This document discusses various topics related to data communications including:
1. A simplified model of data communications consisting of a source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver and destination.
2. Guided media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber which have different characteristics like bandwidth and attenuation.
3. Wireless transmission using antennas and frequencies ranging from microwave to satellite to broadcast radio to infrared.
4. Key concepts in data communications including analog vs. digital signals, bandwidth, attenuation, noise and error rates which impact system design factors and capacity.
Presentation on different modes of data communicationTafadzwa Gonera
This document discusses different modes of data communication, including wired and wireless technologies. It describes protocol models like OSI and TCP/IP that define network layers. Wired technologies covered include coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and twisted pair cable. Wireless technologies discussed are Bluetooth, WiMAX, infrared, and Wi-Fi. The document provides definitions, diagrams, advantages and disadvantages of each technology discussed.
This document provides an overview of a course on data communication. The course covers topics such as transmission media, signal characteristics, data codes, channel organization, and protocols. It aims to explain the concepts, tools, and techniques used to send data from one place to another, including wired and wireless transmission methods, analog and digital signals, standards organizations, the ASCII data code, parallel and serial channel organization, and asynchronous and synchronous protocols.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and transmission. It defines data and describes how data is communicated from a source to a receiver. It explains the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern communication and their functions like data sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, and security are described. The modes of data transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex - are defined. Serial and parallel transmission methods are also explained along with asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission types.
This document provides information about data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the transmission of electronic data from one computer to another. It also defines internet and computer networks. It discusses reasons for computer networks like sharing files and accessing the internet. It describes different types of networks like LAN, WAN, WLAN and network topologies like star, ring and bus. It also includes activities like drawing network topologies and explaining the importance of computer networks.
This document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts including:
- The basic components of communication systems including senders, channels, and receivers.
- Different types of communication signals and how data is transmitted.
- Various transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable as well as unguided media like wireless transmission.
- Short-range and long-distance wireless technologies.
This document discusses various data communication techniques including packetization, multiplexing, and switching. It describes how data is divided into packets with header information added. It explains different types of multiplexing including frequency division, time division, and statistical time division. It also covers circuit switching versus packet switching and different error control techniques such as parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks used to detect errors.
Presentation on different modes of data communicationTafadzwa Gonera
This document discusses different modes of data communication, including wired and wireless technologies. It describes protocol models like OSI and TCP/IP that define network layers. Wired technologies covered include coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and twisted pair cable. Wireless technologies discussed are Bluetooth, WiMAX, infrared, and Wi-Fi. The document provides definitions, diagrams, advantages and disadvantages of each technology discussed.
This document provides an overview of a course on data communication. The course covers topics such as transmission media, signal characteristics, data codes, channel organization, and protocols. It aims to explain the concepts, tools, and techniques used to send data from one place to another, including wired and wireless transmission methods, analog and digital signals, standards organizations, the ASCII data code, parallel and serial channel organization, and asynchronous and synchronous protocols.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and transmission. It defines data and describes how data is communicated from a source to a receiver. It explains the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern communication and their functions like data sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, and security are described. The modes of data transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex - are defined. Serial and parallel transmission methods are also explained along with asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission types.
This document provides information about data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the transmission of electronic data from one computer to another. It also defines internet and computer networks. It discusses reasons for computer networks like sharing files and accessing the internet. It describes different types of networks like LAN, WAN, WLAN and network topologies like star, ring and bus. It also includes activities like drawing network topologies and explaining the importance of computer networks.
This document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts including:
- The basic components of communication systems including senders, channels, and receivers.
- Different types of communication signals and how data is transmitted.
- Various transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable as well as unguided media like wireless transmission.
- Short-range and long-distance wireless technologies.
This document discusses various data communication techniques including packetization, multiplexing, and switching. It describes how data is divided into packets with header information added. It explains different types of multiplexing including frequency division, time division, and statistical time division. It also covers circuit switching versus packet switching and different error control techniques such as parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks used to detect errors.
This Presentation covers:
Basics of data communications
Network Elements
Introduction to Protocols
Bridges, Routers, HUB, switch, gateway
Packet Switching Concepts
This document provides an introduction to data communication. It discusses key topics such as:
- Data communication involves the exchange of data between devices via transmission media.
- Common transmission modes include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
- Communication channels include narrowband, voice band, and broadband channels.
- Computer networks allow simultaneous access to shared data and devices from multiple nodes.
Presentation on DATA COMMUNICATION by Cj SubhamSubham Mojumdar
Data Communication Topic for 5th semester ETC branch.
