This document provides information about web design and fundamentals including different types of computer networks and network topologies. It discusses local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers topics such as the different physical network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, and hybrid topologies. Additional sections describe common network devices, internet connections, internet service providers, and basic internet applications and protocols.
Most universities are already implementing wired and wireless network that is used to access integrated information systems and the Internet. At present, it is important to do research on the influence of the broadcasting system through the access point for video transmitter learning in the university area. At every university computer network through the access point must also use the cable in its implementation. These networks require cables that will connect and transmit data from one computer to another computer. While wireless networks of computers connected through radio waves. This research will be a test or assessment of how the influence of the network using the WLAN access point for video broadcasting means learning from the server to the client. Instructional video broadcasting from the server to the client via the access point will be used for video broadcasting means of learning. This study aims to understand how to build a wireless network by using an access point. It also builds a computer server as instructional videos, supporting software that can be used for video server that will be emitted by broadcasting via the access point and establish a system of transmitting video from the server to the client via the access point.
Most universities are already implementing wired and wireless network that is used to access integrated information systems and the Internet. At present, it is important to do research on the influence of the broadcasting system through the access point for video transmitter learning in the university area. At every university computer network through the access point must also use the cable in its implementation. These networks require cables that will connect and transmit data from one computer to another computer. While wireless networks of computers connected through radio waves. This research will be a test or assessment of how the influence of the network using the WLAN access point for video broadcasting means learning from the server to the client. Instructional video broadcasting from the server to the client via the access point will be used for video broadcasting means of learning. This study aims to understand how to build a wireless network by using an access point. It also builds a computer server as instructional videos, supporting software that can be used for video server that will be emitted by broadcasting via the access point and establish a system of transmitting video from the server to the client via the access point.
WLAN definition
WLAN is the abbreviation of Wireless Local Area Network, which refers to the application of wireless communication technology to interconnect computer equipment to form a network system that can communicate with each other and realize resource sharing.
A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) wireless LAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication to form a local area network within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office building.
The essential feature of a wireless local area network (WLAN) is that it no longer uses a communication cable to connect the computer to the network, but connects it wirelessly, which makes the construction of the network and the movement of the terminal more flexible.
It is a very convenient data transmission system. It uses radiofrequency (RF) technology and uses electromagnetic waves to replace the old-style twisted-pair copper wire (Coaxial) in the local area network. It communicates in the air and makes a wireless local area network. It can be easily used.
Materi ini membahas mengenai penggunaan teknologi informasi dan beberapa cara yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi. Sehingga dengan mempelajari materi ini, diharapkan mampu mengetahi cara-cara yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dengan memanfaatkan teknologi informasi.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
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3 S W 2009 I E E E Abstracts Java, N C C T Chennaincct
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WLAN definition
WLAN is the abbreviation of Wireless Local Area Network, which refers to the application of wireless communication technology to interconnect computer equipment to form a network system that can communicate with each other and realize resource sharing.
A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) wireless LAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication to form a local area network within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office building.
The essential feature of a wireless local area network (WLAN) is that it no longer uses a communication cable to connect the computer to the network, but connects it wirelessly, which makes the construction of the network and the movement of the terminal more flexible.
It is a very convenient data transmission system. It uses radiofrequency (RF) technology and uses electromagnetic waves to replace the old-style twisted-pair copper wire (Coaxial) in the local area network. It communicates in the air and makes a wireless local area network. It can be easily used.
