This document discusses weed control and management in wheat crops. It identifies the two main types of weeds as broadleaf and narrowleaf weeds. Several common wheat weeds are named. Weed infestation can reduce wheat yields by 10-70% as weeds compete for nutrients, water, space and sunlight in the first 30-60 days after planting. Effective weed control methods discussed include proper seedbed preparation, use of pure seed, hand weeding, stale seedbed technique, sowing methods, fertilizer application, hoeing, tillage, pre-emergence and post-emergence chemical applications, and integrated weed management practices like crop rotation and soil solarization. Trial results show highest weed control of 92

1. Weeds Control and Management inWheat
Name:
Muhammad Hassan
Instructor:
Sir Dr Rafee Qamar
Roll No:
BAGF19M86
Degree:
Bsc Agriculture
Semester:
Second 2nd
Course Title:
General Crop Production
Course Code:
AGRO-5902
University College of Agriculture Sargodha

2. Abstract:
Weed infestation is a serious obstacle to realizing your highest yields in farmers'
fields.This paper is about the management and control of different weeds in the Wheat crop.
Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in Pakistan. Weeds are unwanted plants in the
wheat which reduces the yield and production of the wheat.There are two types of weeds
grown in the wheat crop.Narrow leaves and Broad eaves.To control weeds there are different
chemical and biological methods.In this paper I will discussed about the methods of weed
management.
Introduction:
 Wheat is the most important cereal crops in Pakistan. The spread of weeds is a serious obstacle
to achieving the highest yield in farmers' fields. Undisciplined herbs can decrease yield of
Wheat about 15-20%, and in severe conditions, they can lead to total crop loss (Gill & Wallia,
1979). Crop yields have been increase by almost 37% through complete weeding (Jails & Shah,
1982). The issue of weed infection has become increasingly serious in irrigated areas, where the
density of planting is increasing rapidly resulting in weed management through rest, drilling,
shredding and cultivation practices becoming impossible. Herbicide use has become assure for
greater performance and best quality. Products. Majed and Hussein (1983) compete the
efficacity of Diccuran MA 60WP, Stomp 330EC, Buctril M 20% and Herbit 20% with the
operation of manual weeding in wheat and created that Diccuran Ma 60WP restrained 96.8%
of weeds and greater yields in 37%. Pandey et al. (1996) presented that the use after the
emergence of isoproturone and metaxoron @ 1 kg AI. Ha 1 and 2 kg of active substance ha1, it
gave excellent control of weeds in wheat. Singh et al. (1989) Comparing the edge, of cultural
and chemical strategies for managing weeds in wheat and declared the biggest yield of 6.8 and
10.9 tonnes ha-1 (grains and straw, respectively) of manual herbs and 6.6 and 10.9 tons ha-1,
respectively, of pendimathalin @ 1 kg ai ha -1. Satao et al. (1993) studied the effects of manual
herbal removal on 20 and 40 DAS, removal of manual herbs on 20 DAS, and pre-emergence use
of isoproturone and isoproturone before the occurance of herbs + removal of manual herbs in
wheat control. They tell that an increment in wheat grain in all control cures; however, the

3. removal of handweed resulted in the highest performance over two years. Thus, the purpose of
this study was to research the reaction of the management of mixed weeds on wheat,
including both chemical and manual methods.
Weeds:
“Many definitions, but most emphasize behavior that affects humans”
 “ “The weeds are plants, which have grown where they are not wanted.” (Jethro Tull,
1731).
 “In 1967 the Weed Science Society of America defined a weed as “a plant growing
where it is not desired” “(Buchholtz, 1967).
 “In 1989 the Society’s definition was changed to define a weed as “any plant that is
objectionable or interferes with the activities or welfare of man””(Humburg, 1989, p.
267; Vencill, 2002, p. 462).”
Common weeds inwheat are:
There are two main types of Weeds:
1. Broad Leaves:
 Vicia satieva (Rewari or Matri).
 Rumiex dentatus L. (Jungli palak)
 Chenopodium murale L. (Kurand, Jangli bathwa).
 Melilotus alba (Sinjh, Sinjhi).
 Fumaria indica (Shahtra).
 Cronopus didymus (Jangli halon).
 Chenopodium album (Bathu).
 Anagallies arreinsis L. (Billi booti or Nili buti).
 Amaranthus viridis L.(Chaulai).
 Argemone maxicana (Kanderi).

