(Week 1)
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This document discusses engineering economics and rational decision making. It introduces engineering economics as a way for engineers to properly formulate, estimate, and evaluate the economic outcomes of alternatives when making decisions on projects with limited capital funds. Rational decision making is explained as a nine step process that involves recognizing problems, defining goals, identifying alternatives, selecting criteria, modeling outcomes, and choosing the best alternative. The document recommends the 9th or 10th edition of the textbook "Engineering Economic Analysis" by Donald G. Newman, Ted G. Eschenbash, and Jerome P. Lavella as a resource to understand these economic concepts important for engineers.
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Engineering Economics
This document provides an overview of engineering economics and key economic concepts. It discusses:
1. The unit introduces engineering economics and covers topics like demand analysis, elasticity, and forecasting techniques.
2. It defines economics and explains that economics studies how individuals and nations earn and spend money.
3. The key steps in engineering economic studies are outlined as the creative, definition, conversion, and decision steps.
Lesson1
The document provides an introduction to engineering economics. It defines economics and engineering economics, noting that engineering economics deals with the analysis and evaluation of factors that will affect the economic success of engineering projects. It discusses key concepts from economics used in engineering economics, such as scarcity, opportunity cost, demand and supply. It also outlines the basic guidelines for engineering economic analysis, including developing alternatives, focusing on differences among alternatives, using consistent and common units of measurement, and considering uncertainty. The document emphasizes that engineering economics is important for engineering decision-making involving questions about project priorities, designs, and economic worth.
Gregory's CV
Gregory See provides a concise summary of his qualifications and experiences:
- He has a Bachelor's degree in Economics and Finance and over 10 years of experience in data analysis, with a focus on economic, financial, and energy market data.
- His skills include Microsoft Office, SQL, database usage, report writing, and data-driven analysis.
- His work history includes roles at an energy market company, an economic research firm, and a financial services company, where he performed data analysis, research, and reporting.
Economics.pptx
1) The document discusses the role of engineering economics in decision making for engineering projects. Engineering economics involves evaluating the costs and benefits of alternatives and selecting the most economically viable option.
2) Key considerations in engineering economic analysis include present worth, future worth, payback period, rate of return, and benefit-cost ratio. Engineers must analyze project alternatives using these measures to determine the best investment.
3) Economics is an important part of engineering, as the economic viability of design options must be considered along with technical factors. Engineering economics analysis helps engineers optimize design decisions and investment of funds.
Lecture1
The document discusses key concepts in engineering economy including:
- Engineering economy studies how limited resources are allocated to satisfy human wants. It considers how individuals and societies choose to use scarce resources.
- Resources include land, labor, capital, and human capital. The origins of engineering economy focused on analyzing the economics of projects like railroad building.
- Principles of engineering economy include developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using consistent viewpoints, common units of measurement, considering all criteria, accounting for uncertainty, and revisiting decisions.
- The engineering economy process involves defining alternatives, developing cash flows, selecting criteria, analyzing and comparing alternatives, and selecting a preferred option. Accounting can help determine costs, set prices,
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This document provides an overview of engineering economy and key concepts. It discusses that engineering economy studies how limited resources are used to satisfy unlimited wants. Some key points covered include the factors of production being land, labor, capital and how engineering economy originated from focusing on economic analysis in projects. It also outlines several principles of engineering economy like developing alternatives, using a consistent viewpoint, and making uncertainty explicit. The document concludes with discussing the engineering economy analysis procedure and relationship to accounting studies.
Attachments 2012 03_2
The document provides an introduction to engineering economy. It defines economics as the study of how limited resources are used to satisfy unlimited human needs. The key resources are defined as land, labor, and capital. It discusses the origins of engineering economy and some key principles, including developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using a consistent viewpoint, a common unit of measure, considering all relevant criteria, making uncertainty explicit, and revisiting decisions. It also outlines the engineering economic analysis procedure and discusses the relationship between accounting and engineering economy studies.
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This document provides definitions and overviews of engineering, economics, and engineering economics. It defines engineering as applying scientific knowledge to design and build structures, machines, and processes. Economics is defined as analyzing production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Engineering economics applies economic techniques to evaluate engineering design alternatives. It is used to determine which engineering projects are worthwhile and should have priority by justifying projects from an engineering standpoint. The document outlines classification of engineering economic problems and the nine elements of the decision making process in engineering economics.