Materi ini membahas mengenai penggunaan teknologi informasi dan beberapa cara yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi. Sehingga dengan mempelajari materi ini, diharapkan mampu mengetahi cara-cara yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dengan memanfaatkan teknologi informasi.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
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Final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai"
3 S W 2009 I E E E Abstracts Java, N C C T Chennaincct
final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai", Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, Final Year Java Projects, Final Year ASP.NET Projects, Final Year VB.NET Projects, Final Year C# Projects, Final Year Visual C++ Projects, Final Year Matlab Projects, Final Year NS2 Projects, Final Year C Projects, Final Year Microcontroller Projects, Final Year ATMEL Projects, Final Year PIC Projects, Final Year ARM Projects, Final Year DSP Projects, Final Year VLSI Projects, Final Year FPGA Projects, Final Year CPLD Projects, Final Year Power Electronics Projects, Final Year Electrical Projects, Final Year Robotics Projects, Final Year Solor Projects, Final Year MEMS Projects, Final Year J2EE Projects, Final Year J2ME Projects, Final Year AJAX Projects, Final Year Structs Projects, Final Year EJB Projects, Final Year Real Time Projects, Final Year Live Projects, Final Year Student Projects, Final Year Engineering Projects, Final Year MCA Projects, Final Year MBA Projects, Final Year College Projects, Final Year BE Projects, Final Year BTech Projects, Final Year ME Projects, Final Year MTech Projects, Final Year M.Sc Projects, IEEE Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, IEEE 2009 Java Projects, IEEE 2009 ASP.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 VB.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 C# Projects, IEEE 2009 Visual C++ Projects, IEEE 2009 Matlab Projects, IEEE 2009 NS2 Projects, IEEE 2009 C Projects, IEEE 2009 Microcontroller Projects, IEEE 2009 ATMEL Projects, IEEE 2009 PIC Projects, IEEE 2009 ARM Projects, IEEE 2009 DSP Projects, IEEE 2009 VLSI Projects, IEEE 2009 FPGA Projects, IEEE 2009 CPLD Projects, IEEE 2009 Power Electronics Projects, IEEE 2009 Electrical Projects, IEEE 2009 Robotics Projects, IEEE 2009 Solor Projects, IEEE 2009 MEMS Projects, IEEE 2009 J2EE P
Hardware and Software requirements for Internet 2.pptxRbalasubramani
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The purpose of the internet is to communicate between computers that are interconnected with each other. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
Hardware and Software requirements for Internet 2.pptxlisbala
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The purpose of the internet is to communicate between computers that are interconnected with each other. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
This slide is a Summary of internet technology and programming. Internet technology and programming is a specialised area field of computer science. It includes an overview of the internet, concepts of web design and how to evaluate your website.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
Wdf222 cep ii
1. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Web Design and Fundamentals
WDF222
By
D.Balaganesh
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
2. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Network
• Network
one computer connected to more then one
computer is called Network
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
3. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Advantages of networking
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Connectivity and Communication
Data Sharing
Hardware Sharing
Internet Access
Internet Access Sharing
Data Security and Management
Performance Enhancement and Balancing
Entertainment
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
4. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Network
Credit Hours
• Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links
• Node: Computer, printer, or any device capable of sending and/or
receiving data
• To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet a
number of criteria
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
5. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Type of Connection
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
6. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Type of Connection
• Point-to-point
– Dedicated link between two devices
– The entire capacity of the channel is reserved
– Ex) Microwave link, TV remote control
• Multipoint
– More than two devices share a single link
– Capacity of the channel is either
• Spatially shared: Devices can use the link simultaneously
• Timeshare: Users take turns
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
7. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Physical Topology
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
8. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Mesh Topology
• Dedicated point-to-point link to
every other nodes
• A mesh network with n nodes
has n(n-1)/2 links. A node has
n-1 I/O ports (links)
• Advantages: No traffic
problems, robust, security, easy
fault identification & isolation
• Disadvantages: Difficult
installation/reconfiguration,
space, cost
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
9. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Star Topology
•
•
•
•
Dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, called a hub
Hub acts as an exchange: No direct traffic between devices
Advantages: Less expensive, robust
Disadvantages: dependency of the whole on one single point, the hub
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
10. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Bus Topology
•
•
•
•
•
One long cable that links all nodes
tap, drop line, cable end
limit on the # of devices, distance between nodes
Advantages: Easy installation, cheap
Disadvantages: Difficult reconfiguration, no fault isolation, a fault or
break in the bus stops all transmission
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
11. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Ring Topology
•
•
•
•
Dedicated point-to-point link only with the two nodes on each sides
