This document provides an overview of the key components of linguistics. It discusses the main branches of linguistics, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. For each branch, it provides a definition and examples to illustrate linguistic concepts like phonemes, morphemes, word and sentence structure, meaning, and context-dependent interpretation. The document aims to explain the scientific study of human language and how knowledge of language is acquired and used.
This Powerpoint Presentation is about the history of the ELT methods from the early Grammar Translation Method to the Communicative Approach, reviewing each method's learning theory, linguistic basis and the teacher-student interaction along with the techniques followed.
This Powerpoint Presentation is about the history of the ELT methods from the early Grammar Translation Method to the Communicative Approach, reviewing each method's learning theory, linguistic basis and the teacher-student interaction along with the techniques followed.
Language is the most powerful tool given by God to humans. Language has some characteristics or features. The presentation discusses language, its definitions and salient characteristics.
approaches and methods in English Language Teaching E.L.TPrakash S. Chauhan
In this slide you will learn about the approaches and methods of English language. this slide will help you learn about the Grammar Translation method, Direct method, Structural approach and Functional approach as well.
THIS SLIDE WILL HELPFUL FOR EACH AND EVERY STUDENT. THEY CAN USE THIS SITE AS REFERENCES AND AS MODEL OF PRESENTATION.
WISHING YOU BEST OF LUCK
FROM : PRAKASH S CHAUHAN
Language is the most powerful tool given by God to humans. Language has some characteristics or features. The presentation discusses language, its definitions and salient characteristics.
approaches and methods in English Language Teaching E.L.TPrakash S. Chauhan
In this slide you will learn about the approaches and methods of English language. this slide will help you learn about the Grammar Translation method, Direct method, Structural approach and Functional approach as well.
THIS SLIDE WILL HELPFUL FOR EACH AND EVERY STUDENT. THEY CAN USE THIS SITE AS REFERENCES AND AS MODEL OF PRESENTATION.
WISHING YOU BEST OF LUCK
FROM : PRAKASH S CHAUHAN
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. REVIEW
What is Linguistics?
• The scientific study of human language
• Aims of linguistic theory:
– What is knowledge of language? (Competence)
– How is knowledge of language acquired?
(Acquisition)
– How is knowledge of language used?
(Performance/language processing)
2
3. Main branches of linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
3
5. 1. Phonetics
• Phonetics is the study of speech sounds,
it includes three main areas:
1. Articulatory - how humans produce
speech sounds.
2. Acoustic - study of sound waves made
by the human vocal organs for
communication.
5
6. 3. Auditory – concerned with the hearing
of speech sounds and with speech
perception.
6
Articulatory Acoustic Auditory
8. 2. Phonology
• Phonology studies the rules governing
the structure, distribution, and
sequencing of speech sounds and the
shape of syllables. It deals with the
sound system of a language by treating
phoneme as the point of departure.
– A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of
sound that can signal a difference in meaning.
8
10. Phoneme VS. Morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest unit of
language that has meaning.
Example: Cats has two morphemes
1. cat (singular)
2. s (plural).
10
11. Phoneme VS. Morpheme
A phoneme is the sound that can change
the meaning of a word.
Example: cat /kæt/ and cut /kʌt/
These are two different words because they
have two different phonemes, the sound
"a" and the sound "u".
11
12. 3. Morphology
• Morphology is concerned with the
internal organization of words. It studies
the minimal units of meaning —
morphemes and word-formation
processes.
– Although many people think of words as the
basic meaningful elements of a language,many
words can be broken down into still smaller units,
called morphemes.
12
13. Example
13
Every word in every language is composed
of one or more morpheme
1. boy (one syllable)
2. desire, lady, water (two syllables)
3. crocodile (three syllables)
4. salamander (four syllables), or more
syllables
14. 14
Two morphemes
1. boy + ish
2. desire + able
Three morphemes
1. boy + ish + ness
2. desire + able + ity
Four morphemes
1. gentle + man + li + ness
2. un + desire + able + ity
15. 4. Syntax
• Syntax is about principles of forming
and understanding correct sentences.
– The form or structure of a sentence is governed
by the rules of syntax, which specify word order,
sentence organization, and the relationships
between words, word classes and other sentence
elements.
15
16. Example
Subject/predicate:
All sentences are about something or
someone. The something or someone that
the sentence is about is called the subject
of the sentence. Others are the predicate.
16
17. 1. John often comes late to class.
2. My friend and I both have a dog named
Spot.
3. Many parts of the Asian coastline were
destroyed by a tsunami in 2004.
4. The old hotel at the end of the street is
going to be knocked down to make way
for a new supermarket.
17
18. 5. Semantics
• Semantics examines how meaning is
encoded in a language.
– It is not only concerned with meanings of words
as lexical items, but also with levels of language
below the word and above it,
e.g. meaning of morphemes and sentences.
18
19. Example
Word / Language Meaning
half full glass half empty glass
incentive bribe
Hard Headed Not listening to advice
I’ll give you the moon
I’ll give you anything
you want
19
20. 6. Pragmatics
• Pragmatics is the study of meaning in
context.
• It deals with particular utterances in
particular situations and is especially
concerned with the various ways in
which the many social contexts of
language performance can influence
interpretation.
20
21. pragmatics is concerned
with the way language
is used to communicate
rather than with the way
language is internally
structured.
21
22. Example
• Two people come into a library and they are
talking really loud. They sit at your table and
continue their babbling. So, you look up at
them and say:
"Excuse me, could you please speak up a bit
more? I missed what you said."
(i.e. please speak up) departs so much from
what its intended meaning is (i.e. shut up!)
22