The document discusses the engineering design process. It begins by defining design and outlining the engineering method, which involves synthesis, analysis, communication, implementation, and iteration. It then details the 10 steps of the engineering method: 1) identify need and define problem, 2) assemble design team, 3) identify constraints and criteria for success, 4) search for solutions, 5) analyze potential solutions, 6) choose best solution, 7) document solution, 8) communicate solution, 9) construct solution, and 10) verify and evaluate. The document provides explanations and examples for many of the steps. It also discusses techniques for searching for solutions like brainstorming and feasibility studies.
Design and Market: Customer Requirements Market SurveyNaseel Ibnu Azeez
The document discusses customer requirements and market surveys for product design and development. It defines key customer requirements like performance, quality, cost, conformance, aesthetics, and ergonomics. It also describes different types of market surveys that can be conducted, including market investigation, customer profiling, purchasing tracking, customer motivation, expectations, retention, new product concept analysis, demand, habits and uses, and product fulfilment surveys. Various methods for conducting market surveys are provided, and it is explained how market surveys can help establish a good marketing plan with relevant information.
This document discusses design for X (DFX), which refers to designing products to meet a wide range of criteria beyond just functionality and cost. It covers key aspects of DFX including design for manufacturability (DFM), design for assembly (DFA), and design for reliability. The document provides guidelines for DFM and DFA such as reducing part count, designing for modularity, using standard components, and designing for ease of handling and assembly. It also discusses error-proofing techniques like poka-yoke and snap-fit joints that can improve the manufacturing and assembly process. Overall, the document outlines how considering factors like quality, safety, manufacturing, and life cycle from the early design stages can help optimize a product
Design and Engineering Module 3: Prototype to ProductNaseel Ibnu Azeez
As per KTU Syllabus Design and Engineering
Prototyping- rapid prototyping; testing and evaluation of design; Design modifications; Freezing the design; Cost analysis. Engineering the design – From prototype to product.
Planning; Scheduling; Supply chains; inventory; handling; manufacturing/construction operations; storage; packaging; shipping; marketing; feed-back on design.
The document discusses engineering design and creativity. It begins by defining engineering design as a process of devising systems to meet needs, applying science and optimizing resources. It emphasizes that design involves establishing objectives, synthesis, analysis and evaluation. The document then discusses differentiating science, technology and engineering, with science concerning natural phenomena, technology modifying nature, and engineering applying technology for human purposes. It provides examples to illustrate the relationships between science, technology and engineering. The document also discusses characteristics of design such as objectives, constraints, functions and form. It describes using objective trees to clarify and organize design goals and subgoals. Finally, it discusses initiating creative designs and improving creativity, noting creativity involves intuition and sensing incomplete ideas that are later clarified
Engineering Design: Prototype to Product-Planning, Scheduling, Inventory Cost...Naseel Ibnu Azeez
The document discusses prototyping, rapid prototyping, and testing and evaluation of designs. It states that prototyping involves building a first fully operational production of a design solution to test it under real conditions, while rapid prototyping uses 3D printing to quickly fabricate a scale model from 3D CAD data. Testing and evaluation allows customers to provide feedback, identify faults, and suggest improvements before finalizing production costs and design.
Technical Advancements if the field of Mechanical engineering Naseel Ibnu Azeez
This document discusses technical advancements in manufacturing industries, including the evolution from traditional to concurrent engineering. It describes design for manufacturing, assembly, reliability, and other factors. The document also covers industrial automation, including computing, controllers, actuators, sensors and software. It defines production systems and outlines various types of automation from fixed to programmable to flexible, along with their characteristics. Finally, it briefly mentions the future of these areas.
- Systematic DFMA (Design for Manufacturing and Assembly) deployment is proposed as a back-to-basics approach to reduce costs and increase profits in manufacturing through design changes.
- Key aspects of a systematic DFMA deployment include establishing organizational support and accountability, selecting high-impact projects, allocating resources, executing projects through 5 milestones, and tracking savings.
- When done systematically and considering organizational factors, DFMA can yield part count reductions of 20-50%, labor time reductions of 20-60%, and cost savings of 20-50% across industries.
Design and Market: Customer Requirements Market SurveyNaseel Ibnu Azeez
The document discusses customer requirements and market surveys for product design and development. It defines key customer requirements like performance, quality, cost, conformance, aesthetics, and ergonomics. It also describes different types of market surveys that can be conducted, including market investigation, customer profiling, purchasing tracking, customer motivation, expectations, retention, new product concept analysis, demand, habits and uses, and product fulfilment surveys. Various methods for conducting market surveys are provided, and it is explained how market surveys can help establish a good marketing plan with relevant information.
This document discusses design for X (DFX), which refers to designing products to meet a wide range of criteria beyond just functionality and cost. It covers key aspects of DFX including design for manufacturability (DFM), design for assembly (DFA), and design for reliability. The document provides guidelines for DFM and DFA such as reducing part count, designing for modularity, using standard components, and designing for ease of handling and assembly. It also discusses error-proofing techniques like poka-yoke and snap-fit joints that can improve the manufacturing and assembly process. Overall, the document outlines how considering factors like quality, safety, manufacturing, and life cycle from the early design stages can help optimize a product
Design and Engineering Module 3: Prototype to ProductNaseel Ibnu Azeez
As per KTU Syllabus Design and Engineering
Prototyping- rapid prototyping; testing and evaluation of design; Design modifications; Freezing the design; Cost analysis. Engineering the design – From prototype to product.
Planning; Scheduling; Supply chains; inventory; handling; manufacturing/construction operations; storage; packaging; shipping; marketing; feed-back on design.
