The document provides information about various weather phenomena including:
1) Thunderstorms form from mature cumulonimbus clouds and can produce heavy rain, lightning, hail and tornadoes.
2) Tornadoes are rotating columns of air that extend from storm clouds to the ground and have wind speeds up to 300 mph.
3) Tropical cyclones like hurricanes are large storm systems that form over warm ocean waters and contain heavy rain and high winds. They can last for many days.
The document provides an overview of various weather and climate topics:
- It defines weather as the short-term atmospheric conditions in an area and climate as long-term weather patterns over 100+ years.
- Four main factors that influence weather and climate are discussed: the sun, water cycle, atmosphere, and oceans.
- Various weather phenomena are described such as air masses, fronts, pressure systems, winds, humidity, and precipitation.
- Extreme weather events like thunderstorms, tornadoes, lightning, and tropical cyclones are also summarized, along with safety guidelines.
The document provides an overview of weather and climate concepts. It discusses the water cycle, factors that affect weather like the sun, atmosphere, oceans, and how weather occurs in the troposphere. It also defines climate as the long-term patterns over large areas, and describes the three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical. Storms like thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of weather and climate concepts. It discusses how weather is caused by differences in temperature and air pressure between locations. It also describes common weather phenomena and how weather is forecasted using various instruments and models. The document outlines different climate zones and variables that influence climate. It explains phenomena like El Niño and hurricanes and how climate change is impacting environments and societies.
The document discusses various weather and climate concepts including:
- Weather is the current atmospheric conditions while climate is the average weather over time.
- High pressure systems are associated with clear skies and dry conditions while low pressure systems bring clouds and rain.
- Weather maps use lines of equal pressure (isobars) and symbols to show wind speed and direction helping predict future conditions.
Meteorology is the study of atmospheric processes and weather events. Weather describes current atmospheric conditions that change daily, while climate refers to long-term weather patterns over large areas. Air masses form over different surfaces and interact, causing weather systems like cold fronts, warm fronts, and pressure systems that produce clouds, precipitation, and storms. Thunderstorms occur when moist air rises and cools, allowing water to condense and fall as rain. Extreme weather events include tornadoes, which form during clashes of air masses, and tropical cyclones over warm oceans. Meteorologists use tools like thermometers, barometers, and radar to analyze weather data and make forecasts.
The atmosphere can be summarized as follows:
1) The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth that makes life possible. It is mainly composed of nitrogen and oxygen and extends thousands of kilometers above the Earth's surface.
2) The atmosphere is divided into layers with different temperatures, thicknesses, and compositions including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
3) Key components of the atmosphere include temperature, air pressure, precipitation, and wind, which are all influenced by global and local geographic factors and help determine the weather and climate of different regions.
Tornados and hurricanes share some similarities like low pressure and strong winds, but differ in location, size, duration, and season. Tornados are small, short-lived storms that occur inland, while hurricanes are large, longer-lasting storms that form over warm ocean waters. The atmosphere is divided into layers by temperature, with the troposphere nearest the surface where weather occurs. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing global warming. Thunderstorms come in four main types that differ in cloud structure and severity.
The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth that makes life possible. It extends thousands of kilometres and is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen, along with other gases. The atmosphere is divided into layers with varying temperatures, thicknesses, and compositions, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere closest to Earth's surface. Weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions in a particular place, while climate refers to average weather conditions over a longer period of time.
The document provides an overview of various weather and climate topics:
- It defines weather as the short-term atmospheric conditions in an area and climate as long-term weather patterns over 100+ years.
- Four main factors that influence weather and climate are discussed: the sun, water cycle, atmosphere, and oceans.
- Various weather phenomena are described such as air masses, fronts, pressure systems, winds, humidity, and precipitation.
- Extreme weather events like thunderstorms, tornadoes, lightning, and tropical cyclones are also summarized, along with safety guidelines.
The document provides an overview of weather and climate concepts. It discusses the water cycle, factors that affect weather like the sun, atmosphere, oceans, and how weather occurs in the troposphere. It also defines climate as the long-term patterns over large areas, and describes the three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical. Storms like thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of weather and climate concepts. It discusses how weather is caused by differences in temperature and air pressure between locations. It also describes common weather phenomena and how weather is forecasted using various instruments and models. The document outlines different climate zones and variables that influence climate. It explains phenomena like El Niño and hurricanes and how climate change is impacting environments and societies.
