Week11 Gwp
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Digital access equipment attached to central office switches can use ISDN lines or standard dial tones to initiate calls outside a local area network. The central office switch routes calls by temporarily connecting local access lines to long distance services through a switching matrix. It accepts incoming calls and digitally connects to destinations using high-speed intraswitch trunks operating at a minimum of 45 megabits per second.
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Week12 GWP
BRI lines provide two B channels that each carry voice or 64kbps data. A terminal adapter connects devices to an ISDN modem and provides ISDN to analog conversion. An ISDN terminal adapter in a router converts LAN packets to a stream compatible with the two 56kbps ISDN channels and can initiate an outbound ISDN call. A telephone company central office merges incoming digital ISDN with other services and routes calls to their destinations. Remote LAN access allows a remote PC over ISDN to access a LAN as if directly connected. Analog phone calls are converted to digital at central offices and trunk lines between servers are digital.
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The document discusses different types of home internet connections, including dial-up modems, DSL, and cable modems. It describes how 56k dial-up modems worked using both analog and digital signaling to achieve higher speeds. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections transmit data over existing telephone lines at speeds from hundreds of kbps to several mbps using technology like ADSL, VDSL2, and RADSL. Cable modems provide high-speed internet access through a cable television connection and separate computer data from video signals.
EPABX SYSTEM
The document discusses EPABX (Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange) systems. It provides an overview of what an EPABX system is, its main functions which include establishing and maintaining connections between users and disconnecting calls. It describes the components, installation process, types of EPABX systems like ISDN and specifications. It covers advantages like sharing resources and call transfer abilities, and disadvantages like being fixed in one location. EPABX systems are used in applications like shopping malls, schools, call centers and information centers to enable internal and external telephone connections.
Hart protocol physical and data link layer implementation project
HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) was developed to add digital communication capabilities to existing 4-20mA analog loops. It uses frequency-shift-keying to modulate two frequencies onto the analog signal without affecting the average current. The HART protocol allows simultaneous analog and digital multi-drop communication for monitoring and configuration of smart field devices. A C8051F340 microcontroller and HART modem chip like the DS8500 can be used to implement the physical and data link layers of the HART protocol for communication with field transmitters.
HART protocol for network data communication
This document summarizes the key aspects of HART communication. It introduces HART as an open protocol that enables bidirectional digital communication over 4-20mA analog loops using FSK. It describes the main communication modes of HART including master-slave and burst modes. It also provides an overview of the HART protocol layers and details about the physical, data link and application layers.
KAREL DS200 & EXCHANGES
The DS200 is an intelligent communication system that can scale from tens to thousands of ports. It provides features like VoIP, remote maintenance over IP networks, billing data transmission over the Internet, and various trunk interfaces integrated into a single system. It uses advanced extension module technology and provides services, testing, and caller ID for extensions. The document discusses how the DS200 has helped digitalize telecommunications infrastructure in Azerbaijan by providing a digital tandem exchange that connects to both digital and analog exchanges via various interfaces. It has provided rural areas with modern features while reducing operational costs.
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Week12 GWP
BRI lines provide two B channels that each carry voice or 64kbps data. A terminal adapter connects devices to an ISDN modem and provides ISDN to analog conversion. An ISDN terminal adapter in a router converts LAN packets to a stream compatible with the two 56kbps ISDN channels and can initiate an outbound ISDN call. A telephone company central office merges incoming digital ISDN with other services and routes calls to their destinations. Remote LAN access allows a remote PC over ISDN to access a LAN as if directly connected. Analog phone calls are converted to digital at central offices and trunk lines between servers are digital.
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Electronics private automatic branch exchange
This document discusses EPABX (Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange) systems. It covers advancements in PBX technology including features like auto conferencing. It describes different types of EPABX systems like analog, digital, and IP-based. It also discusses related technologies like VOIP, PSTN, and ISDN networks. The document outlines the applications of EPABX for call billing, logging, and signalling. Advantages include cost reduction and flexibility, while disadvantages include power needs and costs. EPABX systems are widely used in call centers and other business applications.