The document discusses engineering design and creativity. It begins by defining engineering design as a process of devising systems to meet needs, applying science and optimizing resources. It emphasizes that design involves establishing objectives, synthesis, analysis and evaluation. The document then discusses differentiating science, technology and engineering, with science concerning natural phenomena, technology modifying nature, and engineering applying technology for human purposes. It provides examples to illustrate the relationships between science, technology and engineering. The document also discusses characteristics of design such as objectives, constraints, functions and form. It describes using objective trees to clarify and organize design goals and subgoals. Finally, it discusses initiating creative designs and improving creativity, noting creativity involves intuition and sensing incomplete ideas that are later clarified
Engineering Design: Prototype to Product-Planning, Scheduling, Inventory Cost...Naseel Ibnu Azeez
The document discusses prototyping, rapid prototyping, and testing and evaluation of designs. It states that prototyping involves building a first fully operational production of a design solution to test it under real conditions, while rapid prototyping uses 3D printing to quickly fabricate a scale model from 3D CAD data. Testing and evaluation allows customers to provide feedback, identify faults, and suggest improvements before finalizing production costs and design.
Technical Advancements if the field of Mechanical engineering Naseel Ibnu Azeez
This document discusses technical advancements in manufacturing industries, including the evolution from traditional to concurrent engineering. It describes design for manufacturing, assembly, reliability, and other factors. The document also covers industrial automation, including computing, controllers, actuators, sensors and software. It defines production systems and outlines various types of automation from fixed to programmable to flexible, along with their characteristics. Finally, it briefly mentions the future of these areas.
- Systematic DFMA (Design for Manufacturing and Assembly) deployment is proposed as a back-to-basics approach to reduce costs and increase profits in manufacturing through design changes.
- Key aspects of a systematic DFMA deployment include establishing organizational support and accountability, selecting high-impact projects, allocating resources, executing projects through 5 milestones, and tracking savings.
- When done systematically and considering organizational factors, DFMA can yield part count reductions of 20-50%, labor time reductions of 20-60%, and cost savings of 20-50% across industries.
This document summarizes a study conducted to reduce material costs in fabricated parts for two-wheelers using value analysis techniques. Two products were analyzed - a fuel tank and ignition coil mounting brackets. For the fuel tank, the silver brazing process used to join the fuel outlet was replaced with copper brazing, reducing material costs by 10%. For the brackets, the design was changed from three separate brackets to a single bracket, reducing material costs by 8%. Overall, material costs were reduced by 18%, yielding annual savings of around 50 lakhs rupees for the company. The study demonstrated how value analysis techniques can successfully identify opportunities to reduce costs through alternative designs and manufacturing processes.
1. The document discusses the design process for engineering projects. It describes design as open-ended problem solving aimed at developing a system to meet specified properties.
2. The design process is iterative and involves defining the problem, gathering information, developing solutions, testing prototypes, and evaluating the solution. It may require going back to earlier steps.
3. The document provides details on each step of the design process, emphasizing clear problem definition by understanding user needs, then generating and testing solutions through iteration.
Introduction to Engineering Design ProcessLk Rigor
Mapúa Institute of Technology
Codes and Specifications
COE134/B2 Group 1
Source:
Haik, Y. and T. Shahin. (2011). "Engineering Design Process." Stamford: Cengage Learning.
1) Design for X (DFX) principles aim to reduce errors and improve quality and cost efficiency of medical products by considering factors like manufacturing, assembly, maintenance, and end-of-life processing from the early design stages.
2) Applying DFX techniques like design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) and design for production can significantly reduce costs by catching issues early rather than requiring expensive redesigns later.
3) Other DFX aspects to consider include design for use and ergonomics to ensure safe and intuitive use, as well as design for end-of-life processing to allow for proper disposal or recycling of medical devices.
Vehicle cost weight process improvement 2011tmtrnr
The document discusses problems with the current US manufacturing and engineering model and proposes solutions. It notes issues like the separation of engineering and manufacturing, singular focus on careers over products, and lack of team building. It recommends blending engineering and manufacturing, evaluating people based on experience over career goals, and improving team leadership. It also outlines a weight reduction model involving establishing rules, gathering data, assembling specialists, targeting opportunities, implementing changes, and validating results. The overall goal is to create a more effective and lighter product at lower cost.
DFM is a principle that aims to improve efficiency by minimizing the number of parts needed for assembly. It differs from traditional sequential project approaches by integrating manufacturing activities earlier. This reduces time to market and facilitates coordination across departments. DFM tools help evaluate design options to optimize for manufacturability, costs, quality and other factors. While tools have limitations, DFM provides advantages like reducing development time and costs when applied throughout the design process.
The document summarizes a webinar on Lean Design with Value Engineering presented by Jim Wixson. The webinar discusses how Value Engineering facilitates creative Lean Design approaches. It also covers topics like functional analysis, the VE job plan, design for manufacturing and assembly, and how these relate to Lean Design goals of eliminating waste and achieving high quality at lowest cost. The webinar provides examples of tools used in the VE process and cites data on billions of dollars in savings achieved through Value Engineering in government agencies and transportation projects.
Design and Engineering-Module 5: User Centered and Product Centered Design, C...Naseel Ibnu Azeez
Product centred and user centred design. Product centred
attributes and user centred attributes. Bringing the two
closer. Example: Smartphone. Aesthetics and ergonomics.
Value engineering, Concurrent engineering, Reverse
engineering in design; Culture based design; Architectural
designs; Motifs and cultural background; Tradition and
design;
Study the evolution of Wet grinders; Printed motifs; Role
of colours in design.
Design and Engineering-Module 6:Modular Design, Design Optimization, Internet...Naseel Ibnu Azeez
Modular design; Design optimization; Intelligent and
autonomous products; User interfaces; communication
between products; autonomous products; internet of
things; human psychology and the advanced products.
Design as a marketing tool; Intellectual Property rights –
Trade secret; patent; copyright; trademarks; product
liability.
This document describes the value-added design and development process used by R.M. Hoffman Company for motion control projects. The 6-step process includes: 1) Discovery to understand the problem and requirements, 2) Design through collaborative meetings, 3) Adaptation to evolving needs, 4) Prototype creation, 5) Validation by the customer, and 6) Production. The Discovery step involves gathering detailed information from the customer to ensure no surprises. This information is then used during Design meetings to quickly develop prototypes and solutions.
