Wearable Bio Sensor and appliactions.pptx

ADITYA
WEARABLE BIO SENSORS
Dr.R.RAMAN
Professor
Aditya College of Engineering, Surampalem
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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Aditya
Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE
Content
•Introduction
•Need For Wearable Device
•Classification
•Ring Sensor
•Smart Shirt
•Tattoo Sensor
•Contact Lens Sensors
•Thick Textile Sensor
•Mouth Guard Bio Sensor
•Wrist Watch
•Wrist Hand/ Band Sensor
•GFC Glucose Sensor
•Package Latcate Chip Sensor
•Future Trends
•Conclusion
•References

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What is Bio Sensor
• The term “biosensor” is short for biological sensor.”
• The device is made up of a transducer and biological element that
may be an enzyme, an antibody or a nucleic acid.
• The bio element interacts with the analyte being tested and the
biological response is converted into an electrical signal by the
transducer. Depending on their particular applications.
• Every bio sensor has two part one is biological component that
acts as the sensor and second is electronic component that detects
and transmits the signals
INTRODUCTION

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What is Wearable
Bio Sensor
Wearable
• Object that can be worn on
body
• E.g. Wrist watches, ring,
shirt etc.
Bio-Sensor
• Biosensor is an analytical
device used for detection
of analyte.
• E.g. Blood Glucose
Detector

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Bio Sensors is an analytical device, which converts
Biological response into electrical signal
WEARABLE BIO SENSOR
 Wearable monitoring devices that allow continuous monitoring
of physiological signals.
 The data sets recorded using these systems are then processed to
detect patient’s clinical situations.
 Then rely on wireless sensors enclosed in items that can be
worn, such as ring or shirt.

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Remote monitoring of patients
Training support for athletes
Monitoring of individuals who work with hazardous elements.
Tracking of professional truck driver’s vital signs of alert them of fatigue.
Use of wearable monitoring devices allow continuous monitoring of physiological signals
Wearable systems are totally non-obtrusive devices that allow physicians to overcome the
limitations of ambulatory technology.
NEED FOR WEARABLE BIO SENSOR

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CLASSIFICATION OF WEARABLE BIO SENSOR
1. RING SENSOR
2. SMART SHIRT
3. WEARABLE SWEAT BIO SENSOR
4. TATTOO SENSOR
5. CONTACT LENS SENSOR
6. THICK TEXTILE SENSOR
7. MOUTH GUARD BIO SENSOR
8. WRIST WATCH
9. WRIST HAND/ BAND SENSOR
10. GFC GLUCOSE SENSOR
11. PACKAGE LATCATE CHIP SENSOR

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RING SENSOR
It is a pulse oximetry sensor that allows one to continuously monitor heart rate and
oxygen saturation in a totally unobtrusive way.
 The device is shaped like a ring and thus it can be worn for long periods of time
without any discomfort to the subject.
 The ring sensor is equipped with a low power transceiver that accomplishes bi-
directional communication with a base station, and to upload data at any point in time.
It allows one to continuously monitor heart rate and oxygen saturation.
It is based on the concept of photoconductor

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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RING SENSOR
In order to detect blood volume changes due to heart contraction and
expansion by photoelectric method, normally photo resistors are used.
 Light is emitted by LED and transmitted through the artery and the
resistance of photo resistor is determined by the amount of light
reaching it.
Oxygenated blood absorb more light than deoxygenated blood

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It alters the optical density with the result that the light transmission through
the finger reduces and the resistance of the photo resistor increases accordingly.
The photo resistor is connected as a part of voltage divider circuit and produces
a voltage that varies with the amount of blood in the finger.
This voltage that closely follows the pressure pulse
A noise cancellation filter is used to cancel the noise due to motion of the
finger.

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Advantage
 Continuous monitoring.
 Easy to use.
 Reducing hospitalization fee
Disadvantage
 Initial cost is high.