SKDAV Govt. Polytechnic, Rourkela
CONTENTS:-
(i) Introduction
(ii) Basic Parts of Data Communication
(iii)Data Transmission Types
(iv)Types of Serial Data Transmission
(v)Data Transmission Modes
(vi)Bibliography
(vii)Conclusion
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
The document discusses computer network models and the physical layer of the OSI model. It provides an overview of the OSI model and its seven layers. It describes the physical layer in detail, including its responsibilities of defining the physical medium and interfaces. Various types of communication media are discussed, including twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless technologies like radio, microwave, satellite, and infrared. The physical layer controls transmission rates and modes and ensures bits are transmitted from one node to the next.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networking concepts. It discusses the history of telecommunications and data communication. The key aspects covered include the OSI reference model, TCP/IP protocol suite, network topologies, transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics and wireless technologies. Application areas such as email, e-commerce and wireless applications are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of data communication careers.
Data communication and network Chapter - 2Zafar Ayub
The document discusses network protocols and Ethernet. It provides details on:
- Common network protocols include Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. Ethernet is the most widely used protocol.
- Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access method where nodes listen before transmitting and can detect collisions. It operates at speeds of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps.
- Ethernet standards include IEEE 802.3 for 10BASE-T, 802.3u for 100BASE-TX, 802.3z for 1000BASE-T, and 802.3ae for 10 Gbps.
CND_22634_UNIT1_MSBTE_Computer network and Data CommunicationPranoti Doke
1.1 Data communication and its
characteristics
1.2 Components of data communication Transmitter, Receiver, Medium, Message, Protocol. Standards, Standard organizations. Basic block diagram of data communication system
1.3 Data Transmission: Serial, Parallel Synchronous, Asynchronous, Isochronous transmission
1.4 Transmission characteristics: Signaling rate, data rate, bit rate, baud rate
1.5 feed of computer networks, Network criteria, advantages of networking
1.6 Network topologies: Mesh, Star, Bus, Tree, Ring and Hybrid topologies - Schematic diagram, working, ad viint‹i disadvantages and applications
1.7 Network Classification:
Based on Transmission Technology
Point to-point, Multipoint, Broadcast
Based on physical size(scale):
PAN, BAN, LAN, MAN, WAN,VPN
based on Architecture: Peer to Peer, client Server, off a esC ent Se er over Peer-to-Peer Model.
Data communication is defined as the transmission of data between computers and computer system components. It involves transmitting data via mediums like wires, cables, radio waves, etc. The document outlines the basic history of telecommunications, including inventions like the telegraph, telephone, and wireless technology. It also describes the five basic components of any communication system: data source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. Finally, it discusses different ways data can be represented, such as numbers, text, images, audio, and video.
This document discusses data communication and its key components. It describes how data is communicated between a sender and receiver using a transmission medium. The effectiveness of data communication depends on reliably delivering data, accuracy, timeliness and avoiding jitter. The main components of a data communication system are the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols which govern the communication. Different types of data like text, numbers, images, audio and video are represented digitally for transmission. Data communication can occur through simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex modes.
Data communication : entails electronically exchanging data or information. It is the movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission system. This system often is called data communication networks.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and telecommunications. It discusses what data communication is, the history of telecommunications including key inventions and developments, features of communication like senders, receivers, and message types. It also covers network applications, application service providers, business data communication issues, introduces different types of networks and topologies, store-and-forward systems, and the major data communication frameworks of OSI and TCP/IP. Key concepts like sessions, nodes, links, paths, circuits, and packetizing are also defined.
Data communication refers to the transmission of digital data between two or more computers or networks. It involves using computing and communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another. There are three key characteristics of an effective data communication system: delivery of data to the correct destination, accuracy in delivery, and timely delivery. The basic components of a data communication system are a sender that transmits a message or data, a receiver that obtains the message, a transmission medium that allows the message to travel between sender and receiver, and an encoder-decoder that establishes rules and formats for communication.
This document provides an overview of data communication and networks. It discusses data communication fundamentals like transmission media, protocols, and data representation. It also covers network basics such as physical structures, topologies, and performance criteria like reliability and security. Specific topics covered include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex data flow, point-to-point and multipoint connections, and mesh and star network topologies.
Computer networks can be classified based on their geographical span, interconnectivity, administration, and architecture. They range from personal area networks (PANs) covering 10 meters around a device, to local area networks (LANs) within a building, to metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries, to the largest network, the internet, which interconnects networks worldwide. Networks allow sharing of resources like printers and storage, as well as exchange of information via email, webpages, and other applications.