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This document provides an overview of engineering economics and key economic concepts. It discusses:
1. The unit introduces engineering economics and covers topics like demand analysis, elasticity, and forecasting techniques.
2. It defines economics and explains that economics studies how individuals and nations earn and spend money.
3. The key steps in engineering economic studies are outlined as the creative, definition, conversion, and decision steps.
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The document provides an introduction to engineering economics. It defines economics and engineering economics, noting that engineering economics deals with the analysis and evaluation of factors that will affect the economic success of engineering projects. It discusses key concepts from economics used in engineering economics, such as scarcity, opportunity cost, demand and supply. It also outlines the basic guidelines for engineering economic analysis, including developing alternatives, focusing on differences among alternatives, using consistent and common units of measurement, and considering uncertainty. The document emphasizes that engineering economics is important for engineering decision-making involving questions about project priorities, designs, and economic worth.
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Gregory See provides a concise summary of his qualifications and experiences:
- He has a Bachelor's degree in Economics and Finance and over 10 years of experience in data analysis, with a focus on economic, financial, and energy market data.
- His skills include Microsoft Office, SQL, database usage, report writing, and data-driven analysis.
- His work history includes roles at an energy market company, an economic research firm, and a financial services company, where he performed data analysis, research, and reporting.
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2) Key considerations in engineering economic analysis include present worth, future worth, payback period, rate of return, and benefit-cost ratio. Engineers must analyze project alternatives using these measures to determine the best investment.
3) Economics is an important part of engineering, as the economic viability of design options must be considered along with technical factors. Engineering economics analysis helps engineers optimize design decisions and investment of funds.
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The document discusses key concepts in engineering economy including:
- Engineering economy studies how limited resources are allocated to satisfy human wants. It considers how individuals and societies choose to use scarce resources.
- Resources include land, labor, capital, and human capital. The origins of engineering economy focused on analyzing the economics of projects like railroad building.
- Principles of engineering economy include developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using consistent viewpoints, common units of measurement, considering all criteria, accounting for uncertainty, and revisiting decisions.
- The engineering economy process involves defining alternatives, developing cash flows, selecting criteria, analyzing and comparing alternatives, and selecting a preferred option. Accounting can help determine costs, set prices,
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This document provides an overview of engineering economy and key concepts. It discusses that engineering economy studies how limited resources are used to satisfy unlimited wants. Some key points covered include the factors of production being land, labor, capital and how engineering economy originated from focusing on economic analysis in projects. It also outlines several principles of engineering economy like developing alternatives, using a consistent viewpoint, and making uncertainty explicit. The document concludes with discussing the engineering economy analysis procedure and relationship to accounting studies.
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The document provides an introduction to engineering economy. It defines economics as the study of how limited resources are used to satisfy unlimited human needs. The key resources are defined as land, labor, and capital. It discusses the origins of engineering economy and some key principles, including developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using a consistent viewpoint, a common unit of measure, considering all relevant criteria, making uncertainty explicit, and revisiting decisions. It also outlines the engineering economic analysis procedure and discusses the relationship between accounting and engineering economy studies.
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المحاضرة الأولى في مقرر الاقتصاد الهندسي، جامعة اليرموك الخاصة، دمشق، 9 تشرين...
1. Define the problem and develop alternative solutions.
2. Estimate the cash flows for each alternative over its lifetime.
3. Select evaluation criteria such as net present value or internal rate of return.
4. Analyze and compare the alternatives using the chosen criteria to identify the preferred option.
5. Monitor the performance of the selected alternative and reevaluate the decision.
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After studying Chapter 1, students should understand the need for and basics of engineering economy, and its role in decision making. Engineering economy involves systematically evaluating the financial aspects of engineering problems. Decisions depend on technical and economic factors, and require generating alternatives, considering only differences between them, using consistent perspectives and units of measurement, and continuously improving the decision process.
COMPILED_LECTURE_IN_ENGINEERING_ECONOMY.pdf
This document provides a summary of key concepts from a compiled lecture on engineering economy. It defines important cost terminology used in engineering economy like fixed costs, variable costs, incremental costs, recurring costs, non-recurring costs, direct costs, indirect costs, overhead costs, standard costs, cash costs, book costs, opportunity costs, and sunk costs. It also outlines the table of contents and chapters that are covered in the lecture, including cost concepts and design economics, money-time relationships, depreciation, investment evaluation methods, comparing alternatives, and feasibility studies.