Limited number of physiological parameters can be monitored.
Applications
Wireless supervision of people during hazardous operations.
In an overcrowded emergency Department.
Surveillance of abnormal heart Failure.
In cardio-vascular disease for monitoring the hyper tension.

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SMART SHIRT
• Smart Shirt also known as GTWM i.e. Georgia Tech
Wearable Motherboard.
• This GTWM (smart shirt) provides an extremely
versatile framework for the incorporation of sensing,
monitoring and information processing devices.
• It uses optical fibers to detect bullet wounds and
special sensors and interconnects to monitor the
body vital signs during combat conditions.
• It is used to integrate sensors for monitoring the
vital signs like temperature, heart rate and
respiration rate.

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WORKING :-
 A combat soldier senses danger, pulls on the smart shirt, and attaches the sensors to it.
 A signal is sent from one end of the plastic optical fiber to a receiver at the other end.
 The emitter and the receiver are connected to a Personal Status Monitor (PSM) worn at the hip level by
the soldier.
 If the light from the emitter does not reach the receiver inside the PSM, it signifies that the smart shirt
has been penetrated (i.e., the soldier has been shot).
 The signal bounces back to the PSM from the point of penetration, helping medical personnel pinpoint
the exact location of the soldier's wounds.
 Information on the soldier's wounds and condition is immediately transmitted electronically from the
PSM to a medical unit.

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Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE 19
This shirt is equipped with motion sensors; it can provide feedback about the wearer’s
movements or postures.
 Such information is helpful in rehabilitation or
sport applications, where it is important that certain
movements are executed correctly.
 The life shirt system is a comfortable garment
that can be worn under normal uniform and it can
automatically and continuously monitor over 40
physical signs such as respiratory rate, ventilation,
swallow counts, arterial pulse wave, and heart rate.
SMART SHIRT
 For example, rehabilitation exercises need to be
performed in clearly a defined motion sequence,
with the correct speed and a defined amount of
repetitions.

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Advantage
 Continuous monitoring.
 Right Treatment at the right time
 Easy to wear and takeoff.
Disadvantage
 Initial cost is high
 Battery life is less
Applications
 Combat casualty care.
 Medical monitoring.
 Sports/ Performance monitoring.
 Space experiments.
 Mission critical/ hazardous application.
 Fire- fighting.

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WEARABLE SWEAT BIO SENSOR
 Human sweat, an important body fluid that can
be retrieved conveniently and non-invasively,
contains rich information about our health and
fitness conditions.

Therefore, sweat can be an ideal candidate for
developing wearable chemical biosensors which
may provide insightful physiological information.
 These wearable biosensors have been used to
measure the detailed sweat profiles of a wide
spectrum of analytes including metabolites,
electrolytes and heavy metals during various
indoor and outdoor physical activities.

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF SWEAT BIO SENSOR
• A fully integrated multiplexed sweat sensing system has been developed by merging plastic-based
sensors that interface with the skin and silicon integrated circuits consolidated on a flexible circuit
board for complex signal processing.
• the signal transduction, processing, and wireless transmission paths to facilitate multiplexed on body
measurements.

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REAL TIME ON BODY SWEAT ANALYSIS FOR
HEALTH MONITORING
Ca2+ and pH Monitoring
Major (Glucose and Lactate)
 Major Electrolytes (Na+ and K+)
Heavy Metal Monitoring
Ethanol Monitoring
Dehydration Monitoring

Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Ra
man, Professor, ECE
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TATTOO SENSOR
Tattoo sensor are divided into two category on the basis of life time of sensor
TEMPORARY TATTOO
 Temporary tattoo sensors are designed as
disposable sensors with a maximum life time of
2-3 days.
Temporary tattoos is capable of monitoring
alcohol in a real-time and noninvasive way via the
integration of printed and flexible iontophoretic-
sensing electrodes with wireless electronics.
SMART TATTOO SENSOR
Long term tattoo sensors are
designed to uphold their functionality for an
extended period.
smart tattoo sensor would change
fluorescence properties in response to blood
glucose, and this change could be read out
using optical interrogation through the skin.