Voice and Data Delivery Networks
The document discusses different types of home internet connections, including dial-up modems, DSL, and cable modems. It describes how 56k dial-up modems worked using both analog and digital signaling to achieve higher speeds. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections transmit data over existing telephone lines at speeds from hundreds of kbps to several mbps using technology like ADSL, VDSL2, and RADSL. Cable modems provide high-speed internet access through a cable television connection and separate computer data from video signals.
EPABX SYSTEM
The document discusses EPABX (Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange) systems. It provides an overview of what an EPABX system is, its main functions which include establishing and maintaining connections between users and disconnecting calls. It describes the components, installation process, types of EPABX systems like ISDN and specifications. It covers advantages like sharing resources and call transfer abilities, and disadvantages like being fixed in one location. EPABX systems are used in applications like shopping malls, schools, call centers and information centers to enable internal and external telephone connections.
Hart protocol physical and data link layer implementation project
HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) was developed to add digital communication capabilities to existing 4-20mA analog loops. It uses frequency-shift-keying to modulate two frequencies onto the analog signal without affecting the average current. The HART protocol allows simultaneous analog and digital multi-drop communication for monitoring and configuration of smart field devices. A C8051F340 microcontroller and HART modem chip like the DS8500 can be used to implement the physical and data link layers of the HART protocol for communication with field transmitters.
HART protocol for network data communication
This document summarizes the key aspects of HART communication. It introduces HART as an open protocol that enables bidirectional digital communication over 4-20mA analog loops using FSK. It describes the main communication modes of HART including master-slave and burst modes. It also provides an overview of the HART protocol layers and details about the physical, data link and application layers.
KAREL DS200 & EXCHANGES
The DS200 is an intelligent communication system that can scale from tens to thousands of ports. It provides features like VoIP, remote maintenance over IP networks, billing data transmission over the Internet, and various trunk interfaces integrated into a single system. It uses advanced extension module technology and provides services, testing, and caller ID for extensions. The document discusses how the DS200 has helped digitalize telecommunications infrastructure in Azerbaijan by providing a digital tandem exchange that connects to both digital and analog exchanges via various interfaces. It has provided rural areas with modern features while reducing operational costs.
Isdn routing
This document discusses Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), which is a set of communication standards that allows the digital transmission of multiple services such as voice, video, and data over traditional telephone networks. Some key points:
- ISDN was first introduced in 1988 and aimed to standardize subscriber interfaces and network capabilities.
- It provides faster transmission speeds of 64 kbps and allows simultaneous transmission of voice and data.
- ISDN uses terminal adapters, network termination equipment, and reference points to connect user terminals to the network.
- There are basic and primary rate interfaces that support different transmission speeds.
Hart communication protocol
The document discusses the HART Communication Protocol, which allows for sending and receiving digital information across analog wires between field devices and control systems. Some key points:
- HART uses Frequency Shift Keying to superimpose digital signals on top of the standard 4-20 mA analog signal, allowing bidirectional communication without disrupting the existing infrastructure.
- It provides digital access to configuration, diagnostics, and additional process variables from field instruments.
- HART networks can operate in point-to-point or multidrop mode with up to 15 devices connected via a single pair of wires.
- Standard HART commands are used to communicate with devices from any manufacturer.
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Waqas presentation for hart
HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) is an open protocol that allows field instruments to communicate digital information via the 4-20 mA analog signal in a process control loop. It uses frequency-shift keying to superimpose a digital signal at 1.2 kbps on the 4-20 mA current. HART communication is master-slave, with the master like a DCS initiating communication and multiple masters allowed. It supports both standard and faster burst mode communication. HART specifies a 230-1100 ohm load to ensure the additional digital signal does not interfere with the underlying 4-20 mA analog current.