Data communication refers to the exchange of data between two or more devices. There are various transmission media that can be used for this including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, air, vacuum, and seawater. Guided media requires a physical path for transmission while unguided media uses electromagnetic waves for transmission without a physical path.
Data communication refers to the transmission of digital data between computers over a medium like telephone lines. Telecommunication includes both digital and analog transmission of data and voice. Data communication is a subset of telecommunication.
A communication network consists of a source that sends messages, a medium like phone lines or fiber optic cables that transmits the data, and a receiver that accepts the messages. Data can be transmitted serially, one bit at a time over a single line, or in parallel, with all bits sent simultaneously over multiple lines.
INTRODUCTION TO BASICS OF DATA COMMUNICATION"Sfakz133
This document summarizes key concepts in data and computer communications:
1) A communications model outlines the basic process of data transmission from a source, through a transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and to a destination, with tasks like flow control, error detection, and routing.
2) Networking allows connection of devices that are too far apart for direct point-to-point communication, through local area networks within buildings and wide area networks across large geographical areas.
3) Wide area networks rely on circuit switching, packet switching, and transmission technologies like frame relay and asynchronous transfer mode to connect distant locations.
Academic course on Computer Network Chapter -1 for BCA, Tribhuwan University
** Applicable for other courses as well
Includes the Basic of Computer Network, Topologies, Types of Network
Lesson 5 data communication and networking (136 kb)IMRAN KHAN
This document introduces data communication and computer networks. It discusses how computer networking allows users to share data and programs between computers regardless of location. The objectives are to learn about the basic elements of data communication systems, communication protocols, transmission modes, computer networks, and network types. It describes the basic components of a communication system including a sender, medium, and receiver. Data communication involves the electrical or electromagnetic transmission of encoded data signals across communication channels or media.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of William Stallings' book "Data and Computer Communications". It defines common data transmission terminology like transmitters, receivers, guided and unguided mediums. It also describes analog and digital signals and data, how different types of data like voice, video and computer data are transmitted, and factors that impair transmission like attenuation, delay distortion, and noise. Finally, it covers channel capacity concepts like data rate, bandwidth, the Nyquist bandwidth theorem, and Shannon's channel capacity formula.
This document discusses key concepts related to data transmission. It defines common terminology used in transmission including transmitter, receiver, medium, direct/point-to-point/multi-point links, and simplex/half-duplex/full-duplex transmission. It also covers frequency domain concepts such as continuous/discrete signals, periodic/aperiodic signals, bandwidth, and how data rate relates to bandwidth. Finally, it compares analog and digital transmission and some common transmission impairments like attenuation, delay distortion, and noise.
This Presentation covers:
Basics of data communications
Network Elements
Introduction to Protocols
Bridges, Routers, HUB, switch, gateway
Packet Switching Concepts
This document provides an introduction to data communication. It discusses key topics such as:
- Data communication involves the exchange of data between devices via transmission media.
- Common transmission modes include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
- Communication channels include narrowband, voice band, and broadband channels.
- Computer networks allow simultaneous access to shared data and devices from multiple nodes.
Presentation on DATA COMMUNICATION by Cj SubhamSubham Mojumdar
Data Communication Topic for 5th semester ETC branch.
SKDAV Govt. Polytechnic, Rourkela
CONTENTS:-
(i) Introduction
(ii) Basic Parts of Data Communication
(iii)Data Transmission Types
(iv)Types of Serial Data Transmission
(v)Data Transmission Modes
(vi)Bibliography
(vii)Conclusion
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
The document discusses computer network models and the physical layer of the OSI model. It provides an overview of the OSI model and its seven layers. It describes the physical layer in detail, including its responsibilities of defining the physical medium and interfaces. Various types of communication media are discussed, including twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless technologies like radio, microwave, satellite, and infrared. The physical layer controls transmission rates and modes and ensures bits are transmitted from one node to the next.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networking concepts. It discusses the history of telecommunications and data communication. The key aspects covered include the OSI reference model, TCP/IP protocol suite, network topologies, transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics and wireless technologies. Application areas such as email, e-commerce and wireless applications are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of data communication careers.
Data communication and network Chapter - 2Zafar Ayub
The document discusses network protocols and Ethernet. It provides details on:
- Common network protocols include Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. Ethernet is the most widely used protocol.
- Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access method where nodes listen before transmitting and can detect collisions. It operates at speeds of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps.
- Ethernet standards include IEEE 802.3 for 10BASE-T, 802.3u for 100BASE-TX, 802.3z for 1000BASE-T, and 802.3ae for 10 Gbps.