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This report discusses and talks about the engineering economic analysis material and
introduces the student to cost analysis scenarios in which a typical working engineer
might be involved. It outlines some of the many and varied cost and economic
analyses to which beginning, as well as journeyman, engineers are exposed. Effective
analysis of product and project costs and the ability to implement cost control
measures are two sides of the same coin. Most business economic decisions involve
the element of time, however, and it is thus necessary to consider factors such as
interest, the time value of money, and depreciation of equipment. The effect of
inflation (or deflation) on the rate of return for investment depends on how the
future returns respond. Larger investments are analyzed by evaluating the rate of
return. Like other decision-making processes, the decision matrix is a valuable tool to
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is showing effect and importance and actions of the (Interest) in economy field.
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This document provides an introduction to engineering economy. It discusses the role of engineers in solving problems economically. Engineering economy involves systematically evaluating the economic merits of engineering solutions. The principles of engineering economy include developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using a consistent viewpoint, a common unit of measure, considering all relevant criteria, making risk and uncertainty explicit, and revisiting decisions. Engineering economic analysis and the engineering design process involve similar steps. Spreadsheets are useful for engineering economy calculations due to their structured nature and ability to change parameters and present graphical outputs.
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1) Engineering economics applies economic principles to engineering problems to analyze costs and compare alternative capital projects or engineering solutions.
2) The course will cover cost estimation, quantification of profitability, process optimization, and financial management over 16 weeks.
3) Engineering economics uses mathematical techniques to simplify economic comparisons and assist with decision-making regarding how to best invest limited capital over time. Sensitivity analysis is used to account for uncertainty in estimates.
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This document introduces the key principles of engineering economy. It discusses 7 principles: 1) Develop alternatives, 2) Focus on differences between alternatives, 3) Use a consistent viewpoint, 4) Use a common unit of measure, 5) Consider all relevant criteria, 6) Make risk and uncertainty explicit, and 7) Revisit decisions. The purpose of engineering economy is to evaluate the economic merits of proposed solutions and determine if their benefits outweigh their costs from the perspective of the decision maker. An understanding of these principles provides the foundation for engineering economic analysis.
Introduction to engineering economy
Introduction to Engineering Economy is about engineering economy &The technological and social environments in which we live continue to change at a rapid rate.
In recent decades, advances in science and engineering have transformed our transportation systems, revolutionized the practice of medicine, and miniaturized electronic circuits so that a computer can be placed on a semiconductor chip.
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This document provides an introduction to the concepts of engineering economics and engineering. It defines engineering economics as the application of economic principles to the evaluation of design and engineering alternatives. Some key points covered include:
- Engineering economics involves formulating, estimating, and evaluating economic outcomes of alternatives using mathematical relationships to compare cash flows. It must deal with risk and uncertainty.
- The time value of money is a central concept, dealing with how the value of money changes over time due to factors like investment opportunities and inflation. Interest rates and discount rates are used to relate amounts over different time periods.
- Engineering economics helps engineers make good decisions by assessing alternatives in economic terms and identifying the most efficient solution based on costs, benefits
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In the real world, the majority of engineering economic analysis problems are
alternative comparisons. In these problems, two or more mutually exclusive
investments compete for limited funds. A variety of methods exists for selecting
the superior alternative from a group of proposals. Each method has its own merits
and applications
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- Performing engineering economy studies involves formulating problems, estimating costs and outcomes of alternatives, and evaluating the best option.
- Basic concepts like utility, various costs (fixed, variable, average, marginal), opportunity costs, and life-cycle costs are introduced.
- Time value of money concepts like present and future worth will be covered in more detail later.
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This document provides an overview of engineering economics. It discusses the scope of engineering economics, which includes recognizing decision making, defining goals and objectives, and helping to select the best alternatives. It also covers types of costing such as actual, opportunity, incremental, explicit, implicit, book, accounting, direct, and indirect costs. Examples of costs are provided such as wage bills, land rent, depreciation, and costs of machinery. Flows of economics including real, circular, money, consumer, and leakage to injection are defined. Break even analysis including break even quantity, profit or loss, product mix, total cost line, fixed cost line, total revenue line, and break even point are outlined.
