This document discusses and compares several key telecommunication terms:
- It describes the differences between asynchronous and synchronous systems, analog and digital systems, XON and XOFF protocols, duplex and simplex transmission, serial and parallel transmission, and several other terms.
- Several websites are provided at the end for additional information on these telecommunication concepts.
Gone are days when girls are made of "sugar and spice and everything nice"... or are they? We are barraged with messages about gender everywhere - our homes, schools, the media, and more. What hidden lessons are we learning? How do these lessons affect everything - girls' confidence, sense of worth, assertiveness, healthy friendships, and avoiding the "Mean Girl" phenomenon? In this workshop for 3rd through 5th grade girls and their parents and guardians, we will explore girl world, the challenges girls face, and ways that we can all work toward positive self esteem, healthy identity development, and empowerment in action for all girls!
Gone are days when girls are made of "sugar and spice and everything nice"... or are they? We are barraged with messages about gender everywhere - our homes, schools, the media, and more. What hidden lessons are we learning? How do these lessons affect everything - girls' confidence, sense of worth, assertiveness, healthy friendships, and avoiding the "Mean Girl" phenomenon? In this workshop for 3rd through 5th grade girls and their parents and guardians, we will explore girl world, the challenges girls face, and ways that we can all work toward positive self esteem, healthy identity development, and empowerment in action for all girls!
Playing for Keeps: Lifelong Learning in the Ludic LibraryBarbara Fister
Abstract: We take information literacy seriously, yet in a sense, the best researchers are playful. How might concepts of play inform our practice in libraries made for learning? What if we reconceptualized research from the systematic acquisition and use of intellectual property to a more creative and open approach to engaging with ideas in motion? What does it mean to be information literate in a world in which "publish" is a button?Presented at the Pennsylvania Library Association in October 2013.
DATA
The collection of raw facts and figures is called data. The word data is derived from the Latin language and it is plural of Datum. The text, numbers, symbols, images, voice, and video which are processed by computers and digital devices are called data. Data can be considered as unprocessed information.
COMMUNICATION
Communication is the process of sharing a message. A conversation between two people is an example of communication.
DATA COMMUNICATION
Data Communication is the process of transferring data electrically from one place to another. It is the process of exchange of data and information between two parties such as humans and electronic or computing devices.
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
A Communication system has the following five components.
Message
It is the information or data to be communicated. Common forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
Sender
It is the device that generates and sends a message. It can be a computer, telephone handset, etc.
Receiver
Any particular digital electronic device can receive data in form of a message. The location of receiving computer is generally different from the sending computer. Like the sender, it can also be a computer, telephone handset, etc.
Medium
It is the channel or path through which the message is carried from the sender to the receiver. Some examples include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, radio waves, etc.
Protocol
Protocols are the rules and procedures by which computers exchange data on the network. The sender and receiver follow the same protocols to communicate with each other. In other words, a protocol is an agreement between two parties or vendors, using communication devices.
STANDARDS
Standards are the set of rules for data communication that are needed for the exchange of information among devices. It is important to follow Standards that are created by various Standard Organizations like IEEE, ISO, ANSI, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA TRANSMISSIONS
Data communication has several characteristics but some are discussed below:
1.Signal type
2.Transmission mode
3.Direction of transmission
1.SIGNAL
A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical current that carries data from one system or network to another.
TYPES OF SIGNAL
There are two types of signals discussed below:
Analog Signals
Analog signals are continuously varying signals or waves that change with time and are used to represent data.
Characteristics Of Analog Signals
Amplitude
The amplitude of a signal refers to the height of the signal. It is equal to the vertical distance from a given point on the waveform to the horizontal axis. It is measured in volts.
Frequency
Frequency refers to the number of periods in one second or the number of cycles per second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Digital Signals
A digital signal is an electrical signal that is converted into a pattern of bits to represent a sequence of discrete values, at any given time.