The document discusses various weather and climate concepts including:
- Weather is the current atmospheric conditions while climate is the average weather over time.
- High pressure systems are associated with clear skies and dry conditions while low pressure systems bring clouds and rain.
- Weather maps use lines of equal pressure (isobars) and symbols to show wind speed and direction helping predict future conditions.
Meteorology is the study of atmospheric processes and weather events. Weather describes current atmospheric conditions that change daily, while climate refers to long-term weather patterns over large areas. Air masses form over different surfaces and interact, causing weather systems like cold fronts, warm fronts, and pressure systems that produce clouds, precipitation, and storms. Thunderstorms occur when moist air rises and cools, allowing water to condense and fall as rain. Extreme weather events include tornadoes, which form during clashes of air masses, and tropical cyclones over warm oceans. Meteorologists use tools like thermometers, barometers, and radar to analyze weather data and make forecasts.
The atmosphere can be summarized as follows:
1) The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth that makes life possible. It is mainly composed of nitrogen and oxygen and extends thousands of kilometers above the Earth's surface.
2) The atmosphere is divided into layers with different temperatures, thicknesses, and compositions including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
3) Key components of the atmosphere include temperature, air pressure, precipitation, and wind, which are all influenced by global and local geographic factors and help determine the weather and climate of different regions.
Tornados and hurricanes share some similarities like low pressure and strong winds, but differ in location, size, duration, and season. Tornados are small, short-lived storms that occur inland, while hurricanes are large, longer-lasting storms that form over warm ocean waters. The atmosphere is divided into layers by temperature, with the troposphere nearest the surface where weather occurs. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing global warming. Thunderstorms come in four main types that differ in cloud structure and severity.
The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth that makes life possible. It extends thousands of kilometres and is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen, along with other gases. The atmosphere is divided into layers with varying temperatures, thicknesses, and compositions, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere closest to Earth's surface. Weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions in a particular place, while climate refers to average weather conditions over a longer period of time.
The document discusses the weather and atmosphere. It defines key weather concepts like air temperature, air pressure, and wind. It explains that the atmosphere is made up of different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. It describes how the sun heats the air and Earth's surface, causing air temperature to vary between day and night and across locations. Air pressure is defined as the pressing down force of air on Earth. Wind is moving air from high to low pressure areas. When different air masses meet, it is often cloudy, rainy, or stormy.
1. The document discusses key concepts about Earth's atmosphere including how solar radiation drives global climate and local weather patterns.
2. It explains different climate types based on factors like latitude, proximity to bodies of water, and elevation. Humid climates receive more precipitation than potential evapotranspiration while arid climates experience the opposite.
3. Atmospheric circulation patterns like global wind belts and ocean currents play an important role in moderating Earth's climate by transporting heat energy from the tropics to poles and distributing it around the globe over long time periods.
Meteorologists use various data sources to predict the weather, but it is difficult to always be correct due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Data comes from surface weather stations, weather balloons, satellites, radars, and computer models. Air masses and fronts influence weather by interacting and creating storms. Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and require specific atmospheric ingredients. While high and low pressure systems impact weather, small changes in data can lead to different model predictions, making weather forecasting challenging.
Meteorologists use various data sources to predict the weather, but it is difficult to always be correct due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Data comes from surface weather stations, weather balloons, satellites, radars, and computer models. Air masses and fronts influence weather, and storms form when different air masses meet. Hurricanes require specific conditions like warm ocean water. While meteorology studies the atmosphere, tiny differences in data can lead to different model results, so multiple models are used to predict daily weather.
The atmosphere is divided into layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. It extends thousands of kilometres and is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen but also contains argon, carbon dioxide and other gases. The temperature, thickness and composition varies between each atmospheric layer.
Meteorologists study weather and use weather data to predict conditions. Weather is the current atmospheric conditions of an area, including factors like temperature, wind, and precipitation. Climate is the average weather of a region over a long period of time. Weather instruments and satellites provide accurate weather information that helps meteorologists make forecasts to inform public planning.