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Automatic door using arduino
code for this project
int in1 = 2;
int in2 = 3;
int sensor = 8;
int led = 13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(in1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(sensor, INPUT);
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(in1,LOW);
digitalWrite(in2,LOW);
//digitalWrite(sensor,LOW);
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
while(millis()<13000)
{
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
delay(500);
}
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
digitalWrite(in1,LOW);
digitalWrite(in2,HIGH);
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(sensor)==HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(in1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(in2,LOW);
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
delay(1500);
digitalWrite(in1,LOW);
digitalWrite(in2,LOW);
digitalWrite(in1,LOW);
digitalWrite(in2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
delay(1500);
digitalWrite(in1,LOW);
digitalWrite(in2,LOW);
}
}
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2. Estimate the cash flows for each alternative over its lifetime.
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This report discusses and talks about the engineering economic analysis material and
introduces the student to cost analysis scenarios in which a typical working engineer
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analyses to which beginning, as well as journeyman, engineers are exposed. Effective
analysis of product and project costs and the ability to implement cost control
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the element of time, however, and it is thus necessary to consider factors such as
interest, the time value of money, and depreciation of equipment. The effect of
inflation (or deflation) on the rate of return for investment depends on how the
future returns respond. Larger investments are analyzed by evaluating the rate of
return. Like other decision-making processes, the decision matrix is a valuable tool to
assist in evaluating the various alternatives, And so report explained and I mentioned
a very important part or let's say element in engineering economic witch is interested I
explained it briefly within its formula and figures and its type and ect...finally my aim
is showing effect and importance and actions of the (Interest) in economy field.
Introduction to Engineering economics
This presentation discusses the following topics:
What is Engineering Economics?
Why Engineering Economics?
Scope of Engineering Economics
Example of Engineering Economics
Rational Decision-Making Process
Engineering Economics Decision
Role of Engineers in Business
Types of Business Organizations
CHAP1.pdf
Engineering economics involves applying economic principles and techniques to the evaluation of engineering projects and decisions. It allows engineers to determine if the benefits of a project outweigh its costs. Some key topics covered in the document include: the differences between engineering and economics, why engineers need to learn economics, the origins of engineering economics as a field, common course topics like time value of money and cost concepts, and the four step process of formulating engineering economic decisions - the creative, definition, conversion, and decision steps.
introduction to engineering economy
This document provides an introduction to engineering economy. It discusses the role of engineers in solving problems economically. Engineering economy involves systematically evaluating the economic merits of engineering solutions. The principles of engineering economy include developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using a consistent viewpoint, a common unit of measure, considering all relevant criteria, making risk and uncertainty explicit, and revisiting decisions. Engineering economic analysis and the engineering design process involve similar steps. Spreadsheets are useful for engineering economy calculations due to their structured nature and ability to change parameters and present graphical outputs.
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This document provides an introduction to engineering economy. It defines economics as the study of how limited resources are used to satisfy unlimited human wants. The three main resources are land, labor, and capital. Engineering economy principles include developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using consistent viewpoints, common units of measure, and considering uncertainty. The engineering economy analysis procedure involves defining problems, developing alternatives, analyzing cash flows, selecting criteria, comparing alternatives, and monitoring results. This process relates to and assists with the engineering design process. Accounting is also discussed as providing financial results after economic decisions are made.
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1) Engineering economics applies economic principles to engineering problems to analyze costs and compare alternative capital projects or engineering solutions.
2) The course will cover cost estimation, quantification of profitability, process optimization, and financial management over 16 weeks.
3) Engineering economics uses mathematical techniques to simplify economic comparisons and assist with decision-making regarding how to best invest limited capital over time. Sensitivity analysis is used to account for uncertainty in estimates.
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This document introduces the key principles of engineering economy. It discusses 7 principles: 1) Develop alternatives, 2) Focus on differences between alternatives, 3) Use a consistent viewpoint, 4) Use a common unit of measure, 5) Consider all relevant criteria, 6) Make risk and uncertainty explicit, and 7) Revisit decisions. The purpose of engineering economy is to evaluate the economic merits of proposed solutions and determine if their benefits outweigh their costs from the perspective of the decision maker. An understanding of these principles provides the foundation for engineering economic analysis.
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Introduction to Engineering Economy is about engineering economy &The technological and social environments in which we live continue to change at a rapid rate.
In recent decades, advances in science and engineering have transformed our transportation systems, revolutionized the practice of medicine, and miniaturized electronic circuits so that a computer can be placed on a semiconductor chip.