Complete CHAPTER 3 Data Communication.pdfAmna Nawazish
CHAPTER 3
DATA COMMUNICATION
TERMINOLOGIES
DATA
COMMUNICATION
DATA COMMUNICATION
COMPONENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Message
Sender
Receiver
Medium
Protocol
STANDARDS
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA TRANSMISSIONS
SIGNAL
TYPES OF SIGNAL
Analog Signals With Example
Characteristics Of Analog Signals
Amplitude
Frequency
Digital Signals With Examples
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL
TRANSMISSION MODES (Asynchronous And Synchronous)
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION WITH EXAMPLE
SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION WITH EXAMPLE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION
DIRECTION OF TRANSMISSION
Simplex Mode With Example, Advantages And Disadvantages
Half-Duplex Mode With Example, Advantages And Disadvantages
Full-Duplex Mode With Example, Advantages And Disadvantages
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MODES
DATA COMMUNICATION SPEED AND MEDIA
DATA COMMUNICATION SPEED
BANDWIDTH
Narrowband
Voice band
Broadband
DATA COMMUNICATION MEDIA
Twisted-Pair Cable With Reason for twisting
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optics Cable With Advantages And Disadvantages
Microwaves
Terrestrial
Satellite
COMMUNICATION HARDWARE
MODEM
OSI MODEL
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
In today's fast driven business world, each industry is trying to find different means to deliver Products, Services and information in more timely manner in the most cost effective way. SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) provides one of the most effective solutions to the high demands of the data communication requirements of these fast phased business organization as well as general data communication needs.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
1. Running head: TELECOMMUNICATION TERMS COMPARED 1
Week 3_Antonio_Telecommunication Terms Compared
Robert Naanes
NTC/360
February 14. 2011
Antonio Tovar
2. TELECOMMUNICATION TERMS COMPARED 2
This section discusses the difference between an Asynchronous system and a
Synchronous system. In an Asynchronous system the transmitter and receiver do not
correspond with each other to set parameters; the transmitter simply sends a packet of
information and the receiver has to read the packet to determine the timing, length,
configuration, etc.
A disadvantage of this system is that both the transmitter and the receiver must
be using the same encoding and decoding method and both must be able to view the
signal in order to find the data needed. Even though this system is a faster means of
connecting it is less reliable. The Asynchronous system is more efficient when there is
less chance of error because it does not spend time negotiating terms before the signal
is transmitted. They serve well as connections to the computer mouse and keyboard,
and where electric wire, radio, or laser beam is not reliable.
A Synchronous system does what the name implies; the transmitter synchronizes
everything about the transmission, with the receiver, before the signal is transmitted.
Time is consumed while this negotiation is taking place; however, when it is over and
the signal is ready to be transmitted both ends know what to expect and how to handle
it. Visit the website at www.inetdaemon.com for further information.
This section discusses the difference between Analog and Digital systems. The
first basic difference is that Analog translates an audio or video signal into electronic
pulses while digital breaks the signal down into “1”s and “0”s.
The terms Digital and Analog can apply to one or several aspects, such as input,
data storage and transfer, the way a device works internally, or its display features.
Most generally there is a mix of Analog and Digital systems which poses a
danger; the Digital must be separated from the Analog because its high power usage
can fry an Analog device. A simple converter can handle this difference.
The signal in a Digital device is broken down into binary code by the transmitter
and the receiver must reassemble this code back into the original signal. The advantage
of this technology is that a lot of binary code can be compressed into the space required
by Analog transmission. The Digital system provides more clarity that an Analog
system.
An added benefit is that the signal is broken up into bursts of data; therefore it is
more secure. Analog technology works fine for telephones, fax machines, modems,
and for outlying areas where Digital technology is not available. Visit the website at
www/articlesbase/com for more information.
3. TELECOMMUNICATION TERMS COMPARED 3
This section discusses the difference between XON and XOF. The function of this
software is to control the data flow between computers and other devices. X stands for
transmitter/ transmission and the on and off are exactly what they imply. The receiving device
sends an OFF signal to the sender when it cannot process more data and the sender stops
transmitting; as soon as the receiver can process more data it sends an ON signal to the
transmitter which then starts sending more data.