The document discusses online collaboration and networked commons. It defines collaboration and cooperation and explores features of online collaboration like networking and asynchronous interaction. A case study examines bugs in the Battlefield 3 beta test forum. The concepts of commons and gift economy are introduced in the context of unregulated online resources. User participation in collaboration and commons is shaping internet culture and social media revolutions.
The document introduces 360clean, a commercial cleaning franchise opportunity. It highlights that the commercial cleaning industry is a $100 billion per year business with opportunity for growth. 360clean aims to be a nationally-branded franchise that offers specialized cleaning services and multiple support programs to franchisees. These include training, sales and marketing support, technology resources, and ongoing business assistance.
This survey seeks to understand brand preferences and perceptions of Nike and Adidas. It will take approximately 5 minutes to complete and participation is voluntary. Responses will be kept strictly confidential. The survey asks participants to rank and compare Nike and Adidas based on brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, and brand loyalty through multiple choice and ranking questions. It concludes by collecting some demographic information to understand participants.
This document discusses various topics related to antennas and propagation, including:
- The basic functions of antennas for transmission and reception of signals
- Types of radiation and reception patterns that characterize antenna performance
- Common types of antennas like dipole, vertical, and parabolic reflective antennas
- Factors that influence signal propagation over distance like free space loss, noise, multipath interference, and atmospheric effects
- Techniques to improve reliability like diversity combining, adaptive equalization, and forward error correction coding.
This document discusses different types of communication networks including traditional and high-speed LANs and WANs, as well as MANs. It describes key characteristics of these networks such as speed, distance, scope, and data rates. The document also covers switching techniques used in networks including circuit switching, packet switching, and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate how these different switching techniques work.
Registers are memory elements that store binary words. Counters are registers that count clock pulses. There are different types of registers like buffer registers, shift registers, and controlled shift registers. Ripple counters count clock pulses using JK flip flops but have propagation delays. Synchronous counters clock all flip flops simultaneously, eliminating propagation delays. Ring counters sequentially activate devices by having only one high bit in the stored word.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. It also covers considerations like functionality, safety, reliability and manufacturability. Design tools like CAD, CAE, standards, codes and economics are reviewed. The responsibilities of design engineers to follow a systematic process are outlined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. Important considerations in design are addressed such as functionality, safety, reliability, manufacturability, and economics. Design tools, codes and standards, and a designer's professional responsibilities are also summarized. The document aims to outline the systematic process of mechanical engineering design.
This document summarizes a study conducted to reduce material costs in fabricated parts for two-wheelers using value analysis techniques. Two products were analyzed - a fuel tank and ignition coil mounting brackets. For the fuel tank, the silver brazing process used to join the fuel outlet was replaced with copper brazing, reducing material costs by 10%. For the brackets, the design was changed from three separate brackets to a single bracket, reducing material costs by 8%. Overall, material costs were reduced by 18%, yielding annual savings of around 50 lakhs rupees for the company. The study demonstrated how value analysis techniques can successfully identify opportunities to reduce costs through alternative designs and manufacturing processes.
1. The document discusses the design process for engineering projects. It describes design as open-ended problem solving aimed at developing a system to meet specified properties.
2. The design process is iterative and involves defining the problem, gathering information, developing solutions, testing prototypes, and evaluating the solution. It may require going back to earlier steps.
3. The document provides details on each step of the design process, emphasizing clear problem definition by understanding user needs, then generating and testing solutions through iteration.
Introduction to Engineering Design ProcessLk Rigor
Mapúa Institute of Technology
Codes and Specifications
COE134/B2 Group 1
Source:
Haik, Y. and T. Shahin. (2011). "Engineering Design Process." Stamford: Cengage Learning.
1) Design for X (DFX) principles aim to reduce errors and improve quality and cost efficiency of medical products by considering factors like manufacturing, assembly, maintenance, and end-of-life processing from the early design stages.
2) Applying DFX techniques like design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) and design for production can significantly reduce costs by catching issues early rather than requiring expensive redesigns later.
3) Other DFX aspects to consider include design for use and ergonomics to ensure safe and intuitive use, as well as design for end-of-life processing to allow for proper disposal or recycling of medical devices.
Vehicle cost weight process improvement 2011tmtrnr
The document discusses problems with the current US manufacturing and engineering model and proposes solutions. It notes issues like the separation of engineering and manufacturing, singular focus on careers over products, and lack of team building. It recommends blending engineering and manufacturing, evaluating people based on experience over career goals, and improving team leadership. It also outlines a weight reduction model involving establishing rules, gathering data, assembling specialists, targeting opportunities, implementing changes, and validating results. The overall goal is to create a more effective and lighter product at lower cost.
DFM is a principle that aims to improve efficiency by minimizing the number of parts needed for assembly. It differs from traditional sequential project approaches by integrating manufacturing activities earlier. This reduces time to market and facilitates coordination across departments. DFM tools help evaluate design options to optimize for manufacturability, costs, quality and other factors. While tools have limitations, DFM provides advantages like reducing development time and costs when applied throughout the design process.
The document summarizes a webinar on Lean Design with Value Engineering presented by Jim Wixson. The webinar discusses how Value Engineering facilitates creative Lean Design approaches. It also covers topics like functional analysis, the VE job plan, design for manufacturing and assembly, and how these relate to Lean Design goals of eliminating waste and achieving high quality at lowest cost. The webinar provides examples of tools used in the VE process and cites data on billions of dollars in savings achieved through Value Engineering in government agencies and transportation projects.
Design and Engineering-Module 5: User Centered and Product Centered Design, C...Naseel Ibnu Azeez
Product centred and user centred design. Product centred
attributes and user centred attributes. Bringing the two
closer. Example: Smartphone. Aesthetics and ergonomics.