Hart - Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol
The HART protocol allows field instruments to communicate digitally by superimposing an FSK signal on top of the traditional 4-20mA analog signal. It operates at 1.2kbps using 1,200Hz and 2,200Hz frequencies to represent binary 1s and 0s. HART can be used in point-to-point or multidrop modes and supports both master-slave and burst communication modes. The physical layer defines cable and connector specifications while higher layers ensure reliable data transfer and define supported commands. HART is globally accepted as it preserves existing control strategies and infrastructure.
Hart Protocol Introduction
The HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) is a master/slave communication protocol which provides for up to two masters. The secondary master can be used to monitor/control the information of the HART bus. HART can be used in various modes such as point-to-point or multi-drop for communicating information to/from smart field instruments and central control or monitoring systems.
Learn more: http://www.icpdas-usa.com/hart_gateways.html?r=slideshare
Hart communication
This document provides an overview of HART communications:
- HART allows bidirectional digital communication between a master device and smart field devices over existing 4-20 mA wiring.
- The HART protocol utilizes frequency-shift keying to superimpose digital signals on the analog 4-20 mA signal.
- The HART Communication Foundation (HCF) is an independent organization that supports implementation and operation of the open HART standard.
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HART
Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) is an industrial standard protocol which is widely well established and used by most of the industries.Among the 45-50 Million industrial devices,48% devices are non-smart devices and 52% devices are smart devices.Among the 52% means around 25-26 million smart devices 26% means near about 12-13 million devices are HART based devices.
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Hart protocol
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Hart Protocol by ICPDAS
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Isdn
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) allows digital transmission of voice, video and data over telephone circuits. It offers faster call setup and data transfer rates compared to modems. ISDN devices include terminal adapters, terminal equipment and network terminators that connect customer equipment to the telephone network. ISDN uses reference points and channels to transmit data. Basic Rate Interface provides 2 64 Kbps channels and 1 16 Kbps channel for a total of 144 Kbps bandwidth. Primary Rate Interface provides more channels for higher bandwidth up to 1.544 Mbps.
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1) Remote nodes connect to networks via dial-up, DSL, cable or VPN and allow remote access but are slower than local connections.
2) Remote control allows users to access applications on a local network node from a remote computer by transmitting keyboard/mouse inputs rather than processing data remotely.
3) Configuring remote connections involves clients establishing tunnels via PPTP or L2TP to a remote access server providing VPN services to securely access the local network over the Internet.
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
Developed by ITU-T, ISDN is a set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data transport services to digitise the telephone network to permit the transmission of audio, video and text over existing telephone line. ISDN is an effort to standardise subscriber services, provide user or network interface and facilitate the inter-networking capabilities of existing voice and data networks. The goal of ISDN is to form a wide area network that provides universal end-to-end connectivity over digital media by integrating separate transmission services into one without adding new links or subscriber links.
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The document provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to how internet traffic moves:
- An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that provides individuals and businesses access to the internet for a monthly fee. ISPs connect users to the internet and are connected to each other.
- America Online (AOL) is an internet company that operates websites and has over 24 million members worldwide, including 5.9 million in Europe.
- A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a small, portable computer used to store contact information, access the internet, and use applications on the go.
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Isdn routing
This document discusses Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), which is a set of communication standards that allows the digital transmission of multiple services such as voice, video, and data over traditional telephone networks. Some key points:
- ISDN was first introduced in 1988 and aimed to standardize subscriber interfaces and network capabilities.
- It provides faster transmission speeds of 64 kbps and allows simultaneous transmission of voice and data.
- ISDN uses terminal adapters, network termination equipment, and reference points to connect user terminals to the network.
- There are basic and primary rate interfaces that support different transmission speeds.