CND_22634_UNIT1_MSBTE_Computer network and Data CommunicationPranoti Doke
1.1 Data communication and its
characteristics
1.2 Components of data communication Transmitter, Receiver, Medium, Message, Protocol. Standards, Standard organizations. Basic block diagram of data communication system
1.3 Data Transmission: Serial, Parallel Synchronous, Asynchronous, Isochronous transmission
1.4 Transmission characteristics: Signaling rate, data rate, bit rate, baud rate
1.5 feed of computer networks, Network criteria, advantages of networking
1.6 Network topologies: Mesh, Star, Bus, Tree, Ring and Hybrid topologies - Schematic diagram, working, ad viint‹i disadvantages and applications
1.7 Network Classification:
Based on Transmission Technology
Point to-point, Multipoint, Broadcast
Based on physical size(scale):
PAN, BAN, LAN, MAN, WAN,VPN
based on Architecture: Peer to Peer, client Server, off a esC ent Se er over Peer-to-Peer Model.
Data communication is defined as the transmission of data between computers and computer system components. It involves transmitting data via mediums like wires, cables, radio waves, etc. The document outlines the basic history of telecommunications, including inventions like the telegraph, telephone, and wireless technology. It also describes the five basic components of any communication system: data source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. Finally, it discusses different ways data can be represented, such as numbers, text, images, audio, and video.
This document discusses data communication and its key components. It describes how data is communicated between a sender and receiver using a transmission medium. The effectiveness of data communication depends on reliably delivering data, accuracy, timeliness and avoiding jitter. The main components of a data communication system are the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols which govern the communication. Different types of data like text, numbers, images, audio and video are represented digitally for transmission. Data communication can occur through simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex modes.
Data communication : entails electronically exchanging data or information. It is the movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission system. This system often is called data communication networks.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and telecommunications. It discusses what data communication is, the history of telecommunications including key inventions and developments, features of communication like senders, receivers, and message types. It also covers network applications, application service providers, business data communication issues, introduces different types of networks and topologies, store-and-forward systems, and the major data communication frameworks of OSI and TCP/IP. Key concepts like sessions, nodes, links, paths, circuits, and packetizing are also defined.
Data communication refers to the transmission of digital data between two or more computers or networks. It involves using computing and communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another. There are three key characteristics of an effective data communication system: delivery of data to the correct destination, accuracy in delivery, and timely delivery. The basic components of a data communication system are a sender that transmits a message or data, a receiver that obtains the message, a transmission medium that allows the message to travel between sender and receiver, and an encoder-decoder that establishes rules and formats for communication.
This document provides an overview of data communication and networks. It discusses data communication fundamentals like transmission media, protocols, and data representation. It also covers network basics such as physical structures, topologies, and performance criteria like reliability and security. Specific topics covered include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex data flow, point-to-point and multipoint connections, and mesh and star network topologies.
Computer networks can be classified based on their geographical span, interconnectivity, administration, and architecture. They range from personal area networks (PANs) covering 10 meters around a device, to local area networks (LANs) within a building, to metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries, to the largest network, the internet, which interconnects networks worldwide. Networks allow sharing of resources like printers and storage, as well as exchange of information via email, webpages, and other applications.
Data communication refers to the exchange of data between two or more devices. There are various transmission media that can be used for this including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, air, vacuum, and seawater. Guided media requires a physical path for transmission while unguided media uses electromagnetic waves for transmission without a physical path.
Data communication refers to the transmission of digital data between computers over a medium like telephone lines. Telecommunication includes both digital and analog transmission of data and voice. Data communication is a subset of telecommunication.
A communication network consists of a source that sends messages, a medium like phone lines or fiber optic cables that transmits the data, and a receiver that accepts the messages. Data can be transmitted serially, one bit at a time over a single line, or in parallel, with all bits sent simultaneously over multiple lines.
INTRODUCTION TO BASICS OF DATA COMMUNICATION"Sfakz133
This document summarizes key concepts in data and computer communications:
1) A communications model outlines the basic process of data transmission from a source, through a transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and to a destination, with tasks like flow control, error detection, and routing.
2) Networking allows connection of devices that are too far apart for direct point-to-point communication, through local area networks within buildings and wide area networks across large geographical areas.
3) Wide area networks rely on circuit switching, packet switching, and transmission technologies like frame relay and asynchronous transfer mode to connect distant locations.