The XON/XOFF protocol system is generally controlled by the person to whom the data
is being transferred. The recipient sends an XOFF character to the person sending in the
information if it is unable to process any more data.
The sender immediately suspends the data transfer. When the receiver is able to accept
data again it immediately sends the XON character to the sender, and the transfer of data is
resumed once again. Visit the website at www.blurtit.com for more information.
In most environments, XOFF is achieved by pressing CTRL+S; XON is achieved by
pressing CTRL Q. Some Sun computers and Linux/Unix computers actually have a "Stop" key on
the keyboard that can be used to stop and continue text on the screen. Visit
www.computerhope.com for more information.
This section discusses the difference between Duplex and Simplex. Simplex
communication is permanent unidirectional communication. Some of the very first serial
connections between computers were Simplex connections. For example, mainframes sent
data to a printer and never checked to see if the printer was available or if the document
printed properly since that was a human job. Simplex links are built so that the transmitter
sends a signal and it's up to the receiving device (the listener) to figure out what was sent and
to correctly do what it was told. No traffic is possible in the other direction across the same
connection.
Connectionless protocols must be used with Simplex circuits because no
acknowledgement or return traffic is possible over a Simplex circuit. Satellite communication is
also Simplex communication. A radio signal is transmitted and it is up to the receiver to correctly
determine what message has been sent and whether it arrived intact. Since televisions have no
need to talk back to the satellites (yet), Simplex communication works great in broadcast media
such as radio, television and public announcement systems.
A Half Duplex link can communicate in only one direction at a time. Two way
communications are possible, but not simultaneously. Half Duplex connections are more
common over electrical links. Since electricity will not flow unless you have a complete loop of
wire, you need two pieces of wire between the two systems to form the loop. The first wire is
used to transmit; the second wire is referred to as a common ground. Thus, the flow of electricity
can be reversed over the transmitting wire, thereby reversing the path of communication.
Electricity cannot flow in both directions simultaneously, so the link is Half Duplex. Visit the
website at www.inetdaemon.com for more information.
4. TELECOMMUNICATION TERMS COMPARED 4
Full Duplex communication is two-way communication achieved over a physical link
that has the ability to communicate in both directions simultaneously. With most electrical, fiber
optic, two-way radio and satellite links, this is usually achieved with more than one physical
connection. Your telephone line contains two wires, one for transmitting and the other for
receiving.
Half or Full Duplex technology is required for connection-oriented protocols such as
TCP. A Duplex circuit can be created by using two separate physical connections running in half
Duplex mode or Simplex mode. Two way satellite communications are achieved by using two
Simplex connections. Visit the website at www.inetdaemon.com for more information.
This section discusses the difference between Serial and Parallel transmission. Digital
data transmission can occur in two basic modes: Serial or Parallel. Data within a computer
system is transmitted via Parallel mode on buses with the width of the Parallel bus matched to
the word size of the computer system. Data between computer systems is usually transmitted in
bit serial mode. Consequently, it is necessary to make a parallel-to-serial conversion at a
computer interface when sending data from a computer system into a network and a serial-to-
parallel conversion at a computer interface when receiving information from a network. The type
of transmission mode used may also depend upon distance and required data rate.
Using Parallel transmission, multiple bits (usually 8 bits or a byte/character) are sent
simultaneously on different channels (wires, frequency channels) within the same cable, or radio
path, and synchronized to a clock. Parallel devices have a wider data bus than serial devices and
can therefore transfer data in words of one or more bytes at a time. As a result, there is a speedup
in Parallel transmission bit rate over Serial transmission bit rate. However, this speedup is a
tradeoff versus cost since multiple wires cost more than a single wire, and as a Parallel cable gets
longer, the synchronization timing between multiple channels becomes more sensitive to
distance. The timing for Parallel transmission is provided by a constant clocking signal sent over
a separate wire within the Parallel cable; thus Parallel transmission is considered Synchronous.
Using Serial transmission, bits are sent sequentially on the same channel (wire) which
reduces costs for wire but also slows the speed of transmission. Also, for Serial transmission,
some overhead time is needed since bits must be assembled and sent as a unit and then
disassembled at the receiver.