Hart communication protocol
The document discusses the HART Communication Protocol, which allows for sending and receiving digital information across analog wires between field devices and control systems. Some key points:
- HART uses Frequency Shift Keying to superimpose digital signals on top of the standard 4-20 mA analog signal, allowing bidirectional communication without disrupting the existing infrastructure.
- It provides digital access to configuration, diagnostics, and additional process variables from field instruments.
- HART networks can operate in point-to-point or multidrop mode with up to 15 devices connected via a single pair of wires.
- Standard HART commands are used to communicate with devices from any manufacturer.
Introduction to epabx
This document presents information on Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange (EPABX). It discusses the types of EPABX systems, required components, installation process, features, advantages/disadvantages, and applications. The types are analog and digital PBX systems. Required components include an internal switching network, microcontrollers, logic/switching cards, telephone sets, external telephone trunks, and a console. Installation involves preparing the area, wiring, and programming the PBX machine. Features include auto attendant, call transfer, conferencing. Advantages are efficient use of resources and expandability, while disadvantages are need for electricity and maintenance costs. Applications include call centers, schools, and IT support centers.
Waqas presentation for hart
HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) is an open protocol that allows field instruments to communicate digital information via the 4-20 mA analog signal in a process control loop. It uses frequency-shift keying to superimpose a digital signal at 1.2 kbps on the 4-20 mA current. HART communication is master-slave, with the master like a DCS initiating communication and multiple masters allowed. It supports both standard and faster burst mode communication. HART specifies a 230-1100 ohm load to ensure the additional digital signal does not interfere with the underlying 4-20 mA analog current.
Hart - Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol
The HART protocol allows field instruments to communicate digitally by superimposing an FSK signal on top of the traditional 4-20mA analog signal. It operates at 1.2kbps using 1,200Hz and 2,200Hz frequencies to represent binary 1s and 0s. HART can be used in point-to-point or multidrop modes and supports both master-slave and burst communication modes. The physical layer defines cable and connector specifications while higher layers ensure reliable data transfer and define supported commands. HART is globally accepted as it preserves existing control strategies and infrastructure.
Hart Protocol Introduction
The HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) is a master/slave communication protocol which provides for up to two masters. The secondary master can be used to monitor/control the information of the HART bus. HART can be used in various modes such as point-to-point or multi-drop for communicating information to/from smart field instruments and central control or monitoring systems.
Learn more: http://www.icpdas-usa.com/hart_gateways.html?r=slideshare
Hart communication
This document provides an overview of HART communications:
- HART allows bidirectional digital communication between a master device and smart field devices over existing 4-20 mA wiring.
- The HART protocol utilizes frequency-shift keying to superimpose digital signals on the analog 4-20 mA signal.
- The HART Communication Foundation (HCF) is an independent organization that supports implementation and operation of the open HART standard.
Networking hardware
This document defines and describes various types of networking hardware used in computer networks, including end devices and intermediary devices. End devices include servers, workstations, VoIP phones, security cameras, and mobile devices. Intermediary devices pass data between end devices on the network, including hubs, switches, wireless access points, repeaters, bridges, routers, and network interface cards. The document provides details on the purpose and function of each type of networking hardware.
HART
Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) is an industrial standard protocol which is widely well established and used by most of the industries.Among the 45-50 Million industrial devices,48% devices are non-smart devices and 52% devices are smart devices.Among the 52% means around 25-26 million smart devices 26% means near about 12-13 million devices are HART based devices.
Basic ISDN
The document discusses digital telephony and ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). It explains how analog signals are converted to digital using pulse code modulation and sampling. It describes the basic rate interface of ISDN which provides 2 B-channels and 1 D-channel. It also discusses primary rate interface which provides 30 B-channels and 1 D-channel over an E1 line. It provides details on ISDN protocols and equipment such as NTEs, reference points, and numbering options for basic and primary rate ISDN.
Hart protocol
Highway Addressable Remote Terminal(HART), one of the most modern technology used in process industries for communication between field instruments and DCS.