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This document provides an introduction to the concepts of engineering economics and engineering. It defines engineering economics as the application of economic principles to the evaluation of design and engineering alternatives. Some key points covered include:
- Engineering economics involves formulating, estimating, and evaluating economic outcomes of alternatives using mathematical relationships to compare cash flows. It must deal with risk and uncertainty.
- The time value of money is a central concept, dealing with how the value of money changes over time due to factors like investment opportunities and inflation. Interest rates and discount rates are used to relate amounts over different time periods.
- Engineering economics helps engineers make good decisions by assessing alternatives in economic terms and identifying the most efficient solution based on costs, benefits
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This document provides an overview of engineering economics. It defines key terms like engineering, problem solving, and engineering economics. It also outlines seven principles of engineering economics: 1) develop alternatives, 2) focus on differences, 3) use a consistent viewpoint, 4) use a common unit of measure, 5) consider all relevant criteria, 6) make risk and uncertainty explicit, and 7) revisit decisions. Examples of using engineering economics include choosing designs for gas furnaces, selecting robots for welding operations, and determining staffing plans for help desks.
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1) The document outlines the class rules, objectives, topics, and assessments for an engineering economy course.
2) Key topics include the time value of money, cash flows, interest rates, cost analysis techniques, and applications to engineering project decision-making.
3) Assessment methods include homework, group work, quizzes, and class participation, with the overall goal of developing students' understanding of financial analysis in engineering.
Comparing alternatives in Engineering Economics and Management
Comparing alternatives in Engineering Economics and Management
In the real world, the majority of engineering economic analysis problems are
alternative comparisons. In these problems, two or more mutually exclusive
investments compete for limited funds. A variety of methods exists for selecting
the superior alternative from a group of proposals. Each method has its own merits
and applications
lecture 1.ppt
This document provides an overview of an engineering economics course, including its prerequisites, instructor information, textbooks, grading scheme, and course topics. The course covers introduction to engineering economy, engineering and economics definitions, rational decision making processes, types of engineering economic problems from simple to complex, and the four fundamental principles of engineering economics.
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This document provides an overview of engineering economics and introduces some key concepts. It begins by defining economics as the study of how individuals and organizations allocate scarce resources. It then explains why engineering economy is important, as engineers must make economic decisions when selecting between alternatives. The main points covered include:
- Performing engineering economy studies involves formulating problems, estimating costs and outcomes of alternatives, and evaluating the best option.
- Basic concepts like utility, various costs (fixed, variable, average, marginal), opportunity costs, and life-cycle costs are introduced.
- Time value of money concepts like present and future worth will be covered in more detail later.
Engineering Economics for Civil Engineering-full Lecture Note, By Melese Meng...
Engineering economics is the formulation, estimation, and evaluation of the economic outcomes of various available alternatives to accomplish a defined purpose. Systematic evaluation of the cost and benefit of economic merits of proposed technical projects to balance different types of costs and the performance [time, safety, reliability, etc.] in the most economical manner.
Professional powerpoint templates(1)
This document provides an overview of engineering economics. It discusses the scope of engineering economics, which includes recognizing decision making, defining goals and objectives, and helping to select the best alternatives. It also covers types of costing such as actual, opportunity, incremental, explicit, implicit, book, accounting, direct, and indirect costs. Examples of costs are provided such as wage bills, land rent, depreciation, and costs of machinery. Flows of economics including real, circular, money, consumer, and leakage to injection are defined. Break even analysis including break even quantity, profit or loss, product mix, total cost line, fixed cost line, total revenue line, and break even point are outlined.
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The income statement summarizes a company's financial performance over an accounting period by showing revenues earned and expenses incurred, allowing one to calculate profit or loss. It displays revenues, then less cost of goods sold to get gross profit, then less total operating expenses to get operating profit or loss, then other income/expenses to get net income or loss, which impacts retained earnings. The format is that profit or loss equals revenues minus expenses.