Value engineering, Concurrent engineering, Reverse
engineering in design; Culture based design; Architectural
designs; Motifs and cultural background; Tradition and
design;
Study the evolution of Wet grinders; Printed motifs; Role
of colours in design.
Design and Engineering-Module 6:Modular Design, Design Optimization, Internet...Naseel Ibnu Azeez
Modular design; Design optimization; Intelligent and
autonomous products; User interfaces; communication
between products; autonomous products; internet of
things; human psychology and the advanced products.
Design as a marketing tool; Intellectual Property rights –
Trade secret; patent; copyright; trademarks; product
liability.
This document describes the value-added design and development process used by R.M. Hoffman Company for motion control projects. The 6-step process includes: 1) Discovery to understand the problem and requirements, 2) Design through collaborative meetings, 3) Adaptation to evolving needs, 4) Prototype creation, 5) Validation by the customer, and 6) Production. The Discovery step involves gathering detailed information from the customer to ensure no surprises. This information is then used during Design meetings to quickly develop prototypes and solutions.
The document discusses online collaboration and networked commons. It defines collaboration and cooperation and explores features of online collaboration like networking and asynchronous interaction. A case study examines bugs in the Battlefield 3 beta test forum. The concepts of commons and gift economy are introduced in the context of unregulated online resources. User participation in collaboration and commons is shaping internet culture and social media revolutions.
The document introduces 360clean, a commercial cleaning franchise opportunity. It highlights that the commercial cleaning industry is a $100 billion per year business with opportunity for growth. 360clean aims to be a nationally-branded franchise that offers specialized cleaning services and multiple support programs to franchisees. These include training, sales and marketing support, technology resources, and ongoing business assistance.
This survey seeks to understand brand preferences and perceptions of Nike and Adidas. It will take approximately 5 minutes to complete and participation is voluntary. Responses will be kept strictly confidential. The survey asks participants to rank and compare Nike and Adidas based on brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, and brand loyalty through multiple choice and ranking questions. It concludes by collecting some demographic information to understand participants.
This document discusses various topics related to antennas and propagation, including:
- The basic functions of antennas for transmission and reception of signals
- Types of radiation and reception patterns that characterize antenna performance
- Common types of antennas like dipole, vertical, and parabolic reflective antennas
- Factors that influence signal propagation over distance like free space loss, noise, multipath interference, and atmospheric effects
- Techniques to improve reliability like diversity combining, adaptive equalization, and forward error correction coding.
This document discusses different types of communication networks including traditional and high-speed LANs and WANs, as well as MANs. It describes key characteristics of these networks such as speed, distance, scope, and data rates. The document also covers switching techniques used in networks including circuit switching, packet switching, and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate how these different switching techniques work.
Registers are memory elements that store binary words. Counters are registers that count clock pulses. There are different types of registers like buffer registers, shift registers, and controlled shift registers. Ripple counters count clock pulses using JK flip flops but have propagation delays. Synchronous counters clock all flip flops simultaneously, eliminating propagation delays. Ring counters sequentially activate devices by having only one high bit in the stored word.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. It also covers considerations like functionality, safety, reliability and manufacturability. Design tools like CAD, CAE, standards, codes and economics are reviewed. The responsibilities of design engineers to follow a systematic process are outlined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechanical engineering design. It discusses the phases of design including identifying needs, defining problems, synthesizing solutions, analysis and optimization, testing, and presentation. Important considerations in design are addressed such as functionality, safety, reliability, manufacturability, and economics. Design tools, codes and standards, and a designer's professional responsibilities are also summarized. The document aims to outline the systematic process of mechanical engineering design.
The document summarizes a discussion on improving vehicle lightweighting efforts. It identifies problems with current engineering and manufacturing models, including a lack of experience due to job losses and the separation of engineering and manufacturing teams. It proposes blending engineering and manufacturing teams, with 30% of engineers having manufacturing experience. It also stresses the importance of team building. Finally, it outlines a generic weight reduction model involving establishing rules, gathering data, assembling teams of specialists, targeting opportunities, implementing changes, and validating the results.
CENTRE FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION EXECUTIVE MBA (OIL & .docxarnit1
CENTRE FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION
EXECUTIVE MBA
(OIL & GAS MANAGEMENT)
BATCH: _______________________
SEMESTER: _______________________
NAME: _______________________
SAP NO/REGN NO: _______________________
ASSIGNMENT – 1
FOR
Operations and Materials Management
MBCQ -722
UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & ENERGY STUDIES
Last Date of Submission:-15th April 2012
Section‐A
(Short Answer Questions) Marks: 4×5=20
1. For the following organizations, explain how their operations functions can support business
strategy, implement business strategy and drive business strategy:
‐ a fast‐food restaurant
‐ a film‐processing service
‐ an oil refinery.
2. Why is operations management relevant to managers in other organization functions?
3. Using an example of your own choice, describe how the cost of the operation might be affected by
changing the levels of performance of quality, speed, dependability and flexibility.
4. Draw the hierarchy of operations for a small manufacturing company.
Section‐B
(Long Answer Questions) Marks: 3×10=30
1. A company which specializes in fabricating large lathes inspects every lathe before it is shipped to
the customer’s site. Given below are the defects found on a sample of 10 lathes.
Sample
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No.
Defects
2 1 0 3 4 2 2 3 4 1
Find whether the processes are under the control for 99 percent defects. Justify your answer
2. A firm is planning to set up a production line to assemble 300 units per hour, and 50 minutes
per hour are productive. The time to perform each task and the tasks that must precede each
task are:
=======================================================================
Task That Time to Tasks That Time to
Immediately Perform Task Immediately Perform Task
Task Precedes (Minutes) Task Precede (Minutes)
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
A ‐‐ .69 F B 1.10
B A .55 G C,D,E .75
C B .21 H G,F .43
D B .59 I H .29
E B .70
=======================================================================
a. Draw a diagram of precedence relationships.
b. Compute the cycle time per unit in minutes.
c. Compute the minimum number of work stations required to produce 300 units per hour
and find the efficiency of the balance line
3. What is statistical process control (SPC)? Explain why x and R charts are used together?
Section‐C
(Caselets/Situational Questions) Marks: 2×25=50
1. Inventory management in some operations is more than just a part of their responsibility; it is their
very reason for bein ...