Academic course on Computer Network Chapter -1 for BCA, Tribhuwan University
** Applicable for other courses as well
Includes the Basic of Computer Network, Topologies, Types of Network
Lesson 5 data communication and networking (136 kb)IMRAN KHAN
This document introduces data communication and computer networks. It discusses how computer networking allows users to share data and programs between computers regardless of location. The objectives are to learn about the basic elements of data communication systems, communication protocols, transmission modes, computer networks, and network types. It describes the basic components of a communication system including a sender, medium, and receiver. Data communication involves the electrical or electromagnetic transmission of encoded data signals across communication channels or media.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of William Stallings' book "Data and Computer Communications". It defines common data transmission terminology like transmitters, receivers, guided and unguided mediums. It also describes analog and digital signals and data, how different types of data like voice, video and computer data are transmitted, and factors that impair transmission like attenuation, delay distortion, and noise. Finally, it covers channel capacity concepts like data rate, bandwidth, the Nyquist bandwidth theorem, and Shannon's channel capacity formula.
This document discusses key concepts related to data transmission. It defines common terminology used in transmission including transmitter, receiver, medium, direct/point-to-point/multi-point links, and simplex/half-duplex/full-duplex transmission. It also covers frequency domain concepts such as continuous/discrete signals, periodic/aperiodic signals, bandwidth, and how data rate relates to bandwidth. Finally, it compares analog and digital transmission and some common transmission impairments like attenuation, delay distortion, and noise.
This document discusses key concepts related to data transmission. It defines common terminology used in transmission including transmitter, receiver, medium, direct/point-to-point/multi-point links, and simplex/half-duplex/full-duplex transmission. It also covers frequency domain concepts such as continuous/discrete signals, periodic/aperiodic signals, bandwidth, and how data rate relates to bandwidth. Finally, it compares analog and digital transmission and some common transmission impairments like attenuation, delay distortion, and noise.
This document discusses digital transmission of digital data and baseband transmission. It explains that digital signals are binary in nature, representing data as 1s and 0s. Baseband signals directly encode these digital pulses without a carrier signal. Signaling techniques like unipolar and bipolar signaling are discussed. Manchester encoding is also covered as a technique that encodes transitions in the signal. The document then shifts to discussing analog transmission of digital data, where modulation techniques like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying are used to convert digital signals to analog for transmission.
The document discusses data transmission concepts and terminology. It explains that data transmission occurs between a transmitter and receiver over a transmission medium, using electromagnetic signals. Signals can be either analog or digital. Digital signals represent data using discrete voltage levels to represent bits, while analog signals have continuously varying voltage levels. The document discusses common transmission impairments like attenuation, delay distortion, and noise that can corrupt signals during transmission. It also introduces the concepts of channel capacity and the Nyquist formula, which states that the maximum data rate for a noise-free channel with bandwidth B is 2B bits per second.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in data communication and computer networks. It begins with definitions of data and data communication. It then describes the five components of data communication: message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocol. It discusses transmission modes including parallel, serial, asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous. It also covers direction of data flow, including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. Additional topics include analog and digital signals, transmission impairments, network types and topologies, and hardware components such as NICs, hubs, switches, routers, and bridges.
Data transmission rates depend on three main factors: available bandwidth, the signal used, and noise levels. Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies a channel can pass and is measured in Hertz, while transmission rate is measured in bits per second. Digital data uses discrete states represented by bits, while analog data is continuous. Common digital transmission systems include telephone lines, Ethernet, cable modems, DSL, wireless networks, and optical fiber, with rates ranging from kilobits per second to several gigabits per second. Analog transmission faithfully reproduces all signal details but quality degrades with each repeater, while digital only needs to reproduce discrete levels.
This document discusses modern communication systems and their key components. It covers topics like analog vs digital signals, modulation techniques like amplitude modulation and frequency modulation, multiplexing, cellular networks from 1G to 4G, and key technologies like OFDM used in 4G. The document provides detailed explanations of the components of a basic communication system including the information source, transducer, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination. It also discusses concepts like modulation index, carrier swing, noise factor, and SNR.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including their characteristics and applications. It covers both guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as unguided or wireless transmission using radio frequencies, microwaves, and satellites. Key points discussed include the factors that determine transmission quality like bandwidth and interference, the advantages of higher bandwidth and fiber optics, and how different media are suited for various uses from local networks to long-distance trunks based on their data rates and transmission distances.
The document provides information on analog and digital communication systems. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the information source, transducer, transmitter, channel, receiver and destination. It also describes different analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. The document discusses cellular wireless networks, their components like mobile station, base station, switching center and the concept of frequency reuse. It provides details on transmitting and receiving process in cellular networks and mobility management techniques like handoff. It concludes with an overview of first generation cellular technology.