One direction, repeater
Advantages: Easy reconfiguration, fault isolation
Disadvantage: Unidirectional traffic, a break in the ring cab disable the
entire network
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
12. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Hybrid Topology
•
•
Example: Main star topology with each branch connecting several stations
in a bus topology
To share the advantages from various topologies
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
13. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Categories of Networks
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
14. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
LAN
•
•
•
•
Usually privately owned
A network for a single office, building, or campus a few Km
Common LAN topologies: bus, ring, star
An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
15. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
MAN
• Designed to extend to an entire city
• Cable TV network, a company’s connected LANs
• Owned by a private or a public company
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
16. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
WAN
• Long distance transmission, e.g., a country, a continent, the world
• Enterprise network: A WAN that is owned and used by one company
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
17. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Network Vs Internet
Internet
Network of network is called Internet
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
18. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Code
Credit Hours
Internet programming language
Internet
E-mail
SMS(short message service)
Social networking sites
Websites
Blog
- Share your life's stories, videos and photos
VOIP
- Voice over Internet Protocol
Podcast - type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of
audio,
video, PDF
• Rss(Really simple Syndication) -
TechNet provides RSS
feeds for its security bulletins, advisories, magazine features, and other
security-related alerts for IT professionals.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
19. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
The Internet
• Internet is a network of interconnected
computers that is now global
• Internet born in 1969 - called ARPANET
• 1969 ARPANET was connection of computers
at UCLA, Stanford, UCSB, Univ. of Utah
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
20. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
The Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network
• In 1969, the U.S. Defence Department funded
a project to develop a network, which can
withstand the bombing. Basically the idea was
to develop a very secure network which can
work even after a nuclear attack. This project
was known as ARPANET.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
21. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Internet Connections
Various technologies available to connect a home computer to
the Internet
Phone modem converts computer data into an analog audio signal
for transfer over a telephone line, and then a modem at the
destination converts it back again into data
Digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone lines to
transfer digital data to and from the phone company’s central office
Cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV signals come in
on to transfer the data back and forth
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
22. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
23. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Internet Connections
Broadband
A connection in which transfer speeds are faster than
768 kilobits per second
– DSL connections and cable modems are
broadband connections
– The speed for downloads (getting data from the
Internet to your home computer) may not be the
same as uploads (sending data from your home
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
computer to the Internet)
24. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Data
• Analog data
– Voice
– Images
• Digital data
– Text
– Digitized voice or images
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
25. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Modem
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
26. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Analog Signaling
amplitude (volts)
1 cycle
• represented by sine waves
phase
difference
time
(sec)
frequency (hertz)
= cycles per second
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
27. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Three Components of Data
Communication
• Data
– Analog: Continuous value data (sound, light, temperature)
– Digital: Discrete value (text, integers, symbols)
• Signal
– Analog: Continuously varying electromagnetic wave
– Digital: Series of voltage pulses (square wave)
• Transmission
– Analog: Works the same for analog or digital signals
– Digital: Used only with digital signals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
28. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Modem
• Anlog
• Digital
• Modulation
– Digital to analog conversion
• Demodulation
– Analog to Digital Conversion
Modulation and D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College called Modem
demodulation is
29. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Modem Internet Connections
• Dial-up connection via modem (56K)
• Cable modems
– Network card and cable modem required
– Always-on and 25 times faster than dial-up
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
30. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
•
Code
Credit Hours
Faster Internet Connections
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network)
– 64K or 128K
– Always-on and expensive
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
– Up to 125 times faster than dialup
• DSS (Digital Satellite Service)
– 500K
Need proximity to a telephone switching station
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
31. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
If you want to connect to the Internet, you need
to subscribe via an Internet Service Provider.
The ISP gives you a connection to the Internet
either via your telephone line or via a special
digital high speed line. An example of a
popular ISP is AOL (America On-Line).