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Commonly used Epidermal tattoo

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CONSTRUCTION OF TATTOO SENSOR
 Circuit is made of sillicon
 Circuit has filamentary serpentine shape
 It allows them to bend, twist, scrunch and stretch
 Approximate dimension of tattoo circuit 2.1cm*3.1*5 microns

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COMPONENTS

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THREE STATES OF EES
Multifunctional EES on Skin
Unreformed
Compressed
Stretched

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SLAPPING OF TATTOO SENSORS
• Vandewalls interaction allows the tattoo to stick on to the skin
• Allows the tattoo to stay in position without any glue
• As the Vanderwall forces are weak it can be removed easily

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MULTI-FUNCTIONAL OPERATIONS

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EMG MEASUREMENT

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EEG MEASUREMENT

man, Professor, ECE
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COMPUTER GAMES CONTROLLING
•It performs voice controlled Video games with 90%
accuracy
•With a tattoo attached to the throat
•It can transform command like
UP
DOWN
LEFT
RIGHT
STOP
GO

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• An EES is mounted on the cheek and elbow for up to 24 hours to verify
compatibility.
• If it remains intact and no redness or inflammation is observed even after the
subject has launched, it is considered successful.
• However, a tattoo attached to the elbow will crack within 8 hours
DUARABILITY TEST

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• Controls computer games
• Monitors brain signals, heart-attacks & muscle movements
• In Millitary operations
• Health of prematured babies
APPLICATIONS

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• Light weight
• Small in volume
• Measures electro psychological signals
• No mechanical visibility
• No itching or irritation
• Easy removal
ADVANTAGE

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• Continuous emission of dead cells does not take place.
• Transpiration does not occur properly
DISADVANTAGE

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CONTACT LENS SENSOR
 Contact lenses are the most popular wearable devices designed for vision correction aesthetic and therapeutic all
around the world
 In 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Google’s patent for contact lenses based sensors.
 These devices may help healthcare professionals to determine the optimal time of day for
measuring a patient’s intraocular pressure.
 The contact lenses are able to measure glucose and lactate concentrations
 The contact lenses are constructed with a tear film which consists of three layers: an outer lipid layer, aqueous layer,
and the inner mucin layer.
 For these types of sensors, shelf life is limited due to the degradation of enzymes that occurs because of high
temperatures and exposure to light.
 The sensors are tested continuously for 24 hours, using 288 measurements.
 The stability can, however, be increased by encapsulating the enzyme.
 When sugar levels changes, a chemical reaction causes the lens to change color, allowing the
wearer to adjust their glucose accordingly.

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• Since a large market has taken shape in diabetes management, research and
development of contact lens sensors are predominantly focused on the
glucose-related field.
• Contact lenses will naturally accumulate tear components during wear and
can be analyzed after wear.
• Major emerging methods of detection, such as fluorescent, holographic,
colorimetric and electrochemical based on contact lenses.

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• The lens consist of a wireless chip and a miniaturized glucose sensor.
• A tiny pinhole in the lens allows for tear fluid to seep into the sensor to measure blood sugar levels.
• Both of the sensors are embedded between two soft layer of lens material.
• The electronics lies outside of both the pupil and iris so there is no damage to the eye
• The wireless antenna inside of the contact that is thinner than a human hair, which will act as a controller to
communicate information to the wireless device.
• The antenna will gather read and analyze data.
• Power will be drawn from the device which will communicate data via the wireless technology (RFID)
• Plans to add small LED lights that could warn the wearer by lightning up when the glucose levels has crossed
above or below. Such threshold levels mentioned to be under consideration
DESIGN

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• It is a simple and painless method
• Continuous glucose monitoring
• Accurate reading-ensures efficeiency and safe use
• Reusable (cost effective solution)
ADVANTAGE

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MAJOR CHALLENGES IN CONTACT LENS SENSOR
One of the major challenges in using contact lens biosensors is repeatability and stability, which depend
on well-established calibrations for each device.
Discomfort, irritation, microbial infections, and inflammatory issues that arise with general contact lens
wear are also concerns for contact lens biosensors.
From a clinical perspective, challenges include the management of continuous monitoring of diseases and
drug administration.
Another aspect is the comfort of wear, which involves the integration of too many components.
The potential high cost is a result of the sophisticated fabrication of the device.
There is also an issue of clinical acceptance; data measured from tears are non-standard when compared
to blood.