6. 2. Narrow Leaves:
 Asphodelus tenuifolieus (Piazzi)
 Phaalaris minor (Dhanak or Dumbi ghah, Sitti boti)
 Wild oat

8. Losses andcritical periodof crop weedcompetition:
 Weeds reduce wheat yield by 10-70%, and compete within the first 30-60 days after
planting the crop.
 Crop The wheat crop is infested with broadleaf and herbaceous weeds.
 Among the small grass weeds of Phalaris is a major problem in the rice - wheat cycle.
 Small moisturized Phalaris and Avena fetua in lighter soils are the major danjors to
productivity.
 It uses significant agricultural losses as well as reduces land production.
 These act as compounds for pests and plant diseases and also reduce the efficiency of
agricultural work.
 It is thinking that the wheat content of debts between 20 and 40% due to the drought.
 The time for competing weeds in wheat is 30 to 60 days after planting.
 After 60 days of planting there is no financial advantage to eliminate weeds from crops.
 Weeds also act as a provider for pathogens .
 The germs produce number of diseases.
 Weeds are compete for O2.
 Weeds are compete for nutrient ,water , space and sunlight .
Management of Weeds:
1. Proper seed bed preparation
2. Pure and clean seed
3. Hand weeding
4. Stale seedbed technique
5. Methods, time and rate of sowing
6. Rate, time, and method of fertilization particularly nitrogen
7. Hoeing

9. 8.Inter
7. Chemical control
8. Integrated weed management
Proper Seed Bed Preparation:
It enhance seed – soil contact for better absorption of moisture.2/3 ploughings
followed by planking will provide a fine tilth and good moisture retention in soil.
However , zero and minimum tillage is being popular in recent years particularly under
rice – wheat cropping system.
Pure clean and seed:
In Pakistan, wheat seeds are invariably mixed with Phalaris seeds. Avena sp. ,
and Lolium sp. also remain mixed with wheat seeds.This inculcates the spread of weeds
in other areas and add to the problems of weeds control.
Hand weeding:
Grass weeds are laborious to recognize from wheat in early stages such as,
Phalaris minor and Avena fatua. Cutting the face twice 4 and 6 weeks after sowing due
to less spacing (22.5 cm).In heavy soils, it is very slow and expensive.
Stale seedbed technique:
It has immense use towards weeds control unless sowing of wheat is
delayed.This is least possible when wheat is grown in squence of other crops particularly
rice , maize , soybean for less time available for the adoption of such practice.However ,
this could readily be practised in fallow land and lands where no crop was taken in
previous season.This could be useful towards reduction of the initial flushes of Avena sp,
and Lolium sp. and many broad leaved weeds.
Examples :- Melilotus sp. , Chenopodium sp. , Spergula sp

10. Methods, time and rate of sowing:
Weed population is reduced on the main beds of FIRBS (furrow – irrigated ridged
– bed system) or skip row planting but the furrow region or skipped areas are highly
infested with many weeds. Late planting of wheat reduces Phalaris minor and other
weeds invasion .Greater seed rate to a certain level also proves helpful towards weeds
defeat in wheat (125 kg/ha under drill – sowing and 150 kg/ha under broad – casting).
Method of fertilization particularly nitrogen:
Fertilizer placement is very useful in providing a crop lead because of the quicker
and more efficient availability of crop plants compared to weed plants.
Hoeing:
Technical care and hand weeding are a good measure for the removing of weeds
during the early growing season or during planting. However, these strategies are time
taking and hard working.Production cost increases.Different hand tools use e.g. khurpa .
These can not be practiced on greater area.
Tillage:
Tillage is the most effective and economical method. It is good for controlling
annual and harvested weeds. During the basic walk, the weeds of the field were plucked
and buried on the ground. Before sowing the seeds and weeds that emerge after
harvesting they are governed by the plowing operations between crops in a wide
row.This method is less time consuming. Low labor requirement .