1. The document discusses various aspects of designing products for manufacturing including design for manufacturing (DFM) and design for assembly (DFA). It outlines three methods to implement DFM: organizing cross-functional teams, using design rules, and applying CAD tools.
2. Major objectives of DFM include reducing component costs, assembly costs, and production support costs. Methods to reduce costs include standardizing parts, choosing appropriate production scales, and integrating parts.
3. Prototyping principles outlined in the document are that analytical prototypes are more flexible than physical ones, physical prototypes are needed to detect unanticipated issues, and prototypes can reduce risks and expedite the development process.
This document summarizes Mike Dowson's presentation on innovation. It discusses what innovation is, why companies should innovate, and signs that a business may need innovation. It also outlines the innovation process, including having a defined process, focusing on customers, generating concepts, and developing and launching new products. A case study describes developing a new tree guard for string trimmers that had to be redesigned due to marketing concerns over a stress mark, requiring new tools and designs to be completed on time.
This document discusses innovation and provides examples. It summarizes Fluor's focus on innovation to gain competitive advantages and ensure quality solutions for customers. Real examples are given showing how Fluor has innovated work processes to complete projects better, faster and cheaper through modular construction techniques. While some innovations fail, Fluor emphasizes an environment where employees can challenge conventions and contribute new ideas.
The document discusses several green design strategies including design for manufacture, optimization of resource utilization through reuse, repair, recycling and reconditioning, and design for disassembly. It provides examples of applying these strategies for various products like disposable cameras, vacuum cleaners, car tires, and televisions to facilitate their disassembly and recycling at end of life.
This document summarizes a chapter about product specifications from a textbook on product design and development. It discusses the nature and purpose of specifications, the process for setting target and final specifications, and guidelines for establishing metrics and assigning values. Target specifications are set based on customer needs and benchmarks, while final specifications are refined based on the selected concept and testing. The key aspects covered are:
- Specifications represent an agreement on what the team will achieve to satisfy customer needs
- Target specs are goals and final specs reflect feasibility testing and trade-offs
- Metrics should sufficiently address customer needs and be practical to measure
- Benchmarking, models, and trade-offs inform refining specs
This document provides an overview of aerospace systems engineering and the product design process. It discusses key concepts in engineering design including synthesis, analysis, and the four challenges of creativity, complexity, choice, and compromise. The document then describes the design process from conceptual design to detail design. It emphasizes that good design requires both synthesis and analysis. Finally, it discusses systems engineering principles and how they apply to the entire acquisition lifecycle from concept exploration to production.
This document discusses design for manufacturing (DFM) which emphasizes manufacturing considerations throughout the product development process. It aims to lower production costs without compromising quality. The document outlines DFM objectives like reducing component, assembly and support costs. It describes a 5-step DFM process including estimating manufacturing costs, reducing costs at each stage, and considering impacts. An example of a GM engine redesign that achieved major cost savings through DFM is provided. Finally, the document lists numerous design principles for various stages of manufacturing like assembly, fastening, automation, quality testing, and maintenance.
This resume is for KL Neelakandan, seeking a challenging position in engineering. He has over 29 years of experience in manufacturing, including his current role as Senior Manager of Operations at Sandhar Automotives in Bangalore. Previously, he held roles like Manager of Supply Chain and Exports at various companies. His responsibilities have included meeting production targets, quality monitoring, supplier management, and ensuring statutory compliances. He has a diploma in mechanical engineering and professional credits like Six Sigma Black Belt certification.
Elefant Industries provides prototype and production tooling and parts manufacturing services. They offer low-cost solutions for prototyping, production tooling, and assembly. Their services include rapid 30-day prototyping, cost savings of 25-75% on production, project management for new product development, and acting as a strategic partner to take products from concept to market without requiring clients to add staff. Prototyping allows clients to fail early and inexpensively, gather better requirements, understand technical challenges, resolve design conflicts, gain financial support, and more easily file patents.
The document provides an introduction to machine design and the general considerations involved in designing machine components. It discusses the classification of machine designs, the general procedure for machine design, and considerations like the type of loads, material selection, motion of parts, and safety. It also summarizes the commonly used engineering materials and their important physical and mechanical properties that influence material selection for machine design.
This document provides information about the Engineering Design & Analysis course MI-291 at IIT Roorkee. It includes details such as course instructors, contact hours, credits, objectives, and chapters to be covered. The course aims to describe the role of analysis in engineering design and enhance critical thinking and design skills. It will cover topics such as the design process, engineering analysis, reverse engineering, learning from failures, and engineering design projects.
The document discusses design for manufacturability (DFM) principles and processes. It defines DFM as determining a product's true manufacturing costs early in the design process. The key benefits of DFM include speed to market, improved efficiency, and reduced costs. The document outlines the DFM process, which involves conceptualization, analysis, and redesign to optimize a product for manufacturability. It also discusses key DFM principles such as minimizing parts, standardizing components, and creating modular assemblies.
Scott Beals has 14 years of experience in aerospace product design and development. He has taken several products from conceptual design through production. Some of his recent projects and responsibilities include solenoid development for the Boeing 787, design of anti-extend check valves for Airbus A350, and serving as the Priority Manager for Moog's Pumps and Motors Group. He enjoys hands-on work, problem solving, and bringing products from design through testing. His goals include integrating his skills and taking full ownership of products from start to finish.
The Concept Of Ultra Low Cost Produce DevelopmentPradeep Saha
The document discusses ultra low cost product development (ULCPD) as an alternative to traditional cost reduction methods. ULCPD involves completely rethinking design and manufacturing rather than incremental cost savings. Examples provided include an artificial leg reduced from $20,000 to $28 and potential to develop advanced medicine for $10 million rather than $1 billion. The Tata Nano car is highlighted as an exemplar of ULCPD, employing innovations like using adhesives instead of rivets and co-locating vendors to reduce costs. Key aspects of ULCPD discussed are flexible product development processes, eliminating unnecessary reviews, co-creating with suppliers, and designing for local markets globally.