This document discusses thunderstorms and their formation. It outlines the four necessary conditions for thunderstorms which include instability through the atmosphere, sufficient humidity, cloud tops reaching -18°C or colder, and available energy to release. It describes the main types of thunderstorms and characteristics of single-cell, multi-cell, multi-cell line storms and supercell storms. The development of thunderstorms involves warm air rising due to conduction and convection. Moisture, instability, and a trigger are needed. Forecasting uses numerical prediction and ensemble forecasting to indicate a range of possible future weather states.
The document discusses the causes of seasons and weather patterns around the world. It explains that the Earth's 23.5 degree tilt and revolution around the sun cause the seasons as different parts of the Earth experience more or less direct sunlight throughout the year. It also defines key weather terminology like climate, weather, precipitation types, and extreme weather events like hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, droughts, and floods. Seasons and weather are influenced by many atmospheric and environmental factors.
The document discusses the differences between weather and climate. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions including temperature, precipitation, and humidity that are observed each day and can vary significantly in different locations. Climate describes the average weather patterns over many years in a particular region and influences the typical weather experienced there. Factors like latitude, terrain, proximity to bodies of water, and altitude all impact a region's climate.
This document provides information about weather and climate as part of a science lesson. It begins with an opening prayer and introduces a lesson on weather phenomena through a game of identifying true and false statements. The main body of the document then defines and distinguishes between weather and climate. It describes different types of weather phenomena like blizzards, clouds, and heat waves. It also outlines five main climate classification types according to the Koppen system. The document aims to educate students on key concepts and terminology related to meteorology.
This PowerPoint covers different weather fronts and severe weather. It includes sections on fronts like cold fronts, warm fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes different types of severe weather such as thunderstorms, lightning, tornadoes, and hurricanes. It contains activities to practice predicting weather and quizzes to test understanding of fronts and severe weather. The goal is to help students learn about these topics for an upcoming chapter test.
The document discusses the differences between weather and climate. Weather describes current atmospheric conditions in a place, while climate refers to conditions over a long period of time. It then describes the structure of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The atmosphere contains gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide that make life possible. Temperature on Earth varies depending on factors like latitude, altitude, and distance from bodies of water.
1. The document discusses various atmospheric fronts such as warm fronts, cold fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes the characteristics of each front, including cloud patterns and precipitation.
2. Atmospheric fronts are transition zones between differing air masses. They are classified based on whether the warmer or colder air mass dominates as the fronts interact.
3. Mesoscale eddies in oceans, such as rings that form off of ocean currents, are also discussed. These eddies can transport nutrients, heat, and organisms over long distances in the ocean.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It explains that Earth's atmosphere protects the planet from extreme temperatures, the sun's harmful rays, and provides oxygen and protects from solar radiation. The layers are identified based on temperature changes, with the stratosphere containing the important ozone layer.
The document discusses different types of weather systems and atmospheric phenomena. It defines various terms like air mass, fronts, midlatitude cyclones, and anticyclones. It describes the characteristics and movement of these weather systems. Midlatitude cyclones are large low pressure systems that move with the westerlies and are responsible for day-to-day weather changes in many populated regions. Anticyclones are high pressure systems that also move with the westerlies but are prone to stagnation over regions.
Tropical revolving storms form between 5 and 20 degrees north and south of the equator, where warm ocean waters above 27°C provide energy. Uneven heating of the atmosphere and Earth's rotation cause winds that lift warm, moist air and release heat energy through condensation, creating the storms. Tropical storms strengthen as they travel over warm ocean waters, gaining wind speed and size, and can produce damaging winds, storm surges, heavy rain, and tornadoes when making landfall.
The document provides information about different types of winds and storms like cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and wind. It includes a student's name, class, roll number, and science group. The document then discusses learning objectives, textbook information, and exercises related to these atmospheric phenomena. Examples of how cyclones form and their destructive impacts are provided. Safety precautions for thunderstorms and explanations for various natural phenomena are also summarized.