11. Chemical control:
Weeds specifically Avena fatua and small phalaris are more difficult for farmers
to know because they have resemblance to wheat plants in the starting. By the
importance of duruufahaan terms, it is necessary to select the appropriate chemicals
can be controlled effectively and economically with all types of weeds in wheat. Buctril-
M (40 EC) (approximately 500 ml / acre) were applied after 4-week cultivation, is used
for large-scale weeding. For example Bathu, sinjhi.Arelon (75 WP) (800 ml / acre) is
applied after 4 weeks of cultivation, used as grass. Jangli jao, wholesale .Logran (64 WC)
(approx. 100 W) gm / acre) is applied after 4 weeks of sowing, all used to leave weeds
.Puma super (75 AW) (500 ml / acre) and applied 4 weeks after sowing.Affinity 50 WP
500 ml/acer for both narrow and broad leaf weeds.Topic 120gm for narrow leaf weeds .
Pre-emergence chemical Weed Control:
Diuron and Linuron 0.5 - 1.0 kg / ha are best in controlling grass and shrubs
.Linuron is effective in controlling sediments (appearing in the Himachal highlands)
.Pendimethalin 1.0 kg / ha is efficient for the control of grasses and shrubs.
Post-emergence chemical Weed Control:
Broad leaf weeds can be controlled by use of 2,4-D sodium salt of 0.5 kg a.i/ha
.This herbicide i.e 2,4-D is very stage specific and should be applied at the maximum
level of softness of the crop.Early application of this herbicide may lead to tubular leaf
formation and deformities in wheat ears like twisting of ears, branching of ears,
spikelets without ears.Rumex sp., Medicago denticulata are less controlled by 2,4-D. For
the control of such hardy weeds use metsulfuron at 5 g/ha after application of first
irrigation.For the control of Lathyrus apaca - Metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha.For mixed weed
flora - Isoproteuron 1 kg+ 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha.

12. ` Incorporated Weed management in Wheat:
Crop Rotation:
Crop rotation is the good strategy because weeds are associated with specific
crops due to the same environmental requirements.For instance, problems are solved
by harvesting puddled rice. Similarly, Phalaris minor can be eliminated by replacing
wheat with berseem, potato, sugarcane, vegetables.
Soil Solarization:
Itis made to controlsoil-bornepests including weeds. It include thin
plastic films covering wet soil with summer months. The process increases
the temp to 8-12 oC. A 4-6 week period is sufficientto providesatisfactory
control of weeds.
Results AndDiscussion:
Data on weed control are demonstrated in Table 1. The highest proportion of
weed management (92.79) was saved in the T6 Buctril-M 40 EC @ 1.5 la ha-1 followed
by T1. Physical control (full season) was 92.09 percent. . Despite the slightest weed
control shown in T1. Weedy checks for a full season.

13. Table 1:
Treatments: Weeddensity Weeddensity Weed
m-2
WBA m-2
WAA control percentage
T1= Manual weed control (full season) 63.25 5.00 92.09
T2= Weedy check (full season) 52.25 59.50 -12.79
T3= Buctril-M 40 EC @ 1.0 lit ha-1 54.50 5.00 90.82
T4= Close row spacing + Buctril-super 59.00 6.50 88.98
60 EC @ 625 ml ha-1 .
T5= Close row spacing + Buctril-super 59.75 6.00 89.95
60 EC @ 825 ml ha-1
T6= Bustril-M40 EC @ 1.5 lit ha-1 55.50 4.00 92.79
T7= Normal sowing + Buctril-Super 56.00 8.50 84.82
60 EC @ 625 ml ha-1
T8= Normal sowing + Buctril-Super 58.00 7.50 87.06
60 EC @ 825 ml ha-1
Conclusions:
The main purpose of the paper is to assure farmers about the weeds harmful
effects .In this paper we want to tell the farmers about the weeds control and management.It is
the duty of our government to learn the farmers about weeds management through different
agriculture extension programs. By these programs farmers are beware of the weeds problems
and its control.

14. Given the extent of damage due to the cutting of the meat drugs, there is a need to
spread the use of herbicides through the outside of the clearing and agricultural extension
programs in areas with irrigation. yield loss is dangerous, extensions and private companies can
play an important role in promoting the promotion of integrated methods and herbicides.
Demonstrating their use and guidance on new integrated methods of weed control.
In this study we demonstrate farmers about the new and developed methods of weeds
control and management.In most of the part of our country farmers are unaware about
developed agriculture.And we know that knowledge is the first thing to do any work.If we do
not know about this then how we can perform this task perfectly.
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Panda SC, Principle and practices of Agronomy
Das TK. 2009. Weed Science- Principles and Application. Jain Publishers
Gupta OP. 2007. Weed Management- Principles and Practices. Agrobios
Jalis, A. and Noor, M. (1980). Comparison of cultural and chemical weed control in wheat.
Annual Abridged Res. Dep. of Plant Physio. Sec AARI, Faisalabad. pp. 17.
Ken, P. (2004). Forms of micronutrient fertilizer. Sask. Agriculture & Food, Rigas Karamanos
(Westco), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, pp. 1-10.

15. Olea, I., Gamboa, D. and Devani, M. (2003). Weed control in wheat crop. Avance Agroindustrial
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Rao, V.S. (2000). Principles of weed science. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi,
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Vaughan, J.G. and Judd, P.A. (2003) The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press.
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