(Week 8)
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This document discusses replacement analysis for existing assets. It defines key terms like defender, which refers to the existing asset, and challenger, which refers to potential replacement options. Reasons for replacing an existing asset include reduced performance over time, changing requirements, and obsolescence due to new technologies. The document provides details on how to evaluate the existing asset versus replacement options, including factors to consider like maintenance costs, reliability, and budget constraints. The goal of replacement analysis is to determine when an existing asset should be replaced and with what alternative.
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Replacement theory deals with replacing assets that deteriorate over time in order to minimize costs and maximize efficiency. It involves determining the optimal time to replace an item based on factors like maintenance costs, repair costs, and residual value. The goal is to balance the costs of maintaining an item against replacing it to maximize its value. There are different replacement models like time-based, condition-based, and opportunity-based models.
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This document discusses replacement theory and models for determining when to replace products or services. It examines factors like maintenance costs increasing over time, probabilities of failure, and costs of failure or disruption. Common replacement scenarios explored include replacing when maintenance costs exceed replacement costs, replacing after a set number of failures, or periodically over time. The general approach is to analyze failure and performance patterns over time and assess costs and probabilities to determine the optimal replacement strategy.
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This document discusses replacement theory and models for determining optimal replacement times for equipment and components. It covers different types of failure mechanisms including gradual, sudden, progressive, and retrogressive failure. Key factors in replacement decisions are purchase costs, salvage values, maintenance costs, and operating costs. Optimal replacement minimizes total average costs over the lifetime of the item. Group replacement policies can be more cost effective than individual policies for items that fail suddenly by replacing items in a group before failures occur.
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code for this project
int in1 = 2;
int in2 = 3;
int sensor = 8;
int led = 13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(in1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(sensor, INPUT);
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
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digitalWrite(in1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(in2,LOW);
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digitalWrite(in2,LOW);
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digitalWrite(led,LOW);
delay(1500);
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Hello Everyone!
This is the best ppt on 'Industrial Maintenance' that you can ever find. I tried to include all the topics related to the maintenance of industry. These notes will also be helpful from university exam point of view. Go through the whole ppt and leave a feedback in the comment box. Learn and Enjoy!
Thank You!
Engineered Maintenance by Waqas Ali Tunio
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Presented by me in subject of Maintenance Engineering, in my 8th semester of Mechanical Engineering of 2007-Mechanical Batch on 3rd Nov, 2010.
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Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan
www.aliwaqas.tk
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int in1 = 2;
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{
pinMode(in1, OUTPUT);
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2. Causes of inflation such as increasing the money supply, income growth, government spending, and oil prices.
3. Effects of inflation on various groups like farmers, wage earners, and businesses.
4. Related concepts like deflation, stagflation, recessionary gap, and inflationary gap.
5. Definitions of labor force, unemployment, and different types of unemployment.
6. How unemployment rate is calculated.
(Week 7)
This document discusses depreciation and taxes. It defines depreciation as the decline in value of an asset due to factors like wear and tear. There are different methods of calculating depreciation like the straight line method. Taxes are financial charges imposed by governments to fund public expenditures. The main types of taxes discussed are income tax, charged on earnings; property tax, charged on land ownership; sales tax, charged on goods and services; excise duty, charged on manufactured goods; and custom duty, charged on imported/exported goods. The purpose of taxes is to generate revenue for government activities.
(Week 6)
The document discusses methods for evaluating investment projects, including payback period, internal rate of return (IRR), and net present value (NPV). It defines payback period as the time required to recover the original investment. IRR is defined as the discount rate that sets the net present value of all cash flows from a project equal to zero. It helps determine the yield on an investment. The document explains how to calculate IRR by setting the NPV equal to zero and solving for the discount rate. It recommends using IRR to evaluate projects, with higher IRRs indicating better projects, and discusses how IRR and NPV can sometimes provide conflicting recommendations for mutually exclusive projects.
(Week 5)
This document discusses cash flow analysis and the three main financial statements: the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. It provides details on the components of the cash flow statement, including cash flows from investing, financing, and operating activities. Cash flows from investing include purchases/sales of assets, while financing cash flows include funds raised/used for securities. Operating cash flows reflect the impact of business transactions. The document was written by Muhammad Irfan from Sarhad University in Peshawar.
(Week 4)
The document discusses Net Present Value (NPV) as a capital budgeting decision tool. It provides an example to illustrate NPV calculation. The key points are:
1) NPV is defined as the present value of the cash flows from an investment minus the initial investment cost.