The document discusses the formation and characteristics of thunderstorms and hurricanes. It explains that thunderstorms require moist air, a lifting mechanism like uneven heating to raise the air, and unstable air conditions. The stages of a thunderstorm are described from warming at the surface to updrafts, condensation, precipitation, and downdrafts. Lightning forms from intense heat shock waves, and thunder is the rumbling sound from the expanding air. Hurricanes typically form over warm ocean waters in certain regions of the world.
Weather cells and weather systems of atmosphereSunil Kumar
Jet streams are fast moving air currents in the upper atmosphere. They were first discovered in the 1920s and knowledge of them increased during World War II. There are two main types: polar and subtropical jet streams. Weather features like storms can form when air rises due to low pressure caused by jet streaks. Other weather systems discussed include air masses, frontal systems like cold fronts and warm fronts, mid-latitude cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes.
Thunderstorms form when there is moisture in the lower atmosphere, a mechanism to lift the moisture to condense and release latent heat, and an unstable atmosphere. They can produce hail, tornadoes, and wind speeds up to 160 km/hr. Lightning is a visible electrical discharge produced by thunderstorms. It forms through a process of charge separation within clouds and between the cloud and ground. Hurricanes are intense tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters and have heavy rains and winds over 74 mph. They consist of thunderstorms with a defined circulation and can cause flooding from storm surge.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The document discusses the weather and atmosphere. It defines key weather concepts like air temperature, air pressure, and wind. It explains that the atmosphere is made up of different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. It describes how the sun heats the air and Earth's surface, causing air temperature to vary between day and night and across locations. Air pressure is defined as the pressing down force of air on Earth. Wind is moving air from high to low pressure areas. When different air masses meet, it is often cloudy, rainy, or stormy.
1. The document discusses key concepts about Earth's atmosphere including how solar radiation drives global climate and local weather patterns.
2. It explains different climate types based on factors like latitude, proximity to bodies of water, and elevation. Humid climates receive more precipitation than potential evapotranspiration while arid climates experience the opposite.
3. Atmospheric circulation patterns like global wind belts and ocean currents play an important role in moderating Earth's climate by transporting heat energy from the tropics to poles and distributing it around the globe over long time periods.
Meteorologists use various data sources to predict the weather, but it is difficult to always be correct due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Data comes from surface weather stations, weather balloons, satellites, radars, and computer models. Air masses and fronts influence weather by interacting and creating storms. Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and require specific atmospheric ingredients. While high and low pressure systems impact weather, small changes in data can lead to different model predictions, making weather forecasting challenging.
Meteorologists use various data sources to predict the weather, but it is difficult to always be correct due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Data comes from surface weather stations, weather balloons, satellites, radars, and computer models. Air masses and fronts influence weather, and storms form when different air masses meet. Hurricanes require specific conditions like warm ocean water. While meteorology studies the atmosphere, tiny differences in data can lead to different model results, so multiple models are used to predict daily weather.
The atmosphere is divided into layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. It extends thousands of kilometres and is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen but also contains argon, carbon dioxide and other gases. The temperature, thickness and composition varies between each atmospheric layer.
Meteorologists study weather and use weather data to predict conditions. Weather is the current atmospheric conditions of an area, including factors like temperature, wind, and precipitation. Climate is the average weather of a region over a long period of time. Weather instruments and satellites provide accurate weather information that helps meteorologists make forecasts to inform public planning.
This document discusses thunderstorms and their formation. It outlines the four necessary conditions for thunderstorms which include instability through the atmosphere, sufficient humidity, cloud tops reaching -18°C or colder, and available energy to release. It describes the main types of thunderstorms and characteristics of single-cell, multi-cell, multi-cell line storms and supercell storms. The development of thunderstorms involves warm air rising due to conduction and convection. Moisture, instability, and a trigger are needed. Forecasting uses numerical prediction and ensemble forecasting to indicate a range of possible future weather states.
The document discusses the causes of seasons and weather patterns around the world. It explains that the Earth's 23.5 degree tilt and revolution around the sun cause the seasons as different parts of the Earth experience more or less direct sunlight throughout the year. It also defines key weather terminology like climate, weather, precipitation types, and extreme weather events like hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, droughts, and floods. Seasons and weather are influenced by many atmospheric and environmental factors.