Serial transmission can be either Synchronous or Asynchronous. In Synchronous
transmission, groups of bits are combined into frames and frames are sent continuously with or
without data to be transmitted. In Asynchronous transmission, groups of bits are sent as
independent units with start/stop flags and no data link synchronization, to allow for arbitrary
size gaps between frames. However, start/stop bits maintain physical bit level synchronization
once detected. Visit the website at www.bookrags.com for more information.
The two ways to allocate the capacity of transmission media are with Baseband and
Broadband transmissions. Baseband devotes the entire capacity of the medium to one
communication channel. Broadband enables two or more communication channels to share the
bandwidth of the communication medium.
5. TELECOMMUNICATION TERMS COMPARED 5
Baseband is the most common mode of operation. Most LANs function in Baseband
mode. Baseband signaling can be accomplished with both Analog and Digital signals.
This technique of dividing bandwidth into frequency bands is called ‘Frequency-division
Multiplexing’ (FDM) and it works only with Analog signals. Another technique is called ‘Time-
division Multiplexing’ (TDM) and it supports Digital signals.
Multiplexing is a technique that enables Broadband media to support multiple data
channels. Multiplexing makes sense under a number of circumstances because media bandwidth
is costly. A high-speed leased line, such as a T1 or T3 cable is expensive to lease; if the line has
sufficient bandwidth, Multiplexing can enable the same line to carry mainframe, LAN, voice,
video conferencing, and various other data types. Visit the website at www.suite101.com for
more information.
This section discusses the difference between Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).
SLIP is an older protocol used to handle TCP/IP traffic over a dial-up or other serial
connection. SLIP is a physical layer protocol that doesn't provide error checking. It only supports
the transmission of one protocol, TCP/IP.
PPP is much more robust than its earlier cousin. PPP provides a physical and data link
layer functionality that fixes many problems that existed with SLIP. At the data link layer, PPP
provides error checking to ensure the accurate delivery of the frames that it sends and receives.
PPP also keeps a logical link control communication between the two connect devices by using
the Link Control Protocol (LCP). PPP also supports the dynamic configuration of the dialed-in
computer. Visit the website at www.blurtit.com for more information.
This section discusses the difference between File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Hyper
Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
FTP and HTTP are both used to access information over local and remote networks.
These are basically the two protocols that are used over the Internet; however instead of
having the same function they differ in several ways.
FTP uses two network connection; one for controlling the session and the other for
accessing the data. HTTP, on the other hand, uses one connection for both control and data
exchange operations.
FTP has no encryption technique so the data is not protected in the process of
transmission. In HTTP this aspect is given priority and it uses multiple encryption and data
protection techniques to secure the integrity of the transmission of data.
6. TELECOMMUNICATION TERMS COMPARED 6
HTTP includes header information along with the file; this information is called Metadata
and is used by search engines when compiling information. This function is not present with
FTP.
HTTP is the language used to create and publish a website because strict control is needed to
ensure the look and content. However, when the new site, records, and updates, etc. are sent to
the publisher it is not necessary to encrypt them because the final product is for public view
anyway. So FTP is the most efficient way to transfer files that have no need for encryption. Visit
the website at www.ehow.com for more information.
This section discusses the difference between Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and
Internet Protocol (IP). TCP/IP allows information to be forwarded to different networks locally
or globally. Without these protocols, the Internet would not work.
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model is a standards operation model with seven
layers. Each layer is independent of the others. The top layer is the application, followed by
presentation, then session, transport, network, data-link, and the physical layer, or layer one at
the bottom.
TCP occurs at layer four of the OSI model. Among the management tasks it controls are
segment size, flow control, and data exchange rate. This is where the delivery of packets of
information from one location to another occurs.
The only function of the IP is to contain the addresses for the TCP transmission. Visit the
website at www.ehow.com for more information.
Websites:
www.articlesbase.com
www.blurtit.com
www.bookrags.com
www.computerhope.com
www.ehow.com
www.inetdaemon.com
www.suite101.com