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The balance sheet discloses an entity's assets, liabilities, and owners' equity at a point in time. It shows what the entity owns and owes, and the owners' claims. The basic elements are assets, which are resources controlled; liabilities, which are probable obligations to transfer assets or provide services; and owners' equity, which is the owners' claim on assets. Assets equal liabilities plus owners' equity. Assets are classified as current, meant to be consumed within a year, or noncurrent. Current assets include cash, receivables, and inventory. Noncurrent assets include property, plant and equipment. Liabilities are also current, meant to be paid within a year, or noncurrent. Current
(Week 13)
This document discusses accounting and engineering economy. It defines engineering economy as the systematic evaluation of the costs and benefits of technical and business projects, focusing on financial aspects and evaluating future events. Accounting is defined as identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to allow informed decisions, focusing on a firm's financial past performance. Engineering economy is aided by an understanding of accounting principles. Functions of engineering economy include developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using a consistent viewpoint, a common measurement, considering all criteria, and acknowledging uncertainty. Functions of accounting include recording all transactions, classifying, summarizing, analyzing, interpreting, and communicating information.
(Week 12)
This document discusses benefit-cost analysis for evaluating public projects. It notes that benefit-cost analysis is commonly used to evaluate public projects. It identifies some key difficulties in public project analysis, including identifying all users that benefit, identifying all benefits and costs, quantifying benefits and costs, and selecting an appropriate discount rate. The document also provides definitions for benefit-cost ratio and equivalent capital investment and operation and maintenance costs.
(Week 11)
This document discusses break even analysis, which examines the relationship between changes in volume, total sales revenue, expenses, and net profit. It is also known as cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis. Break even analysis is an important short-term planning and decision making tool. It can be used to determine the break even point, or number of units that must be sold to cover fixed costs. The margin of safety and contribution per unit are also key concepts. The document provides examples to demonstrate how to calculate the break even point and sales level required to generate a target profit using the break even formula and contribution per unit.
(Week 10)
The document discusses the Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR), which is the minimum return a company will accept on an investment. It provides an example calculation of MARR using different funding sources. MARR is used to evaluate projects in capital budgeting, which involves decisions about acquiring and allocating resources for future goods and services. MARR can be calculated in different ways, such as based on a company's cost of debt, cost of equity, or as an opportunity cost in capital rationing situations where funds are limited. The document outlines standards for high, moderate, and low risk MARR levels.
(Week 9)
This document discusses various topics related to inflation including:
1. Definitions of inflation and different types of inflation such as creeping, walking, running, and hyper inflation.
2. Causes of inflation such as increasing the money supply, income growth, government spending, and oil prices.
3. Effects of inflation on various groups like farmers, wage earners, and businesses.
4. Related concepts like deflation, stagflation, recessionary gap, and inflationary gap.
5. Definitions of labor force, unemployment, and different types of unemployment.
6. How unemployment rate is calculated.
(Week 8)
This document discusses replacement analysis for existing assets. It defines key terms like defender, which refers to the existing asset, and challenger, which refers to potential replacement options. Reasons for replacing an existing asset include reduced performance over time, changing requirements, and obsolescence due to new technologies. The document provides details on how to evaluate the existing asset versus replacement options, including factors to consider like maintenance costs, reliability, and budget constraints. The goal of replacement analysis is to determine when an existing asset should be replaced and with what alternative.
(Week 7)
This document discusses depreciation and taxes. It defines depreciation as the decline in value of an asset due to factors like wear and tear. There are different methods of calculating depreciation like the straight line method. Taxes are financial charges imposed by governments to fund public expenditures. The main types of taxes discussed are income tax, charged on earnings; property tax, charged on land ownership; sales tax, charged on goods and services; excise duty, charged on manufactured goods; and custom duty, charged on imported/exported goods. The purpose of taxes is to generate revenue for government activities.
(Week 6)
The document discusses methods for evaluating investment projects, including payback period, internal rate of return (IRR), and net present value (NPV). It defines payback period as the time required to recover the original investment. IRR is defined as the discount rate that sets the net present value of all cash flows from a project equal to zero. It helps determine the yield on an investment. The document explains how to calculate IRR by setting the NPV equal to zero and solving for the discount rate. It recommends using IRR to evaluate projects, with higher IRRs indicating better projects, and discusses how IRR and NPV can sometimes provide conflicting recommendations for mutually exclusive projects.
(Week 5)
This document discusses cash flow analysis and the three main financial statements: the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. It provides details on the components of the cash flow statement, including cash flows from investing, financing, and operating activities. Cash flows from investing include purchases/sales of assets, while financing cash flows include funds raised/used for securities. Operating cash flows reflect the impact of business transactions. The document was written by Muhammad Irfan from Sarhad University in Peshawar.