The document discusses the differences between weather and climate. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions including temperature, precipitation, and humidity that are observed each day and can vary significantly in different locations. Climate describes the average weather patterns over many years in a particular region and influences the typical weather experienced there. Factors like latitude, terrain, proximity to bodies of water, and altitude all impact a region's climate.
This document provides information about weather and climate as part of a science lesson. It begins with an opening prayer and introduces a lesson on weather phenomena through a game of identifying true and false statements. The main body of the document then defines and distinguishes between weather and climate. It describes different types of weather phenomena like blizzards, clouds, and heat waves. It also outlines five main climate classification types according to the Koppen system. The document aims to educate students on key concepts and terminology related to meteorology.
This PowerPoint covers different weather fronts and severe weather. It includes sections on fronts like cold fronts, warm fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes different types of severe weather such as thunderstorms, lightning, tornadoes, and hurricanes. It contains activities to practice predicting weather and quizzes to test understanding of fronts and severe weather. The goal is to help students learn about these topics for an upcoming chapter test.
The document discusses the differences between weather and climate. Weather describes current atmospheric conditions in a place, while climate refers to conditions over a long period of time. It then describes the structure of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The atmosphere contains gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide that make life possible. Temperature on Earth varies depending on factors like latitude, altitude, and distance from bodies of water.
1. The document discusses various atmospheric fronts such as warm fronts, cold fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes the characteristics of each front, including cloud patterns and precipitation.
2. Atmospheric fronts are transition zones between differing air masses. They are classified based on whether the warmer or colder air mass dominates as the fronts interact.
3. Mesoscale eddies in oceans, such as rings that form off of ocean currents, are also discussed. These eddies can transport nutrients, heat, and organisms over long distances in the ocean.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It explains that Earth's atmosphere protects the planet from extreme temperatures, the sun's harmful rays, and provides oxygen and protects from solar radiation. The layers are identified based on temperature changes, with the stratosphere containing the important ozone layer.
The document discusses different types of weather systems and atmospheric phenomena. It defines various terms like air mass, fronts, midlatitude cyclones, and anticyclones. It describes the characteristics and movement of these weather systems. Midlatitude cyclones are large low pressure systems that move with the westerlies and are responsible for day-to-day weather changes in many populated regions. Anticyclones are high pressure systems that also move with the westerlies but are prone to stagnation over regions.
Tropical revolving storms form between 5 and 20 degrees north and south of the equator, where warm ocean waters above 27°C provide energy. Uneven heating of the atmosphere and Earth's rotation cause winds that lift warm, moist air and release heat energy through condensation, creating the storms. Tropical storms strengthen as they travel over warm ocean waters, gaining wind speed and size, and can produce damaging winds, storm surges, heavy rain, and tornadoes when making landfall.
The document provides information about different types of winds and storms like cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and wind. It includes a student's name, class, roll number, and science group. The document then discusses learning objectives, textbook information, and exercises related to these atmospheric phenomena. Examples of how cyclones form and their destructive impacts are provided. Safety precautions for thunderstorms and explanations for various natural phenomena are also summarized.
The document discusses the formation and characteristics of thunderstorms and hurricanes. It explains that thunderstorms require moist air, a lifting mechanism like uneven heating to raise the air, and unstable air conditions. The stages of a thunderstorm are described from warming at the surface to updrafts, condensation, precipitation, and downdrafts. Lightning forms from intense heat shock waves, and thunder is the rumbling sound from the expanding air. Hurricanes typically form over warm ocean waters in certain regions of the world.
Weather cells and weather systems of atmosphereSunil Kumar
Jet streams are fast moving air currents in the upper atmosphere. They were first discovered in the 1920s and knowledge of them increased during World War II. There are two main types: polar and subtropical jet streams. Weather features like storms can form when air rises due to low pressure caused by jet streaks. Other weather systems discussed include air masses, frontal systems like cold fronts and warm fronts, mid-latitude cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes.