2) In the example, constructing a building with $400,000 certain sale price in a year has an NPV of $23,832 when the land costs $50,000, construction costs $300,000, and the discount rate is 7%.
3) Projects with positive NPV should be accepted as they are expected to increase firm value and owner wealth. NPV directly measures how well a project meets the
(Week 3)
The document discusses interest and economic equivalence. It provides examples and formulas for calculating simple interest, including examples of calculating interest earned on investments and interest paid on loans. It also discusses establishing economic equivalence between cash flows of different amounts that have the same economic value when discounted at an appropriate interest rate. For example, depositing $2,042 today at 8% interest would be equivalent to having $3,000 in 5 years.
(Week 2)
This document discusses engineering cost and cost estimating. It covers various types of costs like material, labor, expenses, fixed, variable, total, marginal, average, explicit, implicit, sunk and opportunity costs. It also discusses cost estimating, noting that it is important for evaluation and decision making. There are three types of estimates: rough order of magnitude estimates, semi-detailed estimates, and detailed estimates. Basic cost estimation tools include analogous estimates based on previous similar projects, bottom-up estimates of individual work items summed together, parametric modeling using mathematical models, and computerized tools like spreadsheets.
(Week 1)
This document discusses engineering economics and rational decision making. It introduces engineering economics as a way for engineers to properly formulate, estimate, and evaluate the economic outcomes of alternatives when making decisions on projects with limited capital funds. Rational decision making is explained as a nine step process that involves recognizing problems, defining goals, identifying alternatives, selecting criteria, modeling outcomes, and choosing the best alternative. The document recommends the 9th or 10th edition of the textbook "Engineering Economic Analysis" by Donald G. Newman, Ted G. Eschenbash, and Jerome P. Lavella as a resource to understand these economic concepts important for engineers.
Transmission modes
The document discusses three main transmission modes: parallel transmission, serial transmission, and asynchronous transmission. Parallel transmission uses multiple lines to transmit multiple bits simultaneously, allowing for faster transmission but requiring more expensive infrastructure. Serial transmission transmits bits one at a time over a single line, making it less expensive but slower. Asynchronous transmission adds start and stop bits between characters to allow synchronization without precise timing, while synchronous transmission requires exact timing but can achieve higher speeds.
Osi model
The document discusses the OSI Reference Model, which divides networking functions into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer has distinct responsibilities and provides services to the layer above it. The model was developed by ISO to standardize network communication and ensure compatibility between different systems.
Ch3 4 v1
This document discusses data rate limits in communications. It covers:
1. Data rate depends on bandwidth, signal levels, and channel noise.
2. Nyquist's theorem gives the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel based on bandwidth and number of signal levels. Shannon's theorem calculates capacity for noisy channels based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.
3. Examples show calculating bit rates and required signal levels using Nyquist and Shannon's formulas for different channel scenarios.
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University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
Budgeting as a Control Tool in Govt Accounting in Nigeria Prof Oyedokun.pptx
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Being a Paper Presented at the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Budget Office Staff at Sojourner Hotel, GRA, Ikeja Lagos on Saturday 8th June, 2024.
快速办理(RWTH毕业证书)德国亚琛工业大学毕业证录取通知书一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(RWTH毕业证书)德国亚琛工业大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
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Monthly Market Risk Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
Markets rallied in May, with all three major U.S. equity indices up for the month, said Sam Millette, director of fixed income, in his latest Market Risk Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Economic trends from a business point of view (May 2024)
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During the event, the results of the 25-th monthly survey of business executives “Ukrainian Business during the war”, which was conducted in May 2024, were presented.
The field stage of the 25-th wave lasted from May 20 to May 31, 2024. In May, 532 companies were surveyed.
The enterprise managers compared the work results in May 2024 with April, assessed the indicators at the time of the survey (May 2024), and gave forecasts for the next two, three, or six months, depending on the question. In certain issues (where indicated), the work results were compared with the pre-war period (before February 24, 2022).
✅ More survey results in the presentation.
✅ Video presentation: https://youtu.be/4ZvsSKd1MzE
欧洲杯足彩-欧洲杯足彩押注-欧洲杯足彩押注官网|【网址🎉ac99.net🎉】
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Madhya Pradesh, the "Heart of India," boasts a rich tapestry of culture and heritage, from ancient dynasties to modern developments. Explore its land records, historical landmarks, and vibrant traditions. From agricultural expanses to urban growth, Madhya Pradesh offers a unique blend of the ancient and modern.