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• The textile-based printed carbon electrodes usually have smooth conductor
edges with no defects and cracks.
• The favorable electrochemical behavior is maintained under folding or
stretching stress.
• It is an amperometric sensor that measures NADH and H2O2 from the body
using a dehydrogenase oxide-based enzyme with a partial voltammetry method.
• This is an undergarment biosensor that remains stable upon successive
stretching.
• Direct screen printing of underwear-based carbon electrodes is used for the
operation
THICK FILM TEXTILE BASED SENSOR

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• MEMS-Micro Electro Mechanical System is an electro-mechanical device that measure
acceleration force exerted on it.
• The development of textile based MEMS for pelvic tilt measurement is an effort to reduce
the cost in medical sensor devices.
• The piezoresistive effect describes change in the electrical resistivity of a semiconductor or
metal when mechanical strain is applied. In contrast to the piezoelectric effect, the
piezoresistive effect only causes a change in electric resistance, not in electric potential.
• The accelerometric sensor is designed as a cantilever beam with suspended mass at one end.
MEMS SENSING IN TEXTILES

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 A concept of mouth guard metabolite biosensor has been reported by Kim et al.
 This is an amperometric biosensor with salivary lactate as an analyte.
 The direct measurement of lactate in saliva would be used as a diagnostic tool for in vitro
monitoring as salivary lactate concentration corresponds with the blood lactate concentration.
 This wearable oral bio-sensory system uses LOx as an enzyme with Prussian –Blue modified
electrode as transducer, acting as artificial peroxidase to offer selective detection of the H2O2. With
the aim of stabilizing the device, LOx was immobilized on the working electrode surface by the
method of polymer entrapping.
MOUTH GUARD BIO SENSOR

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It parades high selectivity, sensitivity and stability, so as to use them in getting
information regarding wearer’s health, performance and stress level through
Bluetooth or wireless network.
With the intention of analyzing the stability of the sensor, the researchers have
taken continuous readings over the interval of 10 minutes for 2 hours and it has
been noticed that the sensor displays high stability with small variations of
current signal, ranging between 90% and 106% of the actual response .
The good stability shows the proactive actions of the Poly-
orthophenylenediamine–LOx interaction, where it is used to stabilize the device.

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 It has GOx enzyme and uses ISF to measure glucose level.
 This Amperometric sensor works on reverse Iontophoresis phenomenon.
 The readings have been taken continuously for 12-13 hours with the frequency of
3 per hour.
 This sensor facilitates with the memory to save up to 4000 readings. It gives 78
readings per wear.
 Gluco watch G2 biographer is suitable for adults and gained FDA approval for
use in children and adolescents to monitor glucose continuously.
 Patients who are insulin dependent are required to monitor their blood glucose
levels to ensure that appropriate levels of insulin are circulating.
WRIST WATCH (GLUCO WATCH )

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 A mechanically flexible and fully integrated (that is, no external analysis is
needed) sensor array.
 which simultaneously and selectively measures sweat metabolites (such as
glucose and lactate) and electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium ions), as
well as the skin temperature (to calibrate the response of the sensors).
 These kinds of biosensors are majorly found in athlete’s group for continuous
health monitoring while exercising.
 The device come in the form of Wrist or head band with a credit card
sized amperometric biosensor embedded in it.
 It uses GOx and LOx enzyme which monitors glucose contents present in the
sweat.
WRIST/HAND BAND BIO SENSOR