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
32. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• Provides internet access to businesses,
•
•
•
•
•
organizations and individuals
Provides telecommunications equipment
User ID and password required
Connects you to backbone
E-mail account monthly fee
Should have local access telephone
numbers
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
33. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
SERVICES OF INTERNET
•
•
•
•
WWW
FTP
Telnet
E-mail
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
34. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
What is the difference between the World Wide Web (WWW) and
the Internet?
WWW is the acronym for the World Wide Web. It is also commonly
known as ‘The Web’. The WWW is hypertext based information retrieval
tool
• The World Wide Web (WWW) is just a small
part of the Internet as a whole.
• The Internet, relates to all the hardware and
software involved, and as well as including the
WWW, also includes FTP (File Transfer
Protocol – more about this later), email and
newsgroups.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
35. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
•
•
•
•
•
Code
World Wide Web Basics
Files interconnected via hypertext
Web pages make up a web site
Home Page
Links or hyperlinks
Web servers
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
36. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
File Transfer Protocol, is an Internet utility software used to upload
and download files. It gives access to directories or folders on remote
computers and allows software, data and text files to be transferred
between different kinds of computers.
• FTP is just a way of transferring data from one place to another
over the Internet. If is often used for downloading large files
from a web site. You do not really need to know anything
about how it works, in most cases you willclick on a link within
a web page, and your web browser (such as Microsoft
Internet Explorer) will take care of the FTP transfer for you, all
you have to decide is where to store the file which you wish to
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
download.
37. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
The basic objectives of FTP are
• to give flexibility and promote sharing of computer
programs, files and data
• to transfer data reliably and more efficiently over
network
• to encourage implicit or indirect use of remote
computers using Internet
• to shield a user from variations in file storage
systems among hosts
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
38. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Telnet (Remote Computing)
• Telnet (Remote Computing)
Telnet or remote computing is telecommunication utility software,
which uses available telecommunication facility and allows you to
become a user on a remote computer. Once you gain access to the
remote computer, you can use it for the intended purpose. The
TELNET works in a very step by step procedure. The commands
typed on the client computer are sent to the local Internet Service
Provider (ISP), and then from the ISP to the remote computer that
you have gained access. Most of the ISP provides facility to TELENET
into your own account from another city and check your e-mail
while you are traveling or away on business College
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University
Credit Hours
39. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
E-Mail (Electronic Mail)
E-mail or Electronic mail is a paperless method of sending messages,
notes or letters from one person to another or even many
people at the same time via Internet. E-mail is very fast compared to
the normal post. E-mail messages usually take only few seconds to
arrive at their destination
Features of E-mail:
• One-to-one or one-to-many communications
• Instant communications
• Physical presence of recipient is not required
• Most inexpensive mail services, 24-hours a day and seven days a week
• Encourages informal communications
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
40. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Voice Messaging
Voice Messaging
It is a new communication approach which is similar to electronic mail except
that it is audio message rather than text messages that are processed. A
sender
speaks into a telephone rather than typing, giving the name of the recipient
and
the message. That sender's voice signal is then digitalised and stored. The
system
can then either deliver the message at a specified time in future or it can be
retrieved from a database by the recipient.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
41. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
E-Commerce
Electronic commerce or e-commerce as it is popularly known refers to the
paperless exchange of business information using Electronic Data
Interchange,
Electronic mail, Electronic Bulletin Boards, Electronic Fund Transfer and other
network based technologies. Electronic Commerce (EC) not only automates
manual process and paper transactions, but it also helps organisations to
move
into a fully electronic environment and change the way they usually operate.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
42. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Internet Important Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
HTTP
URL
Hyperlink
Browser
Cookies
Internet cache
SECURITY
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
43. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
This is the language your web browser uses to
request pages & graphics from the web server.
You can see that your web browser is using
the HTTP protocol when it is shown at the
start of a web address such as
http://www.yahoo.com
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
44. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
• The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is just
another name for a web address.
