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DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY. This presentation covers the social, economic and political impact of war along with a brief analysis of the physical cost of war.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY. This presentation covers the social, economic and political impact of war along with a brief analysis of the physical cost of war.
02. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: THE IMPACT OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLESGeorge Dumitrache
01. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: THE IMPACT OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES. Germany lost 10% of its land, all its overseas colonies, 12.5% of its population, 16% of its coal and 48% of its iron industry. There were also the humiliating terms, which made Germany accept blame for the war, limit their armed forces and pay reparations.
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTYGeorge Dumitrache
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTY. Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 and was influential in defining its beliefs. He also led the Munich Putsch in 1923. However, from 1924 to 1929 the unpopular party gained little electoral success.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: Hitler's aims: administrative chaos, Hitler and his power, a culture of competition, Nazi state departments, Reich Chancellery, Reich Interior Ministry, Reich Ministry for Propaganda, the Reich Office of the four-year plan, German Labour Front.
02. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: THE IMPACT OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLESGeorge Dumitrache
01. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: THE IMPACT OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES. Germany lost 10% of its land, all its overseas colonies, 12.5% of its population, 16% of its coal and 48% of its iron industry. There were also the humiliating terms, which made Germany accept blame for the war, limit their armed forces and pay reparations.
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTYGeorge Dumitrache
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTY. Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 and was influential in defining its beliefs. He also led the Munich Putsch in 1923. However, from 1924 to 1929 the unpopular party gained little electoral success.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: Hitler's aims: administrative chaos, Hitler and his power, a culture of competition, Nazi state departments, Reich Chancellery, Reich Interior Ministry, Reich Ministry for Propaganda, the Reich Office of the four-year plan, German Labour Front.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: GERMAN REACTIONS TO THE TREATYGeorge Dumitrache
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“World War 1”- World War 1 may have been the war to end all wars, but it was also the beginning of many military and civilian technologies.
(1914 to 1918)
Slides explaining the Treaty of Versaillessamiabatool015
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. German public and political
reaction to the treaty was
united: all parties opposed the
terms as grossly unfair.
However there is a debate
about whether these opinions
are valid.
Was it correct for Germans to
react in the way they did to
Versailles’ terms?
3. The German government strongly
encouraged public hatred of the
treaty’s conditions.
Philipp Scheidemann,
Germany’s Chancellor in June
1919, resigned rather than sign
the treaty.
He said “may the hand wither
that binds us in such shackles”,
showing his hatred for the treaty.
4. This rhetoric from
Scheidemann followed on from
actions by the government
which undermined the idea of
German defeat in the war.
Returning German soldiers
were given victory parades,
including one through the
centre of Berlin in December
1918.
5. Territory conditions
Most of Germany remained
intact, albeit land was lost in the
east and west. Also much of the
lost land was not crucial to
Germany’s economic recovery.
Alsace-Lorraine was taken by
Germany after they defeated
France in the 1870s; France
simply did the same.
6. The land conditions were also
far less punitive than
conditions Germany had
previously imposed.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk –
signed by Germany and Russia
in March 1918 – took 27% of
Russia’s farmland, 74% of her
coal and meant the loss of 62
million people.
7. However the loss of land – such as
the Polish Corridor and
Sudetenland – meant many
Germans found themselves living
under a foreign government.
The loss of these locations – and
all of Germany’s overseas
colonies – was a humiliation to
the country’s international
standing.
8. Military conditions
Germany’s weakened military
created invasion worries, but
there was little chance of this.
Russia and France had been
weakened by war. Other
neighbouring countries (such
as in Eastern Europe) were
disorganised too.
9. Having a smaller military also
gave Germany the chance to build
an elite, highly trained army.
Furthermore, Germany having a
smaller military could encourage
other European countries to also
reduce their military.
This would result in Germany and
all of Europe being safer.
10. Many Germans however were
still outraged at having a
smaller military.
As well as this being another
damage to national pride, it
resulted in some military men
losing their jobs, creating
unemployment and anger. The
fear of invasion was also hard
to ignore.
11. War guilt
Germans did not believe they
were to solely blame for war. But
their country was guilty of many
terrible actions.
In Belgium, the German army
had destroyed entire towns, and
also killed and raped civilians.
Other Belgians were forced to
work for the Germans.
12. Germany had also encouraged
Austria to go to war with
Serbia (after Franz Ferdinand’s
assassination). This would lead
to more countries joining.
Germany also failed to
understand Britain’s likely
response to the invasion of
Belgium, which was always
likely to be war.
13. However other countries had also
influenced the conflict, including
Russia, who intervened in the
dispute between Austro-Hungary
and Serbia.
Many Germans also worried that
taking the blame for war
dishonoured the war dead,
suggesting they had died for no
good reason.
14. Reparations
Germany was to pay 132
billion gold marks as
compensation for war costs.
However this was less than the
Germans had charged France
after defeating them in 1870.
France was expected to pay
five billion Francs in five
years.
15. Germany was supposed to pay
around 7% of her annual national
income in reparations, but in fact
never paid more than 3%.
However Germans were still
outraged at the costs. They
worried this would stop them
being able to rebuild, and were
angry that failure to pay later led
to French and Belgian invasion.
16. Historians’ views
• R J Evans: takes the view that Treaty of Versailles was greeted
with horror by the majority of Germans, of all social classes
• Colin Storer: The terms of the treaty were considered by all
Germans as unfair and an affront to national honour
• Stephen Lee: because the Allies excluded Germany from the
peace negotiating process Germany came to see itself as a
victim without actually being destroyed
• RM Watt: Weimar government played the victim to avoid
punishment and encouraged German victimhood feelings