(Week 4)
The document discusses Net Present Value (NPV) as a capital budgeting decision tool. It provides an example to illustrate NPV calculation. The key points are:
1) NPV is defined as the present value of the cash flows from an investment minus the initial investment cost.
2) In the example, constructing a building with $400,000 certain sale price in a year has an NPV of $23,832 when the land costs $50,000, construction costs $300,000, and the discount rate is 7%.
3) Projects with positive NPV should be accepted as they are expected to increase firm value and owner wealth. NPV directly measures how well a project meets the
(Week 3)
The document discusses interest and economic equivalence. It provides examples and formulas for calculating simple interest, including examples of calculating interest earned on investments and interest paid on loans. It also discusses establishing economic equivalence between cash flows of different amounts that have the same economic value when discounted at an appropriate interest rate. For example, depositing $2,042 today at 8% interest would be equivalent to having $3,000 in 5 years.
(Week 2)
This document discusses engineering cost and cost estimating. It covers various types of costs like material, labor, expenses, fixed, variable, total, marginal, average, explicit, implicit, sunk and opportunity costs. It also discusses cost estimating, noting that it is important for evaluation and decision making. There are three types of estimates: rough order of magnitude estimates, semi-detailed estimates, and detailed estimates. Basic cost estimation tools include analogous estimates based on previous similar projects, bottom-up estimates of individual work items summed together, parametric modeling using mathematical models, and computerized tools like spreadsheets.
Transmission modes
The document discusses three main transmission modes: parallel transmission, serial transmission, and asynchronous transmission. Parallel transmission uses multiple lines to transmit multiple bits simultaneously, allowing for faster transmission but requiring more expensive infrastructure. Serial transmission transmits bits one at a time over a single line, making it less expensive but slower. Asynchronous transmission adds start and stop bits between characters to allow synchronization without precise timing, while synchronous transmission requires exact timing but can achieve higher speeds.
Osi model
The document discusses the OSI Reference Model, which divides networking functions into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer has distinct responsibilities and provides services to the layer above it. The model was developed by ISO to standardize network communication and ensure compatibility between different systems.
Ch3 4 v1
This document discusses data rate limits in communications. It covers:
1. Data rate depends on bandwidth, signal levels, and channel noise.
2. Nyquist's theorem gives the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel based on bandwidth and number of signal levels. Shannon's theorem calculates capacity for noisy channels based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.
3. Examples show calculating bit rates and required signal levels using Nyquist and Shannon's formulas for different channel scenarios.
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Ponzi schemes, a notorious form of financial fraud, have plagued America’s investment landscape for decades. Named after Charles Ponzi, who orchestrated one of the most infamous schemes in the early 20th century, these fraudulent operations promise high returns with little or no risk, only to collapse and leave investors with significant losses. This article explores the nature of Ponzi schemes, notable cases in American history, their impact on victims, and measures to prevent falling prey to such scams.
Understanding Ponzi Schemes
A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam where returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital from newer investors, rather than from legitimate profit earned. The scheme relies on a constant influx of new investments to continue paying the promised returns. Eventually, when the flow of new money slows down or stops, the scheme collapses, leaving the majority of investors with substantial financial losses.
Historical Context: Charles Ponzi and His Legacy
Charles Ponzi is the namesake of this deceptive practice. In the 1920s, Ponzi promised investors in Boston a 50% return within 45 days or 100% return in 90 days through arbitrage of international reply coupons. Initially, he paid returns as promised, not from profits, but from the investments of new participants. When his scheme unraveled, it resulted in losses exceeding $20 million (equivalent to about $270 million today).
Notable American Ponzi Schemes
1. Bernie Madoff: Perhaps the most notorious Ponzi scheme in recent history, Bernie Madoff’s fraud involved $65 billion. Madoff, a well-respected figure in the financial industry, promised steady, high returns through a secretive investment strategy. His scheme lasted for decades before collapsing in 2008, devastating thousands of investors, including individuals, charities, and institutional clients.
2. Allen Stanford: Through his company, Stanford Financial Group, Allen Stanford orchestrated a $7 billion Ponzi scheme, luring investors with fraudulent certificates of deposit issued by his offshore bank. Stanford promised high returns and lavish lifestyle benefits to his investors, which ultimately led to a 110-year prison sentence for the financier in 2012.
3. Tom Petters: In a scheme that lasted more than a decade, Tom Petters ran a $3.65 billion Ponzi scheme, using his company, Petters Group Worldwide. He claimed to buy and sell consumer electronics, but in reality, he used new investments to pay off old debts and fund his extravagant lifestyle. Petters was convicted in 2009 and sentenced to 50 years in prison.
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一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号:176555708】文凭即可
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2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
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一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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- 2. Engineering Economics MUHAMMAD IRFAN Assistant Professor, Sarhad University, Peshawar.
- 3. BOOK TO FOLLOW… ENGINEERING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 9TH OR 10TH Edition By Donald G. Newman Ted G. Eschenbash Jerome P. Lavella You can search the book for online reading through; http://www.slideshare.net/BilalN22/engineering-economic-analysis-9th- edition
- 4. LET’S – START… Students should know Something about… 1. ENGIN 2. ENGINEER 3. ENGINEERING 4. PROJECT 5. ECONOMY 6. ECONOMICS
- 5. ENGINEERING ECONOMICS Engineers WORK ON PROJECTS of all size. They will have to take GOOD DECISIONS. They try to choose one alternative over another VERY RATIONALLY. Most Decisions involve MONEY which is called CAPITAL or CAPITAL FUNDS. These capital funds are usually LIMITED in amount.
- 6. SO… Engineering Economics tells them that WHERE AND HOW to utilize this limited amount PROPERLY so as to get the objectives properly. Therefore, ENGINEERING ECONOMICS involves ; FORMULATING ESTIMATING AND EVALUATING the expected ECONOMIC OUTCOMES of ALTERNATIVES designed to accomplish a DEFINED PURPOSE.
- 7. PROBLEMS/QUESTIONS…..???????… 1. What to do? 2. How to do? 3. When to do? 4. For whom to do? 5. This or that ? Why not that why to do this? etc etc… 6. Where to invest? 7. How to invest? 8. When to invest? 9. Here or there? Why not there why to invest here? etc etc.
- 8. A SIMPLE ANSWER… BEST POSSIBLE DECISIONS… as…… MAKING ECONOMIC DECISIONS
- 9. MAKING ECONOMIC DECISIONS… It is better DECISION that makes the work EFFETCIVE & EFFICIENT. It is BETTER DECISION that finds out the BETTER SOLUTION. WHAT TYPE of Problems Can Occur? AND HOW THE ECONOMIC DECISION Then MADE? These should be important questions for the Engineer.
- 10. DECISION MAKING… So, Decision Making is a broad topic which discovers the tools to properly ANALYSE and SOLVE the Economic Problems that are commonly faced by ENGINEERS.
- 11. EVEN… The COMPLEX PROBLEMS can be broken down into MINOR Components from which; SENSIBLE SOLUTIONS are produced.
- 12. THEREFORE,,, Know how of ENGINEERING ECONOMICS is very Effective and Beneficial for an ENGINEER.
- 13. PROBLEMS… Simple Problems --------------- Don’t need much time and resources. Intermediate Problems ------- Primarily Economic.. Like What size of Air Conditioner is most economical? It requires the decision that will comparatively be difficult. Complex Problems --------- Mixture of Economic, Political and Humanistic Elements. Engineering Economic Analysis then play a good role to deal with these type of problems.
- 14. ENGINEERING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS… Engineering Economic Analysis focuses on Costs, Revenues and Benefits that occur at different times… For Example: A Civil Engineer if constructs Road, Dam and Building etc… The construction cost occurs in near future WHILE the Benefits to users begin only when the construction is finished and then continue for a long time. Thus; The Economic Analysis of Costs, Benefits and Revenue occurring over time is called Engineering Economic Analysis.
- 15. DECISION MAKING PROCESS Decision Making Process Consists of Choosing from AMONG ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION as there must be at least TWO ALTERNATIVES available. If only One course of Action is available, there is nothing to decide.
- 16. NOW, RATIONAL DECISION MAKING….. Rational Decision Making is a Complex Process that contains Nine (9) essential Elements:- 1. Recognize Problem. 2. Define the Goal or Objective. 3. Assemble Relevant Data. 4. Identify Feasible Alternatives. 5. Select the Criterion to Determine the Best Alternative. 6. Construct a Model. 7. Predict each Alternative’s Outcomes or Consequences. 8. Choose the Best Alternative. 9. Audit the Result.
- 17. Thank You…