Trunks
The document discusses ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) and various components and interfaces of an ISDN network. It describes the basic rate and primary rate interfaces, reference points, function groups, terminal equipment, and status lights on the network termination equipment.
Hart Protocol by ICPDAS
“HART” is an acronym for Highway Addressable Remote Transducer. The HART Protocol makes use of the Bell 202 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) standard to superimpose digital communication signals at a low level on top of the 4-20mA.
What can you do with todays centralized wireless networks
A centralized wireless network consists of wireless access points, wireless controllers, and wireless clients. Wireless access points connect clients to the wired network and are managed by wireless controllers located in data centers. Wireless controllers provide centralized authentication, load balancing, and failure recovery across access points. Controller-based networks allow for visualization of wireless coverage, security features like intrusion detection, and network access control based on user identity.
Isdn
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) allows digital transmission of voice, video and data over telephone circuits. It offers faster call setup and data transfer rates compared to modems. ISDN devices include terminal adapters, terminal equipment and network terminators that connect customer equipment to the telephone network. ISDN uses reference points and channels to transmit data. Basic Rate Interface provides 2 64 Kbps channels and 1 16 Kbps channel for a total of 144 Kbps bandwidth. Primary Rate Interface provides more channels for higher bandwidth up to 1.544 Mbps.
Introduction to foundation fieldbus
FOUNDATION fieldbus is a digital, two-way communication system used in industrial automation. It has two implementations: H1 operates at 31.25 Kbit/sec over twisted pair wiring to connect to field devices, while HSE operates at 100 Mbit/sec over Ethernet to connect subsystems. FOUNDATION fieldbus offers advantages over traditional analog wiring like supporting multiple devices on one cable pair and transmitting multiple process variables from one instrument. It also enables two-way communication, device diagnostics, and field-level control.
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These slides cover a topic on ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
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RTU is specifically designed to give an opportunity to all categories of telecommunications carriers to provide its customers with a wide range of services in the most effective and flexible way.
Unit07
1) Remote nodes connect to networks via dial-up, DSL, cable or VPN and allow remote access but are slower than local connections.
2) Remote control allows users to access applications on a local network node from a remote computer by transmitting keyboard/mouse inputs rather than processing data remotely.
3) Configuring remote connections involves clients establishing tunnels via PPTP or L2TP to a remote access server providing VPN services to securely access the local network over the Internet.
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
Developed by ITU-T, ISDN is a set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data transport services to digitise the telephone network to permit the transmission of audio, video and text over existing telephone line. ISDN is an effort to standardise subscriber services, provide user or network interface and facilitate the inter-networking capabilities of existing voice and data networks. The goal of ISDN is to form a wide area network that provides universal end-to-end connectivity over digital media by integrating separate transmission services into one without adding new links or subscriber links.
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Hart - Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol
Hart - Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol
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Peer-to-peer networks allow for sharing of idle computer resources. The first popular peer-to-peer system was a file sharing service that gained public attention. Other peer-to-peer systems require nodes to know each other's network addresses in advance. Network management programs use SNMP messages to poll agent programs running on devices. When agents reply, the SNMP console aggregates the information and presents it, which is useful for making repairs. Agent software records device-specific performance data and makes it available to SNMP management programs.
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ISDN is a set of standards for digital transmission over telephone wires that requires adapters at both ends. It provides two channels for carrying data and one for control/signaling. TCP/IP was developed by DOD to connect different networks and provides routing from local to global networks. Circuit switching establishes a fixed bandwidth connection between nodes before communication, unlike packet switching which can have varying delay.
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Circuit Switched F
Circuit-switched digital networks work by having digital access switches attached to routers call central office switches to initiate connections. The central office switch, a computerized switch operated by telephone companies, then routes the call through a switching matrix to temporarily connect local access lines to long distance servers. This allows data packets to be sent across local area networks that are connected through reduced-speed but accessible inter-network connections.