Data and Computer Communications ,Transmission Terminology Frequency Domain Concepts Advantages & Disadvantages of Digital Signals Audio Signals Video Signals Analog and Digital Transmission ATTENUATION Noise
This chapter discusses various transmission media used for computer and data communications. It covers both guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as wireless transmission methods. For each medium, it describes their characteristics such as bandwidth, attenuation, data rates, and applications. Key factors that determine the performance of different media like bandwidth, transmission impairments, and number of receivers are explained. The electromagnetic spectrum is also shown. Detailed information about technologies like antennas, radiation patterns, and wireless propagation effects are provided.
Effective bandwidth refers to the bandwidth of an input signal that can be transmitted without distortion through a system. If the input signal bandwidth is larger than the system bandwidth, the output will be distorted. The signal and system bandwidths should match. Transmission impairments like attenuation, delay distortion, and noise can distort signals and introduce errors. Different types of cables like twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber have different characteristics for digital data transmission.
Effective bandwidth refers to the bandwidth of an input signal that can be transmitted without distortion through a system. If the input signal bandwidth is larger than the system bandwidth, the output will be distorted. The signal and system bandwidths should match. Transmission impairments like attenuation, delay distortion, and noise can distort signals and introduce errors. Different types of cables like twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber have different characteristics for digital data transmission.
Transmission media carry signals between communication devices and come in both physical and wireless forms. Physical media include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fibre optic cable which carry signals through physical wires or strands. Wireless media transmit signals through the air using technologies like broadcast radio, cellular networks, Bluetooth, WiFi and satellites. Each transmission medium has different characteristics like bandwidth, transfer rate and suitability for different communication needs which make some better than others depending on the situation.
This document summarizes key concepts about transmission media from William Stallings' 7th edition textbook. It discusses guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided wireless transmission. Key factors in transmission media include bandwidth, attenuation, interference, and number of receivers. Guided media have advantages for higher data rates over longer distances while wireless has benefits for mobility but shorter range.
This document provides an overview of digital communications and data transmission. It discusses key concepts such as analog to digital conversion (A/D), source coding, channel encoding, and modulation techniques.
The document begins with defining communication as the reliable transfer of data such as voice, video or codes from one point to another. It then outlines the basic components of a communication system including the information source, transmitter, channel, receiver and information sink.
It further explains the processes of analog to digital conversion including sampling, quantization and coding. It discusses how source coding aims to represent transmitted data more efficiently by removing redundant information. Finally, it provides an introduction to channel encoding which aims to control noise and detect/correct errors, as
This document summarizes key aspects of transmission media discussed in Chapter 4 of William Stallings' 7th edition textbook "Data and Computer Communications". It covers different types of transmission media including guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided wireless transmission. For each medium, it discusses characteristics, applications, pros and cons, and transmission properties. It also covers concepts like antennas, wireless propagation modes, and factors that affect wireless transmission quality such as multipath interference.
This chapter discusses transmission media used for computer and data communications. It covers both guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided or wireless transmission using electromagnetic waves. For each medium, it describes their characteristics, applications, pros and cons. Key factors discussed include bandwidth, attenuation, interference and data rate capacity. The chapter also examines wireless transmission frequencies and antennas used for different applications. It provides details on concepts like radiation patterns, free space loss, multipath interference and how atmospheric conditions can impact wireless signals.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. A Communications Model
• Source
• generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
• Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System
• Carries data
• Receiver
• Converts received signal into data
• Destination
• Takes incoming data
5. Key points
• All forms of information can be represented by
electromagnetic signals. Based on transmission medium
and the comm. environment, either analog or digital
signals can be used
• Any EM signal is made up of a # of constituent
frequencies -> bandwidth of the signal
• Transmission impairment: attenuation, delay distortion,
noise, etc.
• Design factors: signal bw, data rate of digital information,
noise level, error rate.
6. Terminology (1)
• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Medium
• Guided medium
• e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber, coaxial cable
• Unguided medium
• e.g. air, water, vacuum
7. Terminology (2)
• Direct link
• No intermediate devices
• Point-to-point
• Direct link
• Only 2 devices share link
• Multi-point
• More than two devices share the link
8. Terminology (3)
• Simplex
• One direction
• e.g. Television
• Half duplex
• Either direction, but only one way at a time
• e.g. police radio
• Full duplex
• Both directions at the same time
• e.g. telephone
9. Frequency, Spectrum and Bandwidth
• Time domain concepts
• Analog signal
• Various in a smooth way over time, e.g, speech
• Digital signal
• Maintains a constant level then changes to another constant
level, e.g., binary 1s and 0s
• Periodic signal
• Pattern repeated over time
• Aperiodic signal
• Pattern not repeated over time
12. Sine Wave
• Peak Amplitude (A)
• maximum strength of signal
• volts
• Frequency (f)
• Rate of change of signal
• Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
• Period = time for one repetition (T)
• T = 1/f
• Phase (φ)
• Relative position in time
• Sine waves are important building blocks for other signals.