The Concept Of Ultra Low Cost Product DevelopmentPradeep Saha
Traditional methods of cost reduction like simplifying designs, standardizing components, and lowering costs sourcing are becoming less effective and the competition is more aggressive. Ultra low cost product development (ULCPD) is a new concept that involves completely rethinking how products are designed and manufactured, not just reducing costs. Examples of ULCPD include the Tata Nano car that was designed and built with a target price of $2,500, and the $100 laptop designed by MIT for children in developing countries. ULCPD requires challenging traditional mindsets and questioning assumptions, as well as involving suppliers early and taking innovative approaches to manufacturing, sourcing, and business models.
This document discusses privacy and workplace issues. It addresses the moral issues around organizational influence on employees' private lives and obtaining personal information. It also covers working conditions like health and safety, management styles, childcare policies, and redesigning work to improve job satisfaction. The key topics are the tension between employee privacy rights and employers' interests, and how work design impacts worker well-being.
This document discusses various topics related to job discrimination, including:
(1) Definitions of job discrimination and its various forms like intentional and unintentional discrimination.
(2) Evidence of ongoing discrimination from statistical disparities and biased attitudes.
(3) The historical and legal context of affirmative action programs established to remedy past discrimination.
(4) Moral debates regarding affirmative action, including arguments for compensating past wrongs versus claims of reverse discrimination.
(5) The comparable worth doctrine and debates over equal pay for jobs requiring equal skills.
(6) Definitions of sexual harassment and appropriate ways to document and address harassment in the workplace.
This document provides an overview of moral issues in the workplace, including civil liberties of employees, hiring practices, promotions, discipline/discharge, wages, and labor unions. It examines topics such as the "employment at will" doctrine, protections against discrimination, tests and interviews in hiring, factors in determining promotions and wages, the history and tactics of unions including strikes and boycotts, and debates around balancing employee and business interests.
This document discusses corporations and corporate social responsibility. It examines corporations as moral agents and debates narrow vs. broader views of corporate responsibility. It also discusses institutionalizing ethics within corporations through ethical codes and shaping corporate culture. The challenges of assigning individual responsibility in large corporations and balancing economic and social responsibilities are also addressed.
This document discusses moral choices that employees may face, including whistleblowing, conflicts of interest, insider trading, bribery, and balancing self-interest with moral obligations. It provides definitions and perspectives on these issues, noting that resolving moral conflicts requires identifying relevant obligations and deciding which to prioritize. Whistleblowing is justified if the employee has an appropriate motive, exhausted internal options, found compelling evidence, considered dangers, and has a chance of success. Self-interest must be weighed against moral duties and harm to others.
This document summarizes a chapter about business responsibilities to consumers. It discusses product safety regulations and legal standards around defective products. It also covers other responsibilities like providing accurate labeling and packaging. The document examines debates around advertising, including whether it should aim to protect reasonable vs. ignorant consumers from deception. It also discusses debates on the impacts of advertising on consumer needs, manipulation, and children.
This document provides a summary of chapter 3 from a book on justice and economic distribution. It outlines three major views on this topic: the utilitarian view, libertarian view, and Rawls' view. The utilitarian view aims to maximize overall happiness and favors equality. The libertarian view, as expressed by Nozick, emphasizes individual liberty and entitlement to holdings through just acquisition and transfer. Rawls' view uses a hypothetical "original position" and "veil of ignorance" to derive two principles of justice: equal basic liberties and social/economic inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged.
This chapter discusses normative theories of ethics including consequentialist theories like utilitarianism and egoism as well as non-consequentialist theories like Kant's ethics. It covers the key aspects of these theories, their application to organizational contexts, and critical inquiries about each approach. The chapter concludes by discussing how a synthesis of these perspectives can be used for moral decision making.
This document discusses the nature of morality and ethics. It begins by defining ethics and distinguishing it from morality. Ethics comes from character and customs while morality refers to human conduct and values. It then discusses business ethics and the relationship between personal and professional ethics. It explores the differences between moral and non-moral standards, and how morality relates to etiquette, law, and professional codes. It examines the origins of moral standards and debates around relativism. Finally, it touches on concepts like conscience, moral principles, self-interest, and individual responsibility within organizations.
This chapter discusses arithmetic and flag operations in digital computers. It covers binary addition and subtraction methods used in arithmetic logic units, including half and full adders. The chapter also explains status flags that indicate results such as carries, zeros, negatives, and overflow from arithmetic operations to help computers perform tasks.
This document discusses addressing modes in digital computers and microprocessors. It covers basic addressing modes like implied, register, immediate, and direct addressing. It also discusses addressing modes for specific microprocessor families like the 6502, 6800/6808, and 8080/8085/Z80 families. The document examines how addressing modes are used to specify the location of operands in a computer's memory and how different processors implement various addressing modes.
This document discusses data transfer instructions in microprocessors. It explains that instructions are the commands a microprocessor understands and that instruction sets define the complete vocabulary for each chip. It notes that common instructions from the 8080, 8085, and 8086/8088 will be studied, but not loop or string instructions. The NO operation and Halt instructions are described as control instructions that waste time or stop the microprocessor. Data transfer instructions move data between registers and memory using terms like "Move", "Load", "Store", and "Transfer" to duplicate the data in the target or destination. Specific examples from the 6502 family are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of computer architecture and microprocessor architecture. It discusses memory, addressing, address and data buses. It then describes the components of common microprocessor families including the 6502, 6800/6808, 8080/8085/Z80, and 8086/8088. These components include accumulators, general purpose registers, program counters, index registers, status registers, and stack pointers. The document explains how these components work and their roles in the microprocessor.