How Circuit Switched Digital Networks Work
Circuit-switched networks establish a dedicated physical connection between two endpoints for the duration of their connection. When a call is placed, the central office switch connects the originating caller to the destination and maintains that connection until the call is terminated. This allows for a continuous stream of data to be transmitted between the two endpoints through their dedicated connection routed via the central office switch.
How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work
Circuit-switching digital networks work by routing calls through central office switches. The central office switch accepts incoming calls and makes a digital connection to the destination. It routes calls using a switching matrix that connects local access lines and long-distance services. The destination router then senses the incoming call and makes a connection to the local area network, allowing client devices on each network to access servers and services on the other network at reduced speeds.
Homework2
A circuit-switched network works by dedicating a physical line between two connecting devices for the duration of their call. A central office switch routes calls between local devices and other switches, using fiber-optic trunk links operating at high speeds. Routers facilitate connections between local area networks by packaging and stripping Ethernet and TCP/IP data packets as they pass between LANs.
Group slide presentation forum week 11
This document summarizes how circuit-switched digital networks work. It discusses the key components including central office switches located in telephone company offices that route calls locally or to long-distance carriers. Dial-up routers recognize outbound data and initiate calls to internet service providers over public circuits. High-speed fiber optic links transmit data between switches at minimum speeds of 45 megabits per second. TCP/IP packets are used to transmit data across local and wide area networks with TCP/IP being the standard internet protocol.
Group slide presentation forum week 11
This document summarizes how circuit-switched digital networks work. It discusses the key components including central office switches located in telephone company offices that route calls locally or to long-distance carriers. Dial-up routers recognize outbound data and initiate calls to internet service providers over public circuits. High-speed fiber optic links transmit data between switches at minimum speeds of 45 megabits per second. TCP/IP packets are used to transmit data across local and wide area networks with TCP/IP being the standard internet protocol.
Group slide presentation forum week 11
This document summarizes how circuit-switched digital networks work. It discusses the key components including central office switches located in telephone company offices that route calls locally or to long-distance carriers. Dial-up routers recognize outbound data and initiate calls to internet service providers over public circuits. High-speed fiber optic links transmit data between switches at minimum speeds of 45 megabits per second. TCP/IP packets are used to transmit data across local and wide area networks with TCP/IP being the standard internet protocol.
Group slide presentation_forum-_week_11
This document summarizes how circuit-switched digital networks work. It discusses the key components including central office switches located in telephone company offices that route calls locally or to long-distance carriers. Dial-up routers recognize outbound data and initiate calls to internet service providers over public circuits. High-speed fiber optic links transmit data between switches at minimum speeds of 45 megabits per second. TCP/IP packets are used to transmit data across local and wide area networks with TCP/IP being the standard internet protocol.
Group Web Presentation week 11
This presentation discusses how circuit-switched digital networks work. It explains that a sender uses a modem to connect to analog local circuits, which then connect to central office switches and digital local circuits. The central office switches work together to route and complete calls through circuit switching. The digital access equipment attached to routers calls the central office switch to initiate a connection, and the central office switch then digitally connects to the destination router and LAN.
UNIT 7-UNDERSTANDING LARGER NETWORKS.pptx
The document discusses various topics related to creating larger computer networks, including modems, digital telephone lines, remote access, and protocols like PPTP. Modems are primarily used to transfer files between computers by uploading and downloading. Digital telephone lines like DSL and cable modems provide higher speed data transmission compared to standard analog lines. Remote access allows employees to securely access a corporate network from outside using protocols like PPTP, which creates private "tunnels" within public networks like the Internet.
Cable connection (Dial-up, FTTH, DSL)
There are mainly three types of cable connection are used in computer network. Dial - up connection which is very old technology and very less data rate is there, to improve Dial - up connection advanced version of dial - up connection is DSL (i.e. digital subscriber line) and now a days used technology or connection is FTTH (i.e. Fiber to the home).