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South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
真实可查(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书范本原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
TechnoXander Confirmation of Payee Product Pack 1.pdf
Confirmation of Payee (CoP) is a vital security measure adopted by financial institutions and payment service providers. Its core purpose is to confirm that the recipient’s name matches the information provided by the sender during a banking transaction, ensuring that funds are transferred to the correct payment account.
Confirmation of Payee was built to tackle the increasing numbers of APP Fraud and in the landscape of UK banking, the spectre of APP fraud looms large. In 2022, over £1.2 billion was stolen by fraudsters through authorised and unauthorised fraud, equivalent to more than £2,300 every minute. This statistic emphasises the urgent need for robust security measures like CoP. While over £1.2 billion was stolen through fraud in 2022, there was an eight per cent reduction compared to 2021 which highlights the positive outcomes obtained from the implementation of Confirmation of Payee. The number of fraud cases across the UK also decreased by four per cent to nearly three million cases during the same period; latest statistics from UK Finance.
In essence, Confirmation of Payee plays a pivotal role in digital banking, guaranteeing the flawless execution of banking transactions. It stands as a guardian against fraud and misallocation, demonstrating the commitment of financial institutions to safeguard their clients’ assets. The next time you engage in a banking transaction, remember the invaluable role of CoP in ensuring the security of your financial interests.
For more details, you can visit https://technoxander.com.
高仿英国伦敦艺术大学毕业证（ual毕业证书）文凭证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【英国伦敦艺术大学毕业证（ual毕业证书）文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...Falcon Invoice Discounting
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.一比一原版宾夕法尼亚大学毕业证(UPenn毕业证书)学历如何办理
挂科购买【微信号:176555708】【挂科购买(UPenn毕业证书)】【微信号:176555708】《成绩单、外壳、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号:176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号:176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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(Week 8)
- 2. Replacement Analysis MUHAMMAD IRFAN Assistant Professor, Sarhad University, Peshawar.
- 3. MAINTENANCE…
- 5. CAUSES FOR EQUIPMENT BREAKDOWN…
- 6. WHAT TO DO WITH AN EXISTING ASSET? Keep it Abandon it (do not replace) Replace it, but keep it for backup purposes Augment the capacity of the asset Dispose of it, and replace it with another.
- 7. REPLACEMENT…
- 8. REPLACEMENT ANALYSIS… Replacement Analysis in needed for the following Reasons: Reduced Performance: It results in increased costs (reliability, productivity). Altered Requirements: New features (speed, accuracy, etc). Obsolescence: New products and developments.
- 9. IMPORTANT TO LEARN… Defender: The existing alternative. Challenger: The new alternative. …OR… Existing Asset is known as the DEFENDER New Asset is known as the CHALLENGER.
- 10. IN OTHER WORDS… DEFENDER is the Asset already Owned… While… CHALLENGERS are the alternatives with which the already owned asset is compared with…
- 11. REPLACEMENT… Using the equipments, as time passes, the new question arises as; Should the in-place alternative be replaced? If so, With What and When? means, Has the Economic Life of the Asset been Reached? Which alternative should be selected as its replacement?
- 12. REASONS FOR REPLACEMENT… 1. Reduced Performance. Due to, - Deterioration of Parts - Reliability and Productivity Decrease. - Increased Cost of Operation. - Higher Scrap. - Higher Maintenance Costs and - Need to Replace…
- 13. CONT… 2. Changing Requirements. - New Requirements on; - Accuracy - Speed - Other Specifications like pollution reduction etc. that may not be met by the existing asset.
- 14. CONT… 2. Obsolescence. - New Technological Innovations make existing assets obsolete. - The decrease in the time of the development cycle of new products causes replacement analysis to be performed before the completion of expected economic life of assets.
- 15. REPLACEMENT ANALYSIS DETAIL… When should a new truck replace the existing truck? When should a process be redesigned? When should a product be redesigned? Defender: the existing equipment, building, or decision previously implemented. Challenger: the proposed replacement currently under consideration. The most common question asked in industry is: When should the existing asset(s) be replaced?
- 16. ISSUES TO CONSIDER BEFORE STARTING… Is it morally or ethically right to do this project? If a unit fails, must it be removed permanently from service? Or repaired? Are standby units available if the system should fail? Do components or units fail independently of the failure of other components? Is there a budget constraint?
- 17. CONT… Is there only one replacement allowed over the planning horizon? Do future replacement units differ over time? Are technological improvements considered? Are periodic operating and maintenance costs constant or variable over time? Are consequences other than economic impacts, i.e., socio-technical issues considered? Are income tax consequences considered? Is inflation considered?
- 18. Thank You…