• The URL consists of the name of the protocol
(usually HTTP or FTP) followed by the address
of the computer you want to connect to, e.g. a
URL of “ftp://ftp.cdrom.com” would instruct
your web browser to use the FTP protocol to
connect to the computer called
ftp.cdrom.com.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
45. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
• URLWorld
Code
Credit Hours
Wide Web Basics
– No spaces and Case sensitive
– HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
– .htm or .html file extension
http://www.cnn.com/showbiz/movies.htm
Web
protocol
standard
Web
Folder
server
D.Balaganesh Lincoln Universityname
College
name
Document name
and filename
extension
46. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Network Addresses
Hostname
A name made up of words separated by dots that
uniquely identifies a computer on the Internet
IP address
An address made up of four one-byte numeric values
separated by dots that uniquely identifies a computer
on the Internet
Is there a correspondence between the parts
of a hostname and an IP address?
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
47. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Host number
Domain Name System
The part of the IP address that specifies a particular
host (machine) on the network Yes, but what is it?
Domain name
The part of a hostname that specifies a specific
organization or group
Top-level domain (TLD)
The last section of a domain name that specifies the
type of organization or its country of origin
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
48. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Domain Name System
matisse.csc.villanova.edu
Computer
name
Domain name
TLD
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
49. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Domain Name System
Figure 15.10 Top-level domains, including some relatively new ones
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
50. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Domain Namethan the United States
System
Organizations based in countries other
use a top-level domain that corresponds to their two-letter
country codes
Do you
email
someone
in another
country?
Figure 15.11
Some of the top-level domain names
based on country codes
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
51. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Domain Name System
Domain name system (DNS)
A distributed system for managing hostname resolution
Domain name server
A computer that attempts to translate a hostname into
an IP address
Should the tables containing hostname/IP
mappings be sorted or unsorted? Why?
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
52. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Domain Name Addressing
• Domain names can include any number of parts separated by
periods, however most domain names currently in use have
only three or four parts.
• Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow
from top to bottom if you read the name from the right to the
left.
• For example, the domain name gsb.uchicago.edu is the
computer connected to the Internet at the Graduate School of
Business (gsb), which is an academic unit of the University of
Chicago (uchicago), which is an educational institution (edu).
• No other computer on the Internet has the same domain name.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
53. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Uniform Resource Locators
Credit Hours
• The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular
computer on the Internet.
• However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML
document resides on that computer.
• To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
• URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web
browser:
What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on
which the file resides
The name of the file
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
54. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators
pathname
protocol
http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm
Domain name
http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
filename
55. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Hyperlink
A hyperlink is a piece of text (or a graphic) on a
Web page, which when clicked on will
automatically:
- Take you to a different part of the same page
- Take you to a different page within the Web
site
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
56. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
What is a web browser?
Web browsing applications include ‘Internet
Explorer’ (from Microsoft) and ‘Netscape
Navigator/Communicator’. In both cases there
are many different versions, and you will find
that the later versions offer much more
versatility as well as a better range of built-in
features. The web browser allows you to view
web pages
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
57. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
• What are cookies?
• Some web sites can store hidden information about you on your hard disk
using cookies. This information is stored in small text file. Cookies can be
useful, for instance, a site may store your preferences about a web site, so
that when you re-visit the site your preferences can be accessed
automatically. Cookies are used by some web sites to identify you; this saves
you having to “log in” to the web site each time you visit.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
58. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
What is an Internet cache?
Each time you display a web site within your web browser, a copy of the
information (both text and pictures) is saved on your hard disk. The reason
for this is that the next time you want to re-visit the site, the information is
quickly loaded from the copy on your hard disk, rather than slowly from the
actual Internet site.
• As pictures are stored in the cache, if you are visiting a site which has many
separate web pages, with say a company logo on each page, then all
subsequent pages from that site will load a little faster as the logo graphics
will load from the cache, not via the Internet
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
59. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
• What is a digital certificate?