14. Wavelength
• Distance occupied by one cycle
• Distance between two points of corresponding phase
in two consecutive cycles
• λ
• Assuming signal velocity v
• λ = vT
• λf = v =c in free space
• c = 3*108
ms-1
(speed of light in free space)
15. Frequency Domain Concepts
• Signal usually made up of many frequencies
• Components are sine waves
• Can be shown (Fourier analysis) that any signal is
made up of component sine waves
• Can plot frequency domain functions
18. Spectrum & Bandwidth
• Spectrum
• range of frequencies contained in signal
• Absolute bandwidth
• width of spectrum
• Effective bandwidth
• Often just bandwidth
• Narrow band of frequencies containing most of the energy
• DC Component
• Component of zero frequency
20. Data Rate and Bandwidth
• Any transmission system has a limited band of
frequencies
• This limits the data rate that can be carried
• We will see two limits later
21. Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
• Data
• Entities that convey meaning
• Signals
• Electric or electromagnetic representations of data
• Transmission
• Communication of data by propagation and processing of
signals
22. Analog and Digital Data
• Analog
• Continuous values within some interval
• e.g. sound, video
• Digital
• Discrete values
• e.g. text, integers
23. Analog and Digital Signals
• Means by which data are propagated
• Analog
• Continuously variable
• Various media
• wire, fiber optic, space
• Speech bandwidth 100Hz to 7kHz
• Telephone bandwidth 300Hz to 3400Hz
• Video bandwidth 4MHz
• Digital
• Use two DC components
24. Advantages & Disadvantages
of Digital
• Cheaper
• Less susceptible to noise
• Greater attenuation
• Pulses become rounded and smaller
• Leads to loss of information
26. Binary Digital Data
• From computer terminals etc.
• Two dc components
• Bandwidth depends on data rate
27. Data and Signals
• Usually use digital signals for digital data and analog
signals for analog data
• Can use analog signal to carry digital data
• Modem
• Can use digital signal to carry analog data
• Compact Disc audio
30. Analog Transmission
• Analog signal transmitted without regard to content
• May be analog or digital data
• Attenuated over distance
• Use amplifiers to boost signal
• Also amplifies noise
31. Digital Transmission
• Concerned with content
• Integrity endangered by noise, attenuation etc.
• Repeaters used
• Repeater receives signal
• Extracts bit pattern
• Retransmits
• Attenuation is overcome
• Noise is not amplified
32. Advantages of Digital Transmission
• Digital technology
• Low cost LSI/VLSI technology
• Data integrity
• Longer distances over lower quality lines
• Capacity utilization
• High bandwidth links economical
• High degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniques
• Security & Privacy
• Encryption
• Integration
• Can treat analog and digital data similarly
33. Transmission Impairments
• Signal received may differ from signal transmitted
• Analog - degradation of signal quality
• Digital - bit errors
• Caused by
• Attenuation and attenuation distortion
• Delay distortion
• Noise
34. Attenuation
• Signal strength falls off with distance
• Depends on medium
• Received signal strength:
• must be enough to be detected
• must be sufficiently higher than noise to be received without error
• Attenuation is an increasing function of frequency
36. Noise (1)
• Additional signals inserted between transmitter and
receiver
• Thermal
• Due to thermal agitation of electrons
• Uniformly distributed
• White noise
• Intermodulation
• Signals that are the sum and difference of original frequencies
sharing a medium
37. Noise (2)
• Crosstalk
• A signal from one line is picked up by another
• Impulse
• Irregular pulses or spikes
• e.g. External electromagnetic interference
• Short duration
• High amplitude
38. Decibels
• Decibel is a measure of the ratio between two signal levels
• Reason to use decibels
• Signal strength often falls off exponentially, so loss is easily expressed in
terms of the decibel
• Net gain/loss in a cascaded transmission path can be calculated with
simple addition and subtraction.
