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How Circuit-Switched Digital
     Networks Work
           About ISDN
           About LAN
         About TCP/IP 1
            TCP/TP 2
      About Circuit Switching
              Group F




                          How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.1/7
About ISDN
 •   ISDN is a set of CCITT/ITU standards for digital
     transmission over ordinary telephone copper
     wire. ISDN requires adapters at both ends to
     handle a digital call, so users must dial into an
     ISDN-capable PoP. There are two levels of
     service: the BRI, intended for the home and small
     enterprise, and the Primary Rate Interface, for
     larger users. Our customers get a BRI line to
     connect to us. We have a PRI to the PoPs to
     handle the incoming calls. The BRI consists of
     two B channels for carrying data at 64Kbps.
     Hence, a quot;2Bquot; connection is at 128K. On top of
     that is one D channel, which carries control and
     signaling information at 16K. A PRI consists of
     23 B channels and 1 64K D channel.
                                    How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.2/7
About LAN
 •         ˘                           ˘
     LAN 2013 Local Area Network 2013 usually a
     small network, within a small geographic area.
     An example of this would be a small office, with
     2 or more computers connected to the same
     printer. Another example would be a school,
     where several computers are connected to shared
     resources (pronters, faxes, etc) and are then
     connected to the internet or some other kind of
     WAN.




                                   How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.3/7
About TCP/IP 1
 •   TCP and IP were developed by a DOD research
     project to connect a number different networks
     designed by different vendors into a network of
     networks . It was initially successful because it
     delivered a few basic services that everyone needs
     across a very large number of client and server
     systems. Several computers in a small department
     can use TCP/IP on a single LAN. The IP
     component provides routing from the department
     to the enterprise network, then to regional
     networks, and finally to the global Internet.



                                    How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.4/7
About TCP/IP 2
 •   On the battlefield a communications network will
     sustain damage, so the DOD designed TCP/IP to
     be robust and automatically recover from any
     node or phone line failure. This design allows the
     construction of very large networks with less
     central management. However, because of the
     automatic recovery, network problems can go
     undiagnosed and uncorrected for lon! g periods
     of time.




                                     How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.5/7
About Circuit Switching
  •   In telecommunications, a circuit switching
      network is one that establishes a fixed bandwidth
      circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals
      before the users may communicate, as if the
      nodes were physically connected with an
      electrical circuit. The bit delay is constant during
      a connection, as opposed to packet switching,
      where packet queues may cause varying delay.
      Each circuit cannot be used by other callers until
      the circuit is released and a new connection is set
      up. Even if no actual communication is taking
      place in a dedicated circuit that channel remains
      unavailable to other users. Channels that are
      available for new calls to be set up are said to be
      idle.                            How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.6/7
Reference
 •   http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki
 •   http://chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/
 •   http://jobsearchtech.about.com/od/
     historyoftechindustry/g/LAN.htlm




                                    How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.7/7

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Week11

  • 1. How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work About ISDN About LAN About TCP/IP 1 TCP/TP 2 About Circuit Switching Group F How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.1/7
  • 2. About ISDN • ISDN is a set of CCITT/ITU standards for digital transmission over ordinary telephone copper wire. ISDN requires adapters at both ends to handle a digital call, so users must dial into an ISDN-capable PoP. There are two levels of service: the BRI, intended for the home and small enterprise, and the Primary Rate Interface, for larger users. Our customers get a BRI line to connect to us. We have a PRI to the PoPs to handle the incoming calls. The BRI consists of two B channels for carrying data at 64Kbps. Hence, a quot;2Bquot; connection is at 128K. On top of that is one D channel, which carries control and signaling information at 16K. A PRI consists of 23 B channels and 1 64K D channel. How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.2/7
  • 3. About LAN • ˘ ˘ LAN 2013 Local Area Network 2013 usually a small network, within a small geographic area. An example of this would be a small office, with 2 or more computers connected to the same printer. Another example would be a school, where several computers are connected to shared resources (pronters, faxes, etc) and are then connected to the internet or some other kind of WAN. How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.3/7
  • 4. About TCP/IP 1 • TCP and IP were developed by a DOD research project to connect a number different networks designed by different vendors into a network of networks . It was initially successful because it delivered a few basic services that everyone needs across a very large number of client and server systems. Several computers in a small department can use TCP/IP on a single LAN. The IP component provides routing from the department to the enterprise network, then to regional networks, and finally to the global Internet. How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.4/7
  • 5. About TCP/IP 2 • On the battlefield a communications network will sustain damage, so the DOD designed TCP/IP to be robust and automatically recover from any node or phone line failure. This design allows the construction of very large networks with less central management. However, because of the automatic recovery, network problems can go undiagnosed and uncorrected for lon! g periods of time. How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.5/7
  • 6. About Circuit Switching • In telecommunications, a circuit switching network is one that establishes a fixed bandwidth circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate, as if the nodes were physically connected with an electrical circuit. The bit delay is constant during a connection, as opposed to packet switching, where packet queues may cause varying delay. Each circuit cannot be used by other callers until the circuit is released and a new connection is set up. Even if no actual communication is taking place in a dedicated circuit that channel remains unavailable to other users. Channels that are available for new calls to be set up are said to be idle. How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.6/7
  • 7. Reference • http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki • http://chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/ • http://jobsearchtech.about.com/od/ historyoftechindustry/g/LAN.htlm How Circuit-Switched Digital Networks Work – p.7/7