This chapter discusses programming languages and microprocessor programming. It covers the relationship between electronics and programming, how the invention of computers led to programming, and how microprocessors are programmed. The chapter also introduces fundamental programming concepts like flow charts, different types of programming languages (machine language, assembly language, high-level languages), and assembly language programming. It uses a simple example of taking a bus ride to demonstrate basic programming techniques.
This document provides an introduction to microprocessors. It defines a microprocessor as a CPU constructed on a single silicon chip. The document then discusses computer hardware components like the CPU and memory. It also outlines some common microprocessor families that are featured in the textbook like the 6502, 6800, 8080/8085/Z80, and 8086/8088. Finally, it mentions some ways to access microprocessors like using computers, microprocessor trainers, and software emulation programs.
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It explains that memory is where programs and data are stored before and during computation. Modern computers rely on semiconductor memory like RAM, as they are cheaper and easier to interface than older core memories. The document describes Read Only Memory (ROM) as the simplest type, where data can only be read from permanently stored locations. It also mentions other non-volatile memory technologies like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
The document discusses the protocol layers and architecture of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standards. It describes the functions of the physical, medium access control (MAC), and logical link control (LLC) layers. The MAC frame format and access control methods using interframe spaces are also summarized. Additionally, it outlines services provided within IEEE 802.11 wireless distributions systems including distribution, integration, and mobility-related services.
Wireless LANs can be used for several applications, including extending a wired LAN to cover open or remote areas, connecting nearby buildings, providing mobile access to laptop users, and enabling temporary ad hoc networks. Wireless LANs use either infrared or radio frequency transmission and can be configured in various network topologies like peer-to-peer or with a central hub device. While infrared avoids licensing, it has limitations on range and ambient light interference, while radio frequency options operate in either licensed narrowband microwave spectra or unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical bands.
Mobile IP enables devices to change their Internet connection point while maintaining connectivity. It assigns a temporary IP address and uses tunneling to forward data to the device's care-of address. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) provides mobile access to information services over wireless networks using standards like IP, XML and HTTP. It includes the Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) and Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) to enable secure transactions over bandwidth-limited wireless connections.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
3. WHAT IS DESIGN ?
The ability to create something out of nothing is called Design.
ENGINEERING METHOD
Synthesis – combining various elements into an integrated whole
Analysis – using mathematics, science, engineering techniques and
economics to quantify the performance of various options
Communication – writing and oral presentations
Implementation – executing the plan
Iterative process in some steps
Not strict method just a general procedure
NOTE
4. 1. Identify the need& define the problem
2. Assemble design team
3. Identify constraints & criteria for success
4. Search for solutions
Synthesis
THE ENGINEERING METHOD
5. Feasibility
Study
Detailed
Design
Preliminary
Design
8. Communicate the solution to managment
7. Document the solutions
6. Choose the “best” solutions
5. Analyze each potential solution
Synthesis &
Analysis
Communication
• Feasibility Study
– where ideas are
roughed out
• Preliminary
Design – where
some of the
more promising
ideas are
explored in more
detail
• Detailed Design
- where highly
detailed drawing
and
specifications
are prepared for
6. 10. Verify and evaluate
9. Construct the solutionImplementation
Analysis
7. Step 1# Identify the Need and Define the Problem
Need may be create by a creative engineer (Military countermeasure example)
Sales or management personnel -> familiar with market -> spot a new need
Government regulations -> need -> regulation on pollution and safety
Politician -> create need -> promising their constituents new roads and
buildings
Engineer often doesn’t identify the need
PROBLEM: Once the need is identified the problem must be defined
Suppose that a high way is congested and causing troublesome delay for
commuters
“HOW DO WE WIDEN THE ROAD TO ACCOMMODATE MORE TRAFFIC”
“HOW DO WE CREATE A TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TO MOVE MORE PEOPLE
QUICKLY AND EFFICIENT”
8. Step 2# Assembly Design Team
Design is done with team of individuals who have complementary skills due to
complexity of modern engineering projects
For example: an automobile were being designed. 1st the Stylist would decide
the shape. 2nd Mechanical Engg -> how to form body parts & fit the engine
under hood. 3rd Electrical Engg -> Electrical Systems. 4th Production Engg ->
Production Line. 5th Marketers -> advertising campaign
Sequential -> locally optimum & Not globally Optimum
Global Optimum: Specialist to work together right from beginning using an
approach called Concurrent Engg
For example: While automobile is being conceptualized, the Marketer & Stylist
-> highly salable design. Further Mechanical Engg would be involved so that
the body style can accommodate the engine. Production Engg would be
engaged because of new materials will make a big impact on the
manufacturing method. Further Design objectives can be met only by using
hybrid engine.
9. STEP 3# IDENTIFY CONSTRAINTS
AND CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS
Budget – know the proposed budget because it affect the resources
Time – Engineer must the time, because it determines the number and type of option they can
consider
Personnel – No of peoples and their skills (A large budget with ample time doesn’t forecast
success until skilled individuals are working on project)
Legal – It can be restrictive in today’s world. A large project has to go through (water
pollution, air pollution, sewage, traffic control)
Materials properties & availability – Engineers are always constrained by material properties.
E.g. car engine -> efficiency improves -> high temperature -> such materials -> not on
commercial scale -> of no use to project
Off-the-shelf construction – Engineers must know whether they are restricted to off the shelf
components or to custom design. Off the shelf are available quickly and are well tested.
