This is a collage assignment. Sorry for any mistake

1. An Assignment on Water soluble vitamins
in Fish and their significance in human
nutrition
Name –
Roll no –
Presented to :

2. 1
Water soluble vitamins in Fish and their
significance in human nutrition
Introduction : Vitamins play a vital role in many biochemical
functions in the human body and are essential components for
maintaining optimal health. There are two main groups of
vitamins – fat-soluble (easily stored in fat upon absorption) and
water-soluble (washed out and not easily stored). Although
adequate intake of all vitamins is important, regular intake is
required to avoid deficiency due to the transient nature of
water-soluble vitamins. The water-soluble vitamins include
Vitamin C and Vitamin B complex (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin,
pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folate, and cobalamin).
All Water-soluble vitamins play a different kind of role in
energy metabolism; they are required as functional parts of
enzymes involved in energy release and storage. Vitamins and
minerals that make up part of enzymes are referred to as
coenzymes and cofactors, respectively.
Types Water Soluble Vitamins :
Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the vitamin
B complex: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic
acid (B5), Vitamin B6, biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), Vitamin B12.
Vitamin A in its Beta-Carotene form is also water-soluble

3. 2
Water Soluble Vitamins found in fish :
1. Niacin(B3)
2. Pantothenic Acid (B5)
3. Pyridoxin (B6)
4. Biotin BIOTIN(B7)
5. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
6. Choline
Niacin (B3): Anorexia, poor growth, reduced feed efficiