. Embryos are then loaded into a soft catheter and are placed in the uterine cavity through the

Infertility Essay
Infertility is the inability for a couple that is sexually active to become pregnant after twelve months of trying to conceive. This is a complex medical
issue. A common mistake made about infertility is that it can occur in not only women but men as well and it is much more common amongst both
men and woman. The causes of infertility can be range from environment or physical factors. Risk factors associated with infertility for both sexes
include age, tobacco use, alcohol use, weight, and physical activity (Peterson 170). Once a man or woman is diagnosed, they can then begin treatment.
In some cases, infertility can be corrected by hormone therapy or surgery. If these options do not succeed, parenthood may still be at reach through other
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the ovaries may not release an egg regularly or they may not release a healthy egg. These women usually have
irregular periods or no periods at all. In women, reproductive history, demographics, and lifestyle habits also have been associated with reduced fertility
(Infertility). The causes of infertility in men and women vary widely, and medical imaging typically plays a role in their diagnosis and treatment.
Infertility can be treated with medicine, surgery, orassisted reproductive technology (Infertility). Medicines can include fertility drugs for example
clomiphene or follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone injections. Another options would be surgery to help women with fibroids,
scarring, or even endometriosis. Lastly, assisted reproductive technology can consists of in vitro fertilization or looking into a surrogate. When a
couple is experiencing infertility, a gynecologist generally evaluates the woman, as well as a semen analysis is ordered for the male. Male infertility
would be then suspected if the results from the semen analysis were abnormal. The initial workup usually consists of medical history and physical
examination, as well as endocrine system and genetic evaluation in some cases (Peterson 177). Infertility takes a toll of some people's lives and most
of the time it is overlooked or not noticed fully. "Married couples who are unable to have children are at

The Stressful Stigma Of Infertility
The Stressful Stigma of Infertility In the United States, it is estimated that infertility affects 7.4% to 15% of men and women of reproductive age
(Lewis, Liu, Stuart, & Ryan, 2013). Infertility is defined as "failure to conceive after at least 1 year of attempting to achieve a pregnancy with
unprotected intercourse." (Lewis et al., 2013). These issues have been increasing in industrialized countries over the past half century, and couples
facing these concerns often undergo assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection
(ICSI). These processes are designed to allow couples to have healthy babies who are usually born at full term. Approximately 30% result in the
pregnancy of multiples, most often twins (Ottosen et al., 2009). However, there is definitive evidence showing that women undergoing assisted
reproductive technologies often experience feelings of depression and anxiety. These feelings can stem from multiple sources, including the social
construction of gender and motherhood, the power relationship between a woman and her partner, or other significant aspects of her social position
such as socioeconomic status. Understanding these issues can change the current process of assisted reproductive technology and help give agency to
women who might want to undergo fertility treatments. In a study conducted by Volgsten, Skoog Svanberg, Ekselius, Lundkvist, and Sundstrom
(2008), 439 females, all of which

Fertility Vs Clomid Essay
conception as compared to a single egg being released in the natural cycle. Nonetheless, a patient should be prepared for multiple pregnancy, especially
twins. A multiple pregnancy is a high–risk pregnancy because of the following complications:
Preterm labor or delivery
Low birth weight
Preeclampsia
Gestational diabetes
Placental abruption
Fetal loss
Cesarean section
To improve Femara fertility success rate, it is combined with other fertility drugs such as HCG. The medicine may be inappropriate for a woman with
primary ovarian failure or who have blocked fallopian tubes. As earlier mentioned, Clomiphene Citrate is an example of ovulation drug which may be
used.
Femara for fertility VS Clomid
Clomid is a popular drug in fertility clinics and works by blocking the estrogen receptors. So, the pituitary gland releases more FSH leading to
ovulation stimulation. It has been in existence for many years, whereas Femara is a relatively new drug in this field. Clomid is taken for five days as
well to stimulate ovulation. Some women may not respond to the drug and this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The only slight difference, however, is the time each drug stays in one's system before it clears. Femara has a short lifespan in your body; it
completely clears out of the system within a few days. On the other hand, Clomid may stay in the body for some time which isn't good; it may take
almost six weeks. Therefore, it can result to unfavorable effects on a woman, for example on the cervical mucus and the uterine lining. Remember
cervical mucus is essential to nourish and protect the sperm as it travels through the fallopian tube to meet the egg for fertilization. Also, after
conception, implantation occurs in the uterine lining. Does this mean while on Femara for fertility you won't experience undesirable

Birth Control Pills
Opening: It is very common for women to reflect back on the number of pills they have taken in the attempt to prevent pregnancy when they are
diagnosed with infertility. Nevertheless, is the prolong usage of contraception pills really the culprit that leads to infertility? The article below will give
further information on this matters.
Body:
Can Birth Control Pills Cause Infertility?
Thanks to the advancement in medicine and technology, birth control pills have been available to every person's usage for more than 60 years.
Furthermore, it has been proven to be quite effective in the attempt of not getting pregnant. Nevertheless, it is the truth that there has been any scientific
evidence to point out that birth control pills are indeed the culprit of infertility, when taken in a long period of time.
Birth control pills ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After stop using birth control completely, many women will experience the normal occurrence of their cycles within the period of one to three months.
Nevertheless, it is the fact that it could take up to six months to one year for a healthy woman to be able to get pregnant with the assistance of
well–timed intercourse.
That being said, it is clear that the suppression of ovulation by taking birth control pills is totally reversible, without long standing obstacles in getting
pregnant after the discontinue of birth control therapy. As a matter of fact, it is estimated that up to 80% of couple had succeeded in being able to
conceive after the period of 12 months of unprotected sex.
On the other hand, if a woman at the age of 35 has been trying to get pregnant but unable to do so after stopped using birth control pills for one year, it
may be time to book an appointment at a fertility doctor. Similarly, if a woman whose age is higher than 35 has received no positive result after trying
to get pregnant for a year, it is for the best that they consult a fertility doctor, or a health care

Why People Should Not Embrace The Technology That Is...
The speech that corresponds with this paper is about a very controversial topic. Why people should not embrace the technology that is designer
babies. The purpose of the discussion topic is to persuade people to against further research of designer babies. The general concept of designer babies
is the hand–picked creation of a child, but the topic will be further discussed throughout this essay. Designer babies are an inhumane way to create a
child and should not be promoted or legal in the United States. There are many videos based on the study of designer babies, as shown in the
beginning of my speech. Most of these videos talk about what a designer baby is, the general process and creation, and how the research of
designer babies affects future birthing and conception. This topic has caused extreme controversy in the past few years and has been on nearly
every new station across the country. All of the station have listed pros and cons for the topic and tried to make it easier to understand so viewers
can follow, as well. People use moral judgment and god to debate about this inhumane topic. A designer baby is a genetically engineered child using
InVitro fertilization for specially selected traits, which can vary from lower risk diseases to gender selection (The Embryo Project). The idea of
designer babies was first established in the mid–1990s by an embryologist named Jacques Cohen. His technique for helping infertile women was
intended to "rescue" the eggs of women

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Primary Infertility
As James Austen quoted Infertility messes with your mind and life in various forms until you become hopeful and change your mind beliefs and make
new choices.
Infertility is "a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected
sexual intercourse (1)also with the criteria that evaluation must be initiated sooner in patients who have risk factors for infertility or if the female partner
is older than 35 years.(2) Infertility varies across regions globally and WHO estimated it to affect 8 to 12 per cent of couples worldwide(3).
Underlying these numbers exists unknown cases, estimated to be 3 to 5 per cent. It tends to be highest in countries with high fertility ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women in group II include those with polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperprolactinemia. Women in group III can conceive only with oocyte donation
and in vitro fertilization.(10)
Terminology in reproductive medicine is indeed confusing and misleading (11). Another term Subfertility is described as any form of reduced fertility
with prolonged time of wanted conception.(12).There has been immense development and advancement in treatment modalities in the field of
infertility over the years . Also it has been seen that most of the infertile cases in a long run conceives after several attempts hence categorizing a
couple as infertile or sterile would be ruthless hence, a subtle term has been coined to represent couples with hope of

In Vitro Fertilization Research Papers
Human reproduction is as ancient a topic as any on the plant, and has been around since time began. Childlessness has plagued mankind for years, it
has risen from 1 in 10 (1970) couples were childless to 1 in 5 (2010) as reported by the Pew Research Center. Adoption was once the only answer for a
childless couple but with methods such as artificial insemination and other fertility treatments, which the scientific community has developed a couple
now has more options to choose from. Artificial insemination was first used in 1884, and impregnating a woman through what is known as artificial
insemination, was first used in 1884 (The Medical World: 163–164). Fertility treatments continued to be developed. In 1906 Surgeon Robert Tuttle
Morris witnessed the only successful ovarian transplantation from healthy women to infertile women. In vitro fertilization (IVF) produced the
world's first test tube baby born on July 25, 1978 (The Medical World:, pg. 223). This procedure is done by removing the egg(s) from a woman and
placing them with sperm and a fluid medium to fertilize in a laboratory 2–6 days then transferred to a woman's uterus to establish a successful
pregnancy. In 2010, the physiologist, Robert G. Edwards, who developed the IVF treatment, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine. Concerns about the possibility of women being used as "baby factories" was raised by Pope John Paul but He also refused to condemn the
parents of the child (Prospettive nel

Human Rep Strategies Of Ivf
Introduction The human rep strategies of IVF linked with sperm sorting make it now possible for couples not only to determine the sex of the unborn
offspring but also some specific characteristics. When discussing the evolution of man–kind one fact emphasises itself above all others as the most
recognized and the most important. Homo sapiens (in Biological Terms) prosperity consequently allowed the development of our species to come to
pass resulting in being the dominant race on this planet. However whilst natural selection has led to our success so far as a species in the last 20
years, through experimentation, the ability to change our own genotypes and other traits has now being discovered. In other words we now have the
ability to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also the benefits of being able to choose the offspring can restore balance within some nations whose gender ratio is severely out of balance. Not only
has this, to pick the characteristics of your child had the possibility to evolve the human race to the next level of understanding and evolution
/enlightenment. Ethical Viewpoint – Research Negatives of This Process Keep Brief – Overview When considering the negatives this process might
have on the general populous of the human race Ethical Viewpoints The process of changing the traits of our younger generation can be seen as
somewhat selfish and messing with natural selection. Also it might lead to a certain kind of discriminatory features (as mentioned in GATTACA).
Biological Stand Points Mention the different trouble that can be caused with this process such as bottlenecking and narrowing the gene pool. Social
Stand Points For these to process to be accepted as legal in this society we must consider each countries individual rules and regulations. The
disadvantage for this process on a social viewpoint bears many similarities to the positive side and that is the ability to choose the gender of the
unborn child. Asian countries such as China and Vietnam have rules in place dictating the number our children allowed in an already overflowing
population. For this process to be allowed the

Acupuncture And Fertility Essay
Meta DescriptionWondering about the link between acupuncture and fertility? The physicians at our San Antonio fertility center explain everything
you need to know.
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Acupuncture and Fertility
The relationship between acupuncture and fertility shows promise for patients
Texas Fertility Center San Antonio believes in the value of a comprehensive approach to resolvinginfertility. Consuming a well–balanced diet,
maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding risky behaviors like smoking all have a positive impact on fertility. Additionally, the physicians at our San
Antonio fertility center have seen studies that suggest a compelling link between acupuncture and fertility.
The physicians at TFC San Antonio explain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People around the world turn to the practice as a way to relieve pain, stress and the symptoms of various medical conditions. The physicians at our San
Antonio fertility have been reviewing studies about acupuncture and fertility, which suggests that acupuncture can improve IVF success rates and
increase egg production.
The idea behind acupuncture is simple. People experience problems with their physical and psychological health when the flow of energy in the body
is blocked. To unblock the energy and restore balance, a licensed acupuncturist inserts tiny needles in different points on the body. When acupuncture is
performed for fertility, the acupuncturist targets points that help the reproductive system and stress.
Our fertility specialists realize that most of our patients are not eager to be stuck with more needles; however, acupuncture needles are different than
those used to give injections of fertility medications. The disposable needles used in Chinese medicine are very small, and most people report
experiencing little to no pain with acupuncture. There are also minimal side effects.

Texas Fertility Center can help you get started with

Essay On Infertility
More than one in ten couples struggle with infertility within their lifetime. These struggles can be extremely difficult, but modern medicine offers
many options for needing assistance in caring a baby to full term. Impaired fecundity is a condition related to infertility and refers to women who have
difficulty getting pregnant or carrying a pregnancy to term (CDC, 2015). Females unfortunately have to address ovulation disorders when met with
infertility issues. Although many assume that infertility issues are of a female origin, males struggle with semen insufficiencies as well. Many risk
factors can effect a couples difficulties with pregnancy including; age, smoking, alcohol consumption, overweight, eating disorders, vegan diet, over
exercising, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, these treatments have produced over 140,000 children in 2012 alone (CDC, 2015). Clinics are required to report their success rates to the
CDC and the practices implied annually. Although the use of ART is still relatively rare as compared to the potential demand, approximately 1.5% of
all infants born in the United States are conceived using ART (CDC, 2015).
Many couples have to take IVF and other ART options quite seriously due to the expense and time commitments. "The national infertility association
RESOLVE estimates the average cost of an in vitro fertilization cycle, using fresh embryos, at more than $8,000 –– with medications costing another
$3,000 to $5,000. That translates into well over $10,000 for just one shot at getting pregnant," according to RESOLVE's CEO, Barbara Collura (Shaw,

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of In Vitro...
Introduction
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a series of procedures used to help with getting pregnant (conceiving). It can be used to help treat problems with fertility
or genetics. IVF is a type of assisted reproductive technology (ART). ART refers to all treatments and procedures that combine eggs and sperm outside
the body to try to help a couple conceive.
During IVF, eggs are retrieved from the ovaries and combined with sperm in a lab to fertilize the eggs. One or more of the fertilized eggs (embryos)
are inserted into the uterus through the cervix. Candidates for IVF include:
People who are infertile. Infertility is when you are unable to conceive after a year of having sex regularly without using birth control. Infertility can
also mean that a woman is not able to carry a pregnancy to full term.
Women who have undergone early (premature) menopause or ovarian failure.
Women who had both ovaries removed. In this case, donor eggs must be used.
Women who have damaged or blocked fallopian tubes.
There is no age limit for having IVF, but it is not recommended for women who have gone through menopause (postmenopausal women). The ideal
age for IVF is 35 years or younger. Women 41 and older are often counseled to consider using donor eggs during IVF to increase the chances of success.
Tell a health care provider about:
Any allergies you have.
All medicines you are taking, including vitamins, herbs, eye drops, creams, and over–the–counter medicines.
Any problems you or family

Technology Assisted Reproduction Essay
Technology Assisted Reproduction
Introduction
Reproduction is fundamental for the perpetuation of a species and therefore is a trait all species possess. Human reproduction is usually not viewed in
this context. Extinction of humans is not considered a threat, but the ability to reproduce is an issue of meeting social expectations. Psychologist Dr.
Helen Fisher states that society tends to pressure women into feeling that motherhood is their sole connection to being female (Rutter, 1996). Likewise,
men are influenced by society into feeling that they need to perform their part by "planting the seed" (Rutter, 1996). Fisher's insight may only represent
parts of the reason humans feel the need to reproduce. However, it is evident that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both sexes seem to be more than adequately equipped by biology for parenthood. However, infertility affects 12% of American couples or
approximately 4.5 million couples a year (Fertility, 1998).
Infertility is technically defined as the inability to conceive after having regular intercourse for one year without using any form of birth control.
Surprisingly, the odds against conception are strong most of the time. A woman has just a 20–35% chance of conceiving during each menstrual cycle,
even at the peak of fertility (Infertility, 1996). These odds decline slightly in the women's late 20's and early 30's and more sharply after the age 35.
Male fertility also decreases with age, although more slowly than female fertility.
Fertility is impaired in as many men as women. The problem lies within the man a third of the time, another third of the time within the women, and
the remaining third is usually a combination of the two (Youngkin, 1997). Health professionals emphasize the need for infertile couples to recognize
the problem as "our" problem instead of "mine" or "your" problem. It is less emotionally damaging this way. For these reasons, both partners should be
evaluated when a decision is made to make an attempt at conceiving.
Common Causes of Infertility
There are many known causes of infertility. In men, low sperm count and poor sperm motility are usually the culprits. An undescended testicle or
dilated veins in the scrotum both contribute to

Vitro Fertilization ( Ivf ) Essay
Have you ever heard of an "in vitro fertilization (IVF)"? Well, the term "in vitro" is Latin for "in glass" .With IVF treatment, the egg is fertilized
with sperm in a petri dish. Typically, many eggs are retrieved from the biological mother (who may or may not be the intended parent), as not every
egg will fertilize, and not every fertilized egg will become a viable embryo. A few days after fertilization, the best embryo or embryos are
transferred to the mothers or surrogate's uterus via a catheter through cervix. Any extra embryos may be cryopreserved (cooling them below the
freezing point of water) for future cycles. This method was pioneered by Robert G. Edwards, a retired Professor of Human Reproduction at
Cambridge University, was heralded as the Creator of Modern Reproductive Medicine. He paired with Patrick Steptoe, a practicing Gynecologist at
Oldam General Hospital who pioneered the use of laparoscopy (a surgical procedure in which a fiber–optic instrument is inserted through the
abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or to permit a surgical procedure) in gynecology. Their collaboration started in 1968 when Edwards
attended a lecture that Steptoe gave on laparoscopy at the Royal Society of Medicine in London. Both achieved gracefully in fertilization and cell
division of eggs in vitro in a petri dish with freshly extracted semen, but were unable to successfully implant the fertilized egg into the female uterus
until 1978. They manipulated hormone levels in

Summary: Adventures In Fertility
"Adventures in Fertility"
Jason takes a moment to describe his encounters with the fertility medicine. He explains how it became apparent that he would not bear children
after being diagnosed with testicular cancer few months after he has married his wife, Bessie. He expresses how childlessness is a deeply personal
issue that affects a person from within as the society often expects a child from a marital relationship. The thought of not having a child do make
couples take a backseat when matters to do with children are being discussed in open forums or with friends. What Jason presents is a classic case of
a couple ready to go an extra mile in the search of children. Despite the pains and frustrations that come by, fertility medicine may

Case Study: In Vitro Matilization
Introduction
This paper is a case study that corresponds to a case study of Medi–Cult, a biotech company based in Denmark which has developed new alternative to
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) called In Vitro Maturation (IVM). The IVM reduces maturity of egg from 30 to 2 days and due to its harmone free
treatment it has psychological and physical side effects. Sources of economic value for IVM vs IVF, pricing and consumers are discussed in the case
study questions below.
What are the sources of economic value for IVM vs. IVF?
In Vitro Maturation (IVM) is one of the newest treatment technologies in today's cutting edge Assisted Reproductive Technology(ART). IVM is the
process of harvesting immature eggs, which are then matured in a laboratory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the price too low then could be impacted to profitability and risk having the credibility of the product questioned
b.If the price too high might only attract limited number of the infertile couples
Most of the Costumer is "Infertile Couple", since they are the most important parts and they determine which treatment they wish to have. The bottom
line of the Medi Cult case what the pricing strategy and level they should determine to attract the costumer to utilize the Medi Cult product. The most
burden to Medi Cult if they set the price to low or too high, they have to take the risk. Medi Cult faces two different competition:
a.From large pharmaceutical companies since the IVM method significantly reduce the need to hormone and this method impact to the pharmaceutical
business
b.The other biotech companies would develop their own product and clinical procedure.
Since the Medi Cult is the "First Company" in this business, they expect they have two or three years advantages by being the first to market.
Therefore, the Medi Cult could implement the Monopolistic Power" in the market. The Price discrimination could be applied to this case is the "Third
Degree Discrimination".
The Third Degree Price Discrimination

The Psychological And Mental Effects Of Fertility
Introduction
According to the Department of Health and Human Services (2005), approximately 10% to 15% of couples would experience infertility in some form.
Infertility occurs when a couple tries to have children without any success (Chandra, 2005). Though most cases of infertility can be attributed to
physiological factors in one or both partners, it still has a psychological impact on the relationship. The psychological and mental effects of fertility are
present in both men and women, but there are options to help a couple get through it. Infertility describes the reproductive disease that causes a
reduced potential for a man or woman to conceive or the failure of a woman to carry a child to term. Clinically, infertility is defined as the inability of
women and men to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse. This time frame is reduced to 6 months for women over 35,
as women become less fertile as they get older. Infertility in couples is categorized into two broad categories. Primary infertility describes a case
without any previous pregnancy, while secondary infertility occurs in a couple who have carried at least one pregnancy to term, but is having fertility
problems on further tries. Another reproductive issue closely related to infertility is sterility, which leaves no chance for impregnation.
Genetic Factors Like most subjects under life–span development, infertility is a result of both genetic and environmental factors.

Frozen Sperm And Frozen Eggs
Over the last few years there have been court battles involving frozen embryos, frozen sperm and frozen eggs. One of the most recent cases is
Sofia Vergara and Nick Loeb's publicized battle over the frozen embryos that they created together in 2013. The decision was made to create the
embryos due to Sofia's age and Nick's desire to have children. They realized how sophisticated science had become and decided to use the scientific
knowledge to their advantage. When they were ready, they would have children together. However, they went their separate ways and a lengthy court
battle still pursues on who should have the frozen embryos. Whether it is frozen embryos, frozen sperm or frozen eggs the ethical and legal battle
will continue for decades as to whom should retain ownership and make decisions regarding the frozen material. This frozen material at some point
has to be removed from the human body and in the case of frozen sperm, sometimes the sperm is collected post–mortem. Post mortem sperm retrieval
(PMSR) is the collection of sperm after a male individual has past away. In 1980, the first successful post mortem collection was performed on a
30–year old man who was brain dead after a motor vehicle accident (Strong 739). For sperm preservation to occur the family must be able to convince
medical personnel, particularly the hospital's ethical committee, that that the donor wanted to have children at some point in his life, as the United
States has no laws regarding PMSR.

How Do I Treat Male Infertility?
Male Fertility –Western Meets Eastern Medicine In todays society the cause of infertility has mainly been seen as the women's problem. As it turns
out, about one and every three cases of infertility are due to the man alone. The causes of infertility are vast, but in 2014 a Stanford article titled "
How Do I Treat Male Infertility" stated that most causes of infertility are from: ovulatory dysfunction 18%, Tubal damage 14%, endometriosis 9%,
cervical factors 3%, 28% are unexplained, and male factors 23%. The making of sperm is complex and there are many factors that need to take place
in order for the sperm to be healthfully made in the testicles. The process consists of storing sperm inside the long yards of the epididymis, which lies
on top

The Effect Of Endometriosis On Vitro Fertilization
The Effect of Endometriosis on In Vitro Fertilization By: Brittany Pangilinan Abstract The success of in vitro fertilization treatment is compromised
when a patient is suffering from endometriosis. Endometriosis creates scar tissue and adhesions on the women's ovaries and other reproductive
structures preventing the joining of the egg and sperm during fertilization. In vitro fertilization was created in 1977 to manually join the egg and sperm
in hope of fertilization in patients who cannot conceive on their own. Researchers have found a strong correlation between the severity of the condition
and the patient's success in IVF treatment. The future in IVF and endometriosis research can soon uncover the cause of endometriosis, further revealing
different modes of alternatives in reproduction. Literature Review Endometriosis occurs when the endometrial tissue, normally located inside the
uterus, lines the outside. The condition most commonly affects the ovaries and peritoneum, and affects approximately 10% of women in the United
States (Barnhart et. el. 2002). The misplaced endometrial tissue continues to act as it would in the usual situation; the tissue thickens, breaks down, and
bleeds with the menstrual cycle. Since there is no exit path for the tissue to leave the body, the tissue becomes trapped inside the abdomen, causing
severe pain (Mayo Clinic, 2013). When the ovaries are affected from endometriosis, cysts called endometriomas may form. The surrounding

Assisted Reproduction Technologies Pros And Cons
As the years, have progressed, the sensation for science has increased, as well as the aspiration for technology. Because of this, many new ideas and
innovation have been brought to us, such as the development of ART, Assisted Reproductive Technology. The use of Assisted Reproductive
Technologies has been brought to allow pregnancies to be effectuated when the natural way is not option. The interest for unnaturalpregnancy began in
the early 1800s when John Hunter, a Scottish surgeon inseminated a woman with her husband's sperm. Due to this incidence, later in the late 1800s,
the idea for sperm donation sprouted. From there on, the curiosity for other ways to succeed in unnatural pregnancies devolved rapidly. One of these
ways was the In Vitro ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Frank H. Pierek 340). During the research, it was concluded that over 1500 of the interfiled men had become accessible to a form of Assisted
Reproductive Technologies. In addition, over 60% of them, their problem of their infertility was revealed, and better treatment which was focused on
their own specific situation specifically was given. Additionally, for the other percentage of men, a "rational andrological treatment" was given. Over
all, the data was able to prove that different types of Assisted Reproductive Technologies can allow for people to have a better understanding of what
is occurring in their bodies before going through a procedure, rather than only believing that ART could just be

Case Study About Texas Fertility Center
INSIDE A: 157 About Texas Fertility Center– Parenthood is Possible At TFC, we believe that most issues with infertility can be solved with today's
treatment options. The Texas Fertility Center family of physicians, nurses and embryologists welcomes you to our practice, and we are devoted to
your successful outcome. Our confidence is rooted in experience. Texas Fertility Center doctors have treated individuals and couples in Central
Texas since 1981. With over 100 years of combined experience, our fertility specialists have helped bring over 16,000 babies into the world. For over
30 years, TFC has stood for excellence in reproductive medicine The foundation of our practice is built on patient– centric care, innovative and

Pesticides : Pesticides And Pesticides
Pesticides are prevalent in many societies, they are used on crops to ward off insects and other nuisances, in homes to kill rodents, and in gardens to
remove weeds. It is interesting that humans are continuously exposed to chemicals that are literally used to kill other living things. Despite the fact
that many studies have shown that certain chemicals in pesticides have adverse side effects, pesticide use remains so common place that most people
are exposed to pesticides on an almost daily basis. There are many classes of pesticides, like organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids, and each
class of pesticides effects humans differently. In the empirical article "Organophosphorous pesticide exposures andsperm quality," Melissa Perry, et al.
look at the association between urinary organophospophorous (OP) pesticide metabolites and the concentration and motility of sperm.
The researchers of this study conducted an extremely thorough recruitment and subject selection process. This study focused on newly married couples
from agricultural regions in China, even though this study specifically focused on the effects that OP pesticides had on the males' semen quality, there
were criteria that both the men and the women in the marriages had to meet. The initial recruitment requirements were: this marriage was the first for
both parties, the wives were between the ages of 20 and 34 years, the wives were nonsmokers, they both were available for the study, they had to live

Assisted Reproductive Technology Essay
Assisted reproductive technology
Assisted Reproductive technology (Art) is a technology used to make babies in artificial way. This technology gave hope to a lot of people all over
the world to have children. Statistics show that almost Three million infants have been delivered using Assisted Reproductive Technologyin the last 30
years, all over the world. This procedure enables couples to achieve pregnancy, for example women or men who are infertile; also singles that want
have babies, and gays and lesbian. Basically the (Art) process of intercourse is done by insemination (Like, artificial insemination) or fertilization, and
this procedure is done by taking the Oocyte and fertilizing it in the laboratory (For example, in vitro ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The male infertility can be linked with a wide range of semen anomalies, such as number of sperms, motility and morphology. (McElreavey 1)
Since 1978 the first child was born outside a woman's body through Reproduction Technology (IVF), her name was Louis Brown in England.
Reproductive medicine and the test–tube baby has been highly advertized in the western world. This technology is "miracle cure" for infertility (Klein
1) Infertility can be treated in different ways; one of them is Assisted reproductive Technology. ART contains different techniques to treat infertility.
This technology is basically taking the egg from the mother and the sperm outside the couple's body, and fertilizing it in a laboratory environment to
make the embryo. As I mentioned, there are a lot of types of ART. The main procedure is the in vitro fertilization. This procedure means that the egg
and sperm are fertilized outside the couple's body to create the embryo; Studies say that this procedure is the most successful and effective one in
Assisted Reproductive Technology. Its can be effective when the woman's fallopian tube are blocked or the male is producing not too much

Ovation Fertility Research Paper
Meta DescriptionOvation Fertility is proud of our Nashville genetics lab, which offers our patients PGD using FISH and CCS under the director of
Amy Jones, MS.
Comments
Live Date (AMY)
URL (AMY)
Ovation Fertilityв„ў Nashville Genetics Lab
The Ovation Fertility Nashville genetics lab offers comprehensive genetic testing and screening of embryos
Aneuploidy, or an incorrect number of chromosome, is a common occurrence, even in embryos that look normal and healthy. When an embryo with
an incorrect number of chromosomes is transferred, it will result in IVF cycle failure, miscarriage or birth defects. To avoid this heartbreak, our
Nashville genetics lab is proud to offer a state–of–the–art genetics lab that provides preimplantation genetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FISH stands for fluorescent in situ hybridization, and it does not test all chromosomes. FISH can only test 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, X and Y,
because these chromosomes are most commonly associated with miscarriages, failed IVF cycles, and genetic abnormalities caused by advanced
maternal age. The testing is 90–95% accurate, and we recommend it for all patients undergoing IVF.
CCS, or comprehensive chromosome screening, and it has many advantages over FISH. This testing method can screen all 24 chromosomes, and
current information suggests that CCS leads to better implantation and live birth rates. Our Nashville genetics lab recommends CCS for patients with a
history of failed IVF cycles, recurrent miscarriage or advanced maternal age.
Our Nashville genetics lab can help you get started with PGD
If you're considering PGD with our Nashville genetics lab, you should first schedule an appointment with an Ovation Fertility partner physician. You
will then schedule a consultation or class with the director of preimplantation genetic diagnosis at our Nashville genetics lab Amy Jones,

Assisted Reproductive Technology And It's Arguments...
The act of procreation is vital in sustaining the existence of any living thing. It is survival of the species, they must reproduce or they will die out. In
regards to the human race, there isn't a problem regarding extinction, but of conforming to social and moral expectations. Men sometimes feel pressure
to "plant the seed" and women feel that motherhood is the sole aspect of "femininity", while others believe that it is just a matter of humanity and the
biological need to control nature (Hansen). The topic of reproduction is evidently a very important topic among married couples, but what happens
when one or both can't reproduce? Some people want to have a baby so desperately that they consult fertility and reproductive health professionals ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other dilemmas may be that neither the father nor the mother is able to bond with the child. In the case of surrogacy the surrogate mother faces some
similar moral and psychological issues such as problems pertaining to the characteristics and liability for the child when he/she is born. In fact, this is
so controversial that some states have made it illegal to enter into an agreement with a surrogate mother. The surrogate may back out and want to keep
the baby or the potential parents back out and no longer want the child which could then cause legal issues and evil court battles. Another down side to
using reproductive technology because many of the techniques used result in multiple births because the fertility drugs used to increase the chance of
conception sometimes creates, twins, triplets, quadruplets and so on.
Increasingly, couples are turning to reproductive technology to assist with conceiving a healthy baby of their own. Fertility treatments that are used are
intricate and very expensive. Knowledge is the

Why Do Women Use In Vitro Fertilization
In Vitro Fertilization is a series of procedures that are used to treat genetic or fertility problems and help someone conceive a child. During the
procedures for IVF mature eggs are collected from women's ovaries and are fertilized by sperm in a lab. Some people try to argue that in vitro
fertilization is unethical, but it is ethical. One reason it is ethical is because in vitro fertilization helps women who are unable to have children
naturally. "The Centers for Disease Control reports that there are an estimated 6.7 million women of child bearing age who are unable to have
children. 10 to 16 percent of all couples cannot conceive." (Honeycutt, 2014) Some of the reasons women use IVF is if they have fallopian tube
damage, ovulation disorders, premature ovarian failure, and endometriosis. Helping women who cannot conceive a child on her own is not unethical.
IVF has helped many women do this when they couldn't on their own. Another reason IVF is ethical is because when the doctors study the early
embryonic development outside of the womb, they might be able to discover ways to prevent birth defects. If doctors can find ways to prevent birth
defects it can also help women who can conceive children naturally. It can also save a lot babies from having to go through life with birth defects and...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike with adoption IVF allows one of the partners in the relationship to be the child's biological parent. If two women want to have a child they
can choose a sperm donor and then one of them can be implanted with the fertilized egg and it will allow them to have their own child. In some cases
when there are two males the doctor will implant both of the partners sperm in the Surrogate so they won't know which one of them is the father. Like
the first reason helping people have children they wouldn't be able to have on their own is not in any way

Beyonce Knowle Research Paper
After Queen Beyonce Knowles made it known to the world that she is pregnant with twins, everyone starts to speculate how her pregnancy came
about. After posting a photo on Instagram that shows her pregnant belly, many wonder how it is possible for her to get twins at her age.
In Beyonce Knowle's post, she announces that she is not only happy with the double blessing, she is also thankful for those who are wishing her
well. However, she did not announce when the twins will arrive or the gender of the babies but it is for sure that Blue Ivy is going to be a big sister.
While a lot of people are very happy for the Carters, many are speculating that the 35 year old underwent in–vitro fertilization for her current pregnancy
. In a recent study, in the Journal Fertility and Sterility, 40 percent of all in–vitro births result in multiple pregnancies – twins, triplets, etc. In America,
77 percent of births of triplets or more come from IVF pregnancies, as reported by Self. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She means that mothers who are 35 years or older would mean an increased number of twin pregnancies. So it makes sense as to why the Queen Bey
is going to have twins.
While the study confirms the star's fertile conception, the artist behind her pregnancy photo makes sure that her portrait is tasteful. Beyonce wears a
veil and cradles her stomach in the picture and the man behind that photo is Awol Erizku, a graduate from Yale University with a masters in fine arts,
as reported by the BBC.
For Beyonce Knowle's artsy pregnancy photo on Instagram, click

Infertility Treatments: Is it Ethical? Essay
In this day and age several factors have changed the definition of a family. We live in a time where careers, education, and work are now put before
starting a family, making it more difficult to have children. The traditional family archetype has changed with a rise in single and homosexual
parenting. This change, even though it is a positive one, can result in several people being unable to have children. Infertility treatments have become a
popular option for these people who cannot have children. These treatments have become popular in books, movies, and other forms which has brought
attention to the ethics of the practices. The ethics of these treatments are challenged by the health risks on people seeking treatments and their... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(womenshealth.gov) Medicinal and technological treatments are often used together. These treatments help those seeking a child but cannot
reproduce one. The importance of infertility treatments can be seen in the values of family in our society. Family is one of the greatly valued
things in all societies around the world. Parenthood is something many people plan to fulfill in their lives. (Bolvin) Parenthood is sometimes even
seen as a rite of passage in adulthood. Growing old without a family can sometimes be interpreted as abnormal, less now than in the past. Those
who are infertile may feel distressed that they are not able to become a parent, especially if it is one of their life goals. Infertility treatments are vital
in giving infertile people the chance to fulfill their lives with a family. Infertility treatments need to be available simply for the reason that they are
helpful for people whose health conditions inhibit them from producing a child of their own. According to the CDC, 6% of married women are
infertile and 11% of women have troubles getting pregnant. (CDC). They are also beneficial to single women and men facing infertility issues. People
that are infertile may have problems with reproductive organs, hormonal glands, or genetic disorders that impede on these couples ability to get
pregnant. Infertility can be difficult to

Treating Infertility
Infertility has become so widespread today that the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized it as a disease (World Health Organization
2009). In developed countries, approximately 15% of the population is infertile (Petraglia, Serour & Chapron 2013), and infertility in females alone
accounts for 37% of these causes (Unuane et al. 2011). Over the past decade, efficient techniques aimed at treating infertility have become widely
available throughout the developed world and have been the subject of public discussion and media attention. These range from non–invasive
techniques such as the use of fertility drugs aimed at hormonal stimulation, to more invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or intrauterine
insemination. In the midst of increasing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Physicians are continually faced with the increasing numbers of women athletes whose menstrual cycles have been interrupted (Wall, Belcastro &
Cumming 1983) as more females are getting involved in physical fitness and competitive sports. These disturbances to the menstrual cycle reflect
"different degrees of ovarian suppression and are accompanied by inadequate follicular development and impaired fertility" (Zanker 2006, p.489)
Research has shown that intense exercise may lead to alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, affecting gonadotropin, estrogen,
progesterone and androgen release (Baker 1981). This is indicative of neuroendocrine dysfunction termed as functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea,
characterized by the disruption of the pulsatile release of GnRH from the hypothalamus which in turn causes diminished ovarian stimulation (Zanker
2006). This disruption of the GnRH pulsatile secretion appears to be caused by the stress of exercise as exercise is deemed a chronic stressor that
activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (Loucks, Verdun & Heath 1998). This affects the GnRH secreting neurons and disrupts the
GnRH pulse generator via the effects of corticotropin–releasing hormone and negative feedback effects of cortisol (Rivier & Rivest 1991). Furthermore,
studies also found that energy expenditure from vigorous and frequent exercise can reduce energy availability enough that it suppresses Luteinizing
Hormone (LH) pulsatility (Loucks et al. 1998), thereby diminishing ovarian stimulation. Female athletes who exercise regularly generally have low
body fat levels and this is correlated to low leptin levels as the hormone is produced by white fat cells and reflects fat mass. (Zanker 2006). Leptin
plays a critical role to the hypothalamus as it functions as a metabolic signal of energy availability, and decreased leptin signals to the

