The document discusses dental wax materials and their uses in prosthodontics. It describes different types of waxes like inlay wax and impression wax. The key steps in wax pattern construction are outlined, including adding wax, shaping proximal, axial and occlusal surfaces, and finishing margins. Factors to consider for occlusion like cusp height and schemes are presented. The document provides guidance on tools, techniques and evaluation of wax patterns.

1. By Dr Elsayed Ali
DR EL Sayed Ali

2. DR EL Sayed Ali

3. DR EL Sayed Ali

4. It is a precursor of final restoration
Final restoration can not be better than its wax pattern

5. b. MODIFIER Waxes:
- Hydrocarbon or ester types
c. COLORANT:
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6. Inlay wax
• 1- Type Ι
• (Hard=intra oral)
• 2- Type II
• (Soft= extra oral)
Impression
wax
• 1- Correction
• 2- Bite plate
Processing
wax
• Sticky wax for
joining sprues to sprue
bases
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7. •Paraffin wax (40-60 %)
•Dammar resin: reduces flaking
•Carnauba or bees wax : raise the melting
temp.
•Dyes: to provide color contrast
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8. ● Used with the direct technique for making
patterns in the oral cavity.
● Must not flow appreciably at mouth temperature
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9. ● Used for the indirect fabrication of castings
● So, it must resist the flow at room temperature to
maintain their newly shaped forms.
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10. •1- Be of some color that will contrast easily from the
stone die.
•2- Flows readily when heated without chipping, flaking
or loosing smoothness.
•3- When cooled, it must be rigid.
•4- Accepts addition and capable of being carved
without chipping or distortion.
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11. •5- Has a minimum rate of stress relaxation after
carving and before investing to prevent any
distortion.
•6- Preserves the fine and sharp details till investing
without distortion.
•7- Burnout without leaving any residual ashes that
might contaminate the produced casting.
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14. Pattern is constructed inside patient’s mouth
Indicated for inlays and posts.
Medium or hard wax used
Pattern is constructed outside the patient’s mouth
Pattern is constructed indirectly and fine adjustments
are carried out intra-orally before its casting.
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15. -by heated carver
-Strain collected due to multiple addition=release with
time=deformation
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18. •Bunsen burner
•Electric Waxing set ( Thermo jet)
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19. Wax Carvers
PK Thomas set (1-5)
 #1 &2 for adding
 #3 for occlusal
burnishing
 #4 &5 for carving
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20. - Separating liquid
- Soft wax brush
- Occlusal indicator powder
-Wax gauge (caliper)
- Inlay wax.
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21. Die spacer
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22. •Marking the margins
•The margins should be marked in order to locate it
during wax carving.
•It should be delineated with a contrast coloured pencil
like red for green wax.
•Graphite pencil shouldn’t be used as it can abrade the
die and also act as antiflux.
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23. 1. Coping fabrication.
2. Wax pattern removal and evaluation.
3. Proximal surfaces.
4. Axial surfaces.
5. Occlusal surfaces.
6. Margin finishing.
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24. a) The wax is added  PKT no1 or no 2.
b) Initial layer should be completely molten
c) Subsequent layers of wax are added.
d) Excess wax at the margins should be scrapped of
carefully.
e) Dipping the die in molten wax pot is easiest and
better way to fabricate a coping.
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25. •Removed using the thumb and forefinger with light
grip pressure.
•If the pattern is not coming out the excess wax at the
margin should be trimmed of.
•After it remove the patterns is evaluated
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26. •Wax is added  coping at the
contact area  die is seated back
with wax is in molten state.
•After the wax is hardened the die is
removed and the wax gingival to
the contact area is shaped
accordingly
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28. •The buccal and lingual surfaces are shaped to follow the
contours of adjacent teeth.
•The tooth surface gingival to its height of contour
immediately adjacent to the gingival soft tissues is called
emergence profile, it is usually flat or concave.
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31. •The cusps and ridges of the occlusal surfaces should
be shaped to allow even contact with the opposing
teeth while stabilizing the teeth and directing forces
along their long axes.
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32. DR EL Sayed Ali

33. • The contact of anterior teeth in excursions affects the
movements of the mandible
• Change in morphologic features of anterior restoration can
change the anterior guidance
Increase in vertical overlap- longer cusp and vice versa
Increase in horizontal overlap - shorter cusp and vice versa
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34. Occlusal schemes
•Occlusal schemes are basically classified on the basis
of contact made by the functional cusp on the
opposing tooth in the centric relation:-
1. Cusp to fossa occlusal scheme.
2. Cusp to marginal ridge occlusal scheme.
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35. • Functional cusp contacts  opposing fossa in the centric
relation.
• Tooth to tooth type of arrangement.
• Forces are directed parallel to the long axis of the tooth, thus
minimizing lateral stresses.
• Rarely seen in the natural dentition it can only be given in cases
of full mouth reconstruction.
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36. • Functional cusp contacts  fossa and marginal ridge of opposing
pair of teeth.
• One tooth to two teeth type of an arrangement.
• It is the most commonly found scheme, almost in 95% of adult
patients.
• Hence commonly practiced for constructing single unit
restorations or small span fixed partial dentures.
• It has a disadvantages of causing food impaction.
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38. Cone placement should follow the anteroposterior curve
of Spee so the mandibular cusps should become taller
distally and the maxillary cusps should become shorter.
They should also follow the curve of Wilson when
viewed from the frontal view with the non-functional
cusps slightly shorter than the functional cusp.
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43. Check margin for the following
discrepancies:
- Short margin
- Over waxed margin
- Thick margin
- Open margin
- Ripples

44. Checking wax pattern on the die
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45. Removal of wax pattern
To remove the wax pattern, the die is held by the fingers of the
left hand and the right hand holds the pattern, the die is then
pulled from the pattern by bending the fingers of the left hand.
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46. REFERENCES
Contemporary fixed prosthodontics, Fifth
edition: Wax Patterns, 484-520
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