Types of Computer Modem
A modem is a device that allows computers to communicate over telephone lines. It converts digital data from a computer into analog signals to transmit over phone lines, and vice versa when receiving data. A pair of modems is needed for communication - one at each end to convert between analog and digital. There are two main types - external modems are separate devices connected to a computer via serial cable, while internal modems are installed inside the computer using an expansion slot. Both transmit digital data from the computer by modulating it onto an analog carrier signal to send over phone lines, then demodulate the signal back to digital on the receiving end.
Week11
Central office switches establish digital circuits between nodes by connecting incoming calls to destinations via intraswitch trunks and destination routers. The central office switch receives calls and connects to destinations, using intraswitch trunk fiber links, while destination routers connect incoming calls to local area networks.
How Circui-Switched Digital Networkds Work
Circuit-switched digital networks work by using routers to initiate calls to central office switches which connect to other switches to form a circuit between the originating and receiving computers. The switches work together to route data packets across their pre-established connections, with the destination router delivering the packets to the target PC over the local area network.
Network layer and circuit switching
Circuit switching is the oldest networking technology, establishing a dedicated communication path between devices through intermediate nodes. It works by setting up connections between parties before data transmission and dedicating the path for the duration of the call. While well-suited for analog voice, circuit switching is inefficient for data due to wasted bandwidth when connections are idle. Examples of circuit-switched networks include the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and private branch exchanges (PBX).
Network layer and circuit switching
Circuit switching is the oldest networking technology, establishing a dedicated communication path between devices through intermediate nodes. It works by setting up connections between communicating parties before data transfer, dedicating the full path to that connection until it is terminated. While well-suited for analog voice, circuit switching is inefficient for data due to wasted bandwidth on idle connections. Examples of circuit-switched networks include the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and Private Automatic Branch Exchanges (PABXs).
Private Branch Exchange
This document discusses the history and functions of private branch exchanges (PBXs). It begins with an introduction to PBXs, which allow switching of telephone calls within an organization. It then covers the five generations of PBX technology from analog to digital and fiber optic networks. The core functions of a PBX are to provide switched communications within a building and act as an interface to public telephone networks. PBXs can transmit both voice and data and support networking between multiple PBX systems. The advantages of PBXs include flexibility and access to data networks, while disadvantages include limited bandwidth and potential issues if the PBX fails.
Week11
Circuit switching is a method of communication where a dedicated circuit or channel is established for the duration of a communication connection to transmit data between endpoints. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital line network that can be used for circuit switched or packet data communications. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a protocol often used for reliable data transfer when transmission speeds are slower than other protocols. A dial-up connection establishes communication between a personal computer and an Internet service provider by dialing the provider's telephone number to connect over telephone lines.
Bsnl Training Report
This document provides an overview of digital switching systems and digital transmission systems. It discusses how telecommunication networks have transitioned from analog to digital technologies. Key topics covered include digital switching systems, components of transmission networks like digital distribution frames, synchronous digital hierarchy for digital transmission, and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technologies using dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) to transmit multiple signals over fiber. The document is intended as an educational reference on modern digital telecommunication systems and technologies.
1.3.2 EPABX & VPN II.ppt
This document discusses various telecommunications services and products that can be provided to enterprise customers, including MPLS VPN, VSAT, ISDN, leased lines, VOIP, and PBX systems. It covers customer needs such as reliable services, equipment supply, security, monitoring and SLAs. It also outlines the types of PBX systems available, their components and common features.
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Week11 Gwp
- 1. Digital access Digital access equipment attached to or inside the central office switch. ISDN equipment use a separate 16M channel. Others use standard dialing tones. The dial-up router recognizes data with a destination outside the LAN and initiates.
- 2. How central office work The central office of ever local telephone company is a computerized switch witch works to route and complete a call.
- 3. Matrix connect A switching matrix connects local access lines and long distance service on a temporary per-call basis.