• A digital certificate is used to encrypt information for secure transmission
across the Internet. A digital certificate can be used to create a digital
signature for an email, the signature guarantees the identity of sender, and it
also ensures that the message cannot be tampered with in transit. A digital
certificate can be purchased from a certificate authority such as
www.verisign.com who will verify your identity. Digital certificates are used
by Internet based shopping web sites to encrypt your credit card details so
they cannot be intercepted as they travel the Internet. You can view the
digital certificate for a secure web site by double clicking on the padlock in
the web browser status bar, e.g. https://www.paypal.com
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
60. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
• What is encryption?
• Encryption is a means of 'scrambling' an email message. It is used to make
a
message more secure, so that only the intended recipient of the message will
be able to read the message. There are many means of enabling this
encryption, both via hardware and software. A famous encryption program is
called PGP(Pretty Good Privacy)
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
61. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
• What is a firewall?
• A fire wall consists of software and hardware protection against invasion
via
the Internet. In most larger companies any connection to the Internet
automatically goes through a firewall which would have been installed and
customised by the companies technical IT team. In most cases you will be
unaware of the firewall existence.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
62. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Modem Internet Connections
• Dial-up connection via modem (56K)
• Cable modems
– Network card and cable modem required
– Always-on and 25 times faster than dial-up
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
63. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
•
Code
Credit Hours
Faster Internet Connections
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network)
– 64K or 128K
– Always-on and expensive
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
– Up to 125 times faster than dialup
• DSS (Digital Satellite Service)
– 500K
Need proximity to a telephone switching station
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
64. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Network Layer
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
65. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Layered Model: Sending a Letter
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
66. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
•
Code
Credit Hours
OSI Model(Open Systems Interconnection)
ISO is the organization. OSI is the model
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
67. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
•
Code
Credit Hours
Interaction between layers in the OSI model
Layer and interface
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
68. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Physical Layer
• The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from
one hop (node) to the next
• Mechanical and electrical specification, the procedures and functions
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
69. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Physical Layer: Duties
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and
media
• Representation of bits
• Data rate
• Synchronization of bits
• Line configuration
• Physical topology
• Transmission mode
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
70. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from
one hop (node) to the next
• Transform the physical layer to a reliable (error-free) link
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
71. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Data Link Layer: Duties
•
•
•
•
•
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
72. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Network Layer
• The network layer is responsible for the delivery of
packets from the source host to the destination host
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
73. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
•
Code
Network Layer: Duties
Logical addressing and routing
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
74. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Transport Layer
• The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a
message from one process to another
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
75. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Transport Layer: Duties
•
•
•
•
•
Service-point (port) addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Flow control
Error control
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
76. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery of a Message
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
77. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Session Layer
• Session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
78. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Presentation Layer
• Presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
79. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Application Layer
• Application layer is responsible for providing services to
the user
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
80. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
Application Layer: Services
•
•
•
•
Network virtual terminal
Mail services
File transfer, access, and management
Directory services
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
81. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Summary of Layers
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
82. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
OSI layer vs TCP/IP Layer
Credit Hours
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
To divide the services required to perform a task, the
Internet has created a set of rules called protocols. These
allow different local and wide area networks, using
different technologies, to be connected together and
carry a message from one point to another. The set, or
suite, of protocols that controls the Internet today is
referred to as the TCP/IP protocol suite. The
abbreviations (TCP and IP) will become clear as we
explain different protocols.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
83. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
The original TCP/IP
Code
Credit Hours
protocol suite was defined as having
four layers: host-to-network (or link), internet (network),
transport and application.
The TCP/IP protocol suite
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
84. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
TCP/IP and OSI Model
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
85. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
86. Subject Name
Web Design and Fundamentals
Code
Credit Hours
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Host-to-network : Physical and data link layer
– No specific protocol
• Network layer
– IP(Internet Protocl), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol),
RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol),
IGMO(Internet Group Message Protocol)
• Transport layer
– TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP(User Datagram Protocl),
SCTP(Stream Control Transmission Protocol),
• Application Layer
– Combined session, presentation, and application layers
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College