However they can compromise ultimate success if they are not customized to our requirement
Competition - Whether the product is unique or it will compete against other similar
products
Manufacturability - Many items can be made in small quantities in a lab/ machine shop but
may be unsuitable for mass production. For example Fighter jet uses materials for high
performance which is built in small numbers (may be 50/year). These materials are not
suitable for automobiles which are produced in higher quantities (10000/year)
10. Aesthetics – It doesn’t matters how rugged, reliable or functional the product is; If
the product is ugly it will not sell. Each component of the product serves a useful
function. Automobiles in 1950s & 1960s sometimes they had fins added for style
purpose -> had no function -> become fad with time
Performance – The performance is generally determined by the producer unless the
project respond to a specific customer request. E.g. 0-60 mph acceleration =10s, 60-
0 mph braking = 150ft & fuel economy = 25 miles/gallon
Quality – Defined as ”fitness for use”. Determined by consumer. E.g. A consumer may
expect 0-60 mph acceleration =6s, 60-0 mph braking = 110ft & fuel economy = 40
miles/gallon
Human factors – User friendly like controls at finger tips, pedals that are well spaced
and don’t need to be pushed too much, power steering at right heights
Cost – Having all above qualities it may still fail if it cost too much. Moderate price >
Low price with high maintenance, insurance, labor etc
Capital Cost
Life Cycle Cost
Safety – Impossible to design completely safe products because they would be too
costly. E.g. standards are being increased Air bags
Operating Environment - The Engineer must know the operating environment in
mind e.g. corrosive environment, vibration level, Temperature and Pressure level.
Interface with other system – Many products interface with others eg. An automobile
11. Effect on surrounding - With increasing environmental constraints, products
may be designed with lower chemical, noise and electromagnetic emissions. In
USA automobile -> catalytic converter -> reduce the air pollution emitted
from the car.
Logistics – Many products require support systems such as electricity,
cooling, steam, fuel and spare parts.(repair centers and fuel stations)
Reliability – A reliable product will always perform its intended function for
the required time period and in the environment. No product is 100% reliable.
Maintainability – A product that is maintainable can have the required
maintenance performed upon it at the necessary frequency. For Example (Car
vs Space Shuttle)
Serviceability – If a product is easily maintained then it will be easily
serviceable (special tool not present so not serviceable)
Availability – If a product is always ready to use it is available. If it is present
in repair shop it is unavailable
12. STEP 4# SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS
Can I eliminate the need? For example an automobile engineer is told by his
boss the need as follow “The suspension springs are rusting, so I want to you
to design a coating that protects them”. Perhaps the need has been eliminated
altogether by specifying nonrusting polymers rather than the metal spring.
Be-knowledgeable While searching for the solutions, the design engineer
must become as knowledgeable about the problem as possible. Information
may be obtained from libraries, the internet, government documents,
professional organizations, trade journals, vendor catalogs and other
individuals
Employ apologies By using analogies, a design engineer can exploit
information from other fields and bring this information to the design
problem. For example Wright brothers employed bird wings as an analogy
Personalize the problem By Personalizing you can gain insight by imagining
yourself shrunken down & literally entering the device being designed. Like
you put yourself into it.
Identify the critical parameters For example A component must operate at
13. Switch functions Stationary things can be made to switch function &
resources can be saved. e.g Pump housing
Alter sequence of steps Change of sequence e.g. tea making example -> just
change the step
Reverse the problem Sometimes by reversing the solution we can find the
solution e.g light weight wrench required -> heavy weight required
Repeat components or process steps Sometimes if one is good, two is better
& three is better yet. For example Compression of gas, decomposes ->
compressing it 3 times
Separate functions For example in car engine : air input, fuel input, air/fuel
mixing, compression, combustion, expansion, exhaust, lubrication & wall
cooling. Fuel combustion & wall cooling are incompatible functions. Perhaps
the engine should be improved by performing these functions in separate
pieces of equipments.
Combine functions For example in industries; fuel -> electricity -> steam ;
combine in one step combined heat & power is more efficient
Use vision imagine that you have accomplished the goals & inspecting the
final products. What features would this product have if it were built?
Employ basic engineering principles For a thermodynamics principle review
14. TECHNIQUES
Brainstorming
6-12 group -> 1 Leader
Idea Generator
Don’t underestimate any silly idea -> it may lead to valuable solution
Nominal Group Technique
Leader -> assemble group and poses the problem
Each member individually work on the problem on paper
When stopped work -> explain in group and record on blackboard
Group members -> rated the ideas
No critiques are allowed
Delphi Techniques
Same as above but the problem statement is email to each group member by leader
Reply-> leader pools the response
Group member -> rate the ideas
Those ideas receiving low ratings can be clarified by the originator if desired
15. FEASIBILITY STUDY
It is a “quick and dirty” survey. The goal is to see the big picture & address
the most important features of problem
Step 5: Analyze Each Potential Solution
Step 6: Choose the best solution
Step 7: Document the Solution
Step 8: Communicate the Solution to Management
16. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
If the results are positive in Feasibility study, the engineers now engage in a
preliminary design that is more detailed than the feasibility study.
Step 5: Analyze Each Potential Solution
Step 6: Choose the Best Solution
Step 7: Document the Solution
Step 8: Communicate with Management
17. DETAILED DESIGN
It involves a very large team that works on the solution that emerged from the
preliminary design phase.
Step 5-8: Detailed Design
Step 9: Construct Solution
Step 10: Verify and Evaluate
Constituents a member of an area which elects a representative to a legislative body.
Commuting is regular travel between one's place of residence and place of work or full-time study. It sometimes refers to any regular or often repeated traveling between locations, even when not work-related.
Complementary: combining in such a way as to enhance or emphasize the qualities of each other or another.
Optimum: most conducive to a favorable outcome; best
Salable: fit or able to be sold.
Constraints: Limitations
Ample: Enough
Off the shelf: not designed or made to order but taken from existing stock or supplies.
Aesthetics: the branch of philosophy which deals with questions of beauty and artistic taste.
Logistics - The overall management of the way resources are obtained, stored and moved to the locations where they are required.
Heuristics refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery that find a solution which is not guaranteed to be optimal, but good enough for a given set of goals
Polymers: A substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g. many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.
Shrunken: become or make smaller in size or amount.
PUMP HOUSE. : a building in which are located and operated the pumps of an irrigation system (as a spa) : a pumpingstation. To access the complete Unabridged Dictionary, with an additional 300,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, start a free trial.