Thunderstorms form when there is moisture in the lower atmosphere, a mechanism to lift the moisture to condense and release latent heat, and an unstable atmosphere. They can produce hail, tornadoes, and wind speeds up to 160 km/hr. Lightning is a visible electrical discharge produced by thunderstorms. It forms through a process of charge separation within clouds and between the cloud and ground. Hurricanes are intense tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters and have heavy rains and winds over 74 mph. They consist of thunderstorms with a defined circulation and can cause flooding from storm surge.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
9. Climate Types by Brainpop
1.What is climate?
2.Where are tropical
climates most likely to be?
3.What does “arid” mean?
10. What Factors Affect Weather
& Climate?
1. The Sun
2. The Water Cycle
3. The Atmosphere
4. The Ocean
11. How Does the Sun Affect
Weather?
It warms the atmosphere &
oceans
It creates climate zones
It keeps the water cycle
going
It affects weather patterns
21. The Water Cycle by Brainpop
1) What process must happen
for clouds to form?
2) What is “collection”?
3) Name one way to conserve
water.
22. How does the atmosphere
affect weather?
The atmosphere is a mixture of
gases that surrounds the Earth
Has five different layers; each has
different properties
We’ll label them in just a minute…
Air Temperature and Pressure
change with altitude
Weather occurs in the layer closest
27. Earth’s Atmsophere by Brainpop
1. What is ozone?
2. What layer of the
atmosphere does weather
occur in?
3. What 2 gases compose the
most of Earth’s Atmosphere?
28. Air Masses
= body of air with a
certain temperature and
moisture level
Can be warm or cold
Can contain a lot of
moisture or not a lot of
29. Fronts
= places where
air masses meet
4 Types: Warm,
Cold, Occluded,
Stationary
Each kind can
bring different
kinds of weather
33. How does Air Pressure
affect weather?
How much the earth’s atmosphere is
pressing down on us
Measured with a BAROMETER
If it CHANGES, then new weather is on
the way:
Falling Air Pressure = stormy weather
coming
Rising Air Pressure = fair weather coming
35. Winds = created from
differences in air pressure
Moves from areas of HIGH to LOW
pressure
Greater the difference in pressure, the
FASTER the wind blows
Measured with wind vanes and
anemometers or you can estimate with
the Beaufort Wind Scale
ScienceSaurus 224/225
37. Global Winds
Thousands of kilometers long;
can cause weather to move in
different directions
Jet stream, prevailing westerlies,
doldrums, horse latitudes, trade
winds Big Winds Blowin’ Worksheet &
Science Saurus Section 217
38. Global Winds
Caused by the temperature
difference in different regions
Hot Tropical Regions—causes air to
rise
Cold polar Regions—causes air to
sink
39. Global Winds
Also affected by Earth’s Spin
Coriolis Effect = causes winds to
curve to the right in the N.
Hemisphere; to the left in the S.
Hemisphere
41. Winds by Brainpop
1. What does warm air do?
2. What do you call winds
that blow all the time in the
same part of the world?
3. What are jet streams?
42. Relative Humidity
Measure of the amount of
moisture in the air compared
to what the air could hold
How “full” of water the air is
Expressed as %
100% relative humidity =
saturated air
Relative Humidity Test Applet
http://itg1.meteor.wisc.edu/wxwise/relhum/rhac.html
43. Relative Humidity
Controlled by temperature
1. Warm air holds more moisture than
cool air (more space for water vapor
between air molecules)
2. As air warms, relative humidity
decreases
3. As air cools, relative humidity
increases
44. Dew Point
=Temperature at which the air is
saturated (100% relative humidity)
Several events can occur when the dew
point temp. is reached:
1. If dew point temp. is above
freezing:
a. water vapor condenses as liquid
b. dew will form on surfaces
45. Dew Point
c. cloud droplets will form in air
2. If dew point temp. is below freezing:
a. water vapor condenses as a solid
b. frost on surfaces
c. snow (or hail) in the air
46. Humidity by Brainpop
1. What single factor controls
humidity?
2. What temperature air can
hold the most water molecules?
3. What causes water to
evaporate into the
47. Rainbows
Caused by sunshine on raindrops
White light (all colors) is refracted
(bent) into colors as it enters and exits
the drop
To see a rainbow you must have the
sun behind you and raindrops in the
air
Diagram:
49. How does the Ocean
affect weather?