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 To monitor blood glucose level, one method has been used where to realize a non invasive
blood glucose monitor, the Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) was measured.
 The device to collect GCF was developed that was designed to be disposal, biocompatible
and small enough to be inserted in the gingival crevice for collection of micro liters sample of
GCF.
 It senses glucose with the help of GOx enzyme.
 They monitored continuous responses with increased sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability and
specificity.
 The electrode used is ferrocene modified gold film electrode.
 Enzyme immobilization was done with cross-linking method.
 It is a saliva based noninvasive glucose monitoring tool which is widely used for clinical
diagnostics.
 As the repeatability and ultimately stability is higher, it is used in diabetes instantaneous glucose
monitoring
GCF GLUCOSE SENSOR

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 The electrochemical and biological interferences from saliva were
discriminated by using a dual platinum electrode common Ag/AgCl
reference electrode and blocking membranes.
 This is saliva based noninvasive biosensor which monitors lactate level in
saliva.
 It has high operational stability and long term continuous salivary lactate
monitoring is possible.
 The technique of enzyme probe electrode-analyte amperometric
monitoring has been used in this type of sensor.
 The reference electrode, counter electrode and cavity of working electrode
has been packaged with sealing foil and pores. One of the three salivary
glands, sublingual (SL) measurement with Lactate Oxide enzymatic
detection has been conducted continuously with high stability.
PACKAGED LACTATE CHIP SENSOR

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Considering future demands of biosensors, researchers are heading
towards the best possible solutions to improve the methods of
stabilization and achieve the most viable wearable biosensor.
The previous stabilization strategies have failed because of the diffusion
of key reactants and products in and out of the enzyme or matrix surface.
some new techniques have been proposed which including cross linking,
silica sol-gel encapsulation, and molecular cloning.
Another aspect to improve the stability is to incorporate enzymes on a
hydrogel or Nano gel matrix.
FUTURE TRENDS

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 The development in wearable biosensors is best example of the integration of biological and
engineering sciences.
 It includes the research of biochemical field and understanding the interaction between
biological elements with the target molecule.
 The use of Nano-transducers has been increased in separation between transducers and bio
receptors.
 The immobilization and stabilization strategies can be selected based on the application.
 For instance, while developing a sensor where durability is not an issue, (e.g. Temporary Tattoo
sensors) conventional methods of enzyme stabilization like of enzyme immobilization, cross-
linking can be used.
 For long- term sensing applications immobilization/stabilization using enzyme cloning, sol-
gel techniques, hydrogel/Nano gel incorporation would be a viable option
CONCLUSION

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1A. Sonawane, P. Manickam, and S. Bhansali, “Stability of Enzymatic Biosensors for Wearable
Applications,” IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng., vol. 10, pp. 174–186, 2017.
2 Philips Healthcare, “Wearable Biosensor,” vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1–10, 2018.
3 K. Guk et al., “Evolution of wearable devices with real-time disease monitoring for personalized
healthcare,” Nanomaterials, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1–23, 2019.
4J. Kim, A. S. Campbell, B. E. F. de Ávila, and J. Wang, “Wearable biosensors for healthcare
monitoring,” Nat. Biotechnol., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 389–406, 2019.
5 R. K. Pandey, “Wearable Biosensors,” vol. 2016, no. 17, pp. 1–15, 2008.
6 W. Gao et al., “Wearable sweat biosensors,” Tech. Dig. - Int. Electron Devices Meet. IEDM, pp. 6.6.1-
6.6.4, 2017.
7 Handbook of biomedical instrumentation ,Khandpur ,pp-138,233,238
8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor
9 H. H. Asada, P. Shaltis, A. Reisner, S. Rhee, and R. C. Hutchinson, “Mobile Monitoring with Wearable
Photoplethysmographic Biosensors,” IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 28–40, 2003.
10 S. Patel, H. Park, P. Bonato, L. Chan, and M. Rodgers, “A review of wearable sensors and systems with
application in rehabilitation,” J. Neuroeng. Rehabil., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 21, 2012.
REFERENCE

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