in
out
dB
P
P
G 10log10=
39. Channel Capacity
• Data rate
• In bits per second
• Rate at which data can be communicated
• Bandwidth
• In cycles per second of Hertz
• Constrained by transmitter and medium
40. Nyquist Bandwidth
• If rate of signal transmission is 2B then signal with
frequencies no greater than B is sufficient to carry signal
rate
• Given bandwidth B, highest signal rate is 2B
• Given binary signal, data rate supported by B Hz is 2B
bps
• Can be increased by using M signal levels
• C= 2B log2M
• Noise-free channel
41. Shannon Capacity Formula
• Consider data rate, noise and error rate
• Faster data rate shortens each bit so burst of noise affects
more bits
• At given noise level, high data rate means higher error rate
• Signal to noise ratio (SNR) (in decibels)
• SNRdb
=
10 log10(signal/noise)
• Capacity C=B log2(1+SNR)
• This is error free capacity
42. Transmission Media: Overview
• Guided - wire
• Unguided - wireless
• Characteristics and quality determined by medium and
signal
• For guided, the medium is more important
• For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the antenna is
more important
• Key concerns are data rate and distance
43. Design Factors
• Bandwidth
• Higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
• Transmission impairments
• Attenuation
• Interference
• Number of receivers
• In guided media
• More receivers (multi-point) introduce more attenuation
47. Twisted Pair - Applications
• Most common medium
• Telephone network
• Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop)
• Within buildings
• To private branch exchange (PBX)
• For local area networks (LAN)
• 10Mbps or 100Mbps
48. Twisted Pair - Pros and Cons
• Cheap
• Easy to work with
• Low data rate
• Short range
49. Twisted Pair - Transmission
Characteristics
• Analog
• Amplifiers every 5km to 6km
• Digital
• Use either analog or digital signals
• repeater every 2km or 3km
• Limited distance
• Limited bandwidth (1MHz)
• Limited data rate (100MHz)
• Susceptible to interference and noise
50. Unshielded and Shielded TP
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
• Ordinary telephone wire
• Cheapest
• Easiest to install
• Suffers from external EM interference
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference
• More expensive
• Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
51. UTP Categories
• Cat 3
• up to 16MHz
• Voice grade found in most offices
• Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm
• Cat 4
• up to 20 MHz
• Cat 5
• up to 100MHz
• Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings
• Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm
53. Coaxial Cable Applications
• Most versatile medium
• Television distribution
• Ariel to TV
• Cable TV
• Long distance telephone transmission
• Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
• Being replaced by fiber optic
• Short distance computer systems links
• Local area networks
54. Coaxial Cable - Transmission
Characteristics
• Analog
• Amplifiers every few km
• Closer if higher frequency
• Up to 500MHz
• Digital
• Repeater every 1km
• Closer for higher data rates
58. Optical Fiber - Transmission
Characteristics
• Act as wave guide for 1014
to 1015
Hz
• Portions of infrared and visible spectrum
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• Cheaper
• Wider operating temp range
• Last longer
• Injection Laser Diode (ILD)
• More efficient
• Greater data rate
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing
59. Wireless Transmission Frequencies
• 2GHz to 40GHz
• Microwave
• Highly directional
• Point to point
• Satellite
• 30MHz to 1GHz
• Omnidirectional
• Broadcast radio
• 3 x 1011
Hz to 2 x 1014
Hz
• Infrared
• Local
60. Antennas
• Electrical conductor (or system of..) used to radiate electromagnetic energy
or collect electromagnetic energy
• Transmission
• Radio frequency energy from transmitter
• Converted to electromagnetic energy
• By antenna
• Radiated into surrounding environment
• Reception
• Electromagnetic energy impinging on antenna
• Converted to radio frequency electrical energy
• Fed to receiver
• Same antenna often used for both
61. Radiation Pattern
• Power radiated in all directions
• Not same performance in all directions
• Isotropic antenna is (theoretical) point in space
• Radiates in all directions equally
• Gives spherical radiation pattern
62. Terrestrial Microwave
• Parabolic dish
• Focused beam
• Line of sight
• Long haul telecommunications
• Higher frequencies give higher data rates
63. Satellite Microwave
• Satellite is relay station
• Satellite receives on one frequency, amplifies or repeats
signal and transmits on another frequency
• Requires geo-stationary orbit
• Height of 35,784km
• Television
• Long distance telephone
• Private business networks
67. Infrared
• Modulate noncoherent infrared light
• Line of sight (or reflection)
• Blocked by walls
• e.g. TV remote control, IRD port
Editor's Notes
Some intuition: imagine sending a sequence of alternating 1's and 0's. We draw it in waveform diagrams as a perfect a square wave, but if you think about real hardware, the corners must be ``rounded off''. a single cycle has two parts -- one that encodes a 0 bit and another encoding a 1 bit.