Ocean currents affect the temperature
of the land they pass by
Cold ocean currents = cooling effect
Warm ocean currents = warming effect
Temperature changes affect pressure –
which then creates WINDS
Winds blow this cooling or warming
effect over the land
http://earth.rice.edu/MTPE/hydro/hydrosphere/topics/Ocean_Atm_Circ_ElNin
54. Thunderstorms
Requires a mature cumulonimbus
cloud
Signs
a. Sudden reversal of wind
direction
b. Noticeable increase in wind
speed
55. Possible weather:
a. heavy rains (flash floods)
b. lightning (forest fires)
c. thunder (frightens animals)
d. hail (crop damage)
e. tornadoes
f. strong, gusty winds
Thunderstorm by Brainpop
Thunderstorms
56. Safety Rules
Stay indoors
Prepare for lightning, strong winds
Listen on radio/TV for tornado
watch/warning
Thunderstorms don’t last long
59. Lightning stroke: flow of current thru air
(a poor conductor) from the – to the +
Lightning can flow from cloud to
ground, cloud to cloud, and from
ground to cloud
Bright light is caused by glowing air
molecules heated by the current
Lightning follows the path of least
resistance (easiest way to positive)
Lightning rod offers lightning an easy,
safe path to the ground (+)
60. Thunder is the shock wave caused by the
explosive expansion of heated air
Sound travels @ about 1100 ft/sec in
air
5,280 ft in one mile
Distance from you to lightning =
number of seconds between seeing the
flash and hearing the thunder divided
by 5.
61. Types of Lightning
Streak or bolt
a. Single or branched lines of light
b. Common in Puget Sound area
62. Sheet
a. shapeless flash over wide area
b. is cloud-to-cloud bolt hidden by the
clouds
c. common in Puget Sound area
63. Other types of lightning
a. heat, ribbon, beaded (types of bolt)
b. ball (only other shape lightning can
have)
64. Safety rules for lightning storms
Stay indoors
Stay away from anything that conducts
electricity (stove, sink, telephone, TV)
Get out of the water and off of small boats
Stay away from open doors, windows,
fireplaces
Stay in your car (very safe place to be)
Don’t stand under lone trees or in open
places
Avoid hilltops
If your hair stands on end, or your skin
tingles, drop to the ground but try to keep
66. Tornado (a.k.a twister,
cyclone)
Counterclockwise column of rotating
air extending from cumulonimbus
cloud
Per square foot, is the most
destructive atmospheric event
Rated by wind speed (F1 to F5)
“Tornado season” = April, May, June
Tornadoes that form over water are
called “waterspouts”
67. Behavior of a tornado is unpredictable
Typical tornado will:
1. Occur between 3-7 pm
2. Travel 4 miles
3. Be 300-400 m wide
4. Travel 25-40 mi/hour
5. Have wind speeds up to 300 mi/hr
6. Produce extremely low pressure
7. Be dark due to debris picked up
Tornado by Brainpop
68. Safety Rules
Rule #1: Take immediate action!
Move away from tornado’s path
Tornado’s path
Move away at a right angle
69. Lie flat in nearest ditch, etc.
At home
a. open windows, doors
b. seek shelter in basement or under
heavy table in middle of house
On the trail of a tornado
71. Tropical Cyclone
Rated by wind speed (category 1 to 5)
Starts and grows over warm ocean
water
Composed of bands of thunderstorms
spiraling counterclockwise around a low
pressure center
72. Characteristics
Several hundred miles wide
Last many days (even weeks)
Winds from 74-200 mi/hr
Contains an “eye”
a. Small region of low pressure
b. Surrounded by highest winds
c. Calm, peaceful, sunny weather
d. Last for about 1 hour as hurricane passes
by
Hurricances by Brainpop
73. Safety Rules
Prepare for high winds
Prepare for flooding (greatest source
of damage)
a. Up to 20 in. of rain
b. Flooding by coastal water
3. Prepare for thunderstorms
4. Have on hand stored food, water,
blankets, candles, matches, radio, etc.
5. Seek shelter
Hurricanes Clip