Ethical And Moral Issues With In-Vitro Fertilization
Today I will be showing and comparing the Ethical and Moral issues with in–vitro–fertilization. In–vitro–fertilization is reproductive technology
referred to as IVF. IVF is the process of fertilization by combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish (outside the human body) then transferring the
embryo(fertilized egg) to the uterus. Other forms of reproductive technology are gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT is an assisted reproductive
procedure which involves removing a woman's eggs, mixing them with sperm, and immediately placing them into a fallopian tube) and zygote
intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT is an assisted reproductive procedure similar to in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, the difference being that the
fertilized embryo is transferred into the fallopian tube instead of the uterus). History Of IVF
In 1855, the Women 's Hospital in NY chief doctor J. Marion Sims Believes that infertility can be cured by surgery and is permitted to test his theory
fifty–five times over a two year period one pregnancy occurred which ended up as a miscarriage.
In 1884 Physician William Pancoast injects sperm (donor sperm) into infertile women under anesthesia, she gave birth to a baby boy 9 months later.
Pancoast only tells the husband what he had done.
In 1934 Harvard scientist Gregory Pincus conducted IVF experiments on Rabbits and suggests that similarly is possible in Humans, Harvard does not
give him tenure ( In the United States and Canada, tenure is a

Delaying Motherhood : Advanced Fertility Options For Older...
Rachel Hofsess 10/22/14 WS 220 Final Paper Outline Thesis: The increasing trend across developed countries to postpone motherhood is due to
advanced fertility options for older mothers, the desire for females to further establish themselves in their career, and the need to take more time to
find the right partner with which to start a family. Argument 1: After the introduction of the birth control pill in the 1960's, women have become more
empowered over their decision as to when and if they will have a baby. Females experienced a newfound liberation with their bodies – they could
essentially have some control over when they would become a mother. Over the decades that followed, more and more forms of birth control options
were put on... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Feminist Strategy: Identify women's agency in the midst of social constraint and the biomedical paradigm Supportive Literature: "Reproductive
'Choice" and Egg Freezing." Petropanagos, Angel. Oncofertility; Cancer Treatment and Research Volume 156, 2010, pp 223
–235. This academic article
discussed the option for egg freezing for women who choose to become pregnant later due to higher education, career advancement, or difficulties
finding a long–term partner. Argument 2: The gap between job and pay equality between men and women has been narrowing over the last few
decades. One reason for this trend is due to women postponing motherhood to focus on and advance their career before having to care for a child.
Whether we like it or not, when women take time off to have a baby that can be seen as a break in action from the workplace. Perhaps they missed out
on a project, on a big sale, on a one–time job promotion opportunity. By not taking time out of their early career to have a baby, women are finding
that they are able to climb the corporate ladder perhaps faster than their predecessors. Higher salaries associated with career growth help to provide
more financial security for having a family later in life. For example, at the University of Virginia, economist Amalia Miller calculated that for every
year a

Momentous Gender Selection
One of life's profound moments is that of a mother's caressing gaze into the eyes of her first–born child. Only a minority of mothers who conceive
genetically impaired children face an alternative world of heartbreak and melancholy.
It's a beautiful thing to conceive life's bundle of joy, and another to conceive a child suffering from genetic disorders. Inheriting altered genes through
autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X–linked dominant and X–linked recessive are potential leads to genetic disorders in offspring (Health
Direct Australia, 2014).
Interventions such as Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) have opened up a diverse field of scientific research, committed to overcoming this
biological issue. Over decades of momentous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Imbalance of genders occur when one gender is outstanding in number to that of the other gender; for example, if there were many more males to
females. Gender imbalance is calculated by the sex ratio, that is the ratio of males to females in a population (World Health Organisation, 2015).
China and India are evidence of where gender imbalance has occurred. In both countries, there are specific customs and cultural stereotypes that are
strictly adhered to. China perceive males to be more valuable than female due to religious beliefs, labour, and financial support; "The Chinese have
traditionally preferred sons because of their potential to financially support their parents, carry on the family name, and lead ancestor worship" (Hsu,
2008). India's ideology of male preference is based on the education of women; "women's education is the single most significant factor in reducing
son preference" (Rohini Pande, 2006). It's clear that China and India have experienced gender imbalance due to cultural gender preferences. The
American Medical Association argues that gender imbalance is "less likely to happen in the Western world" (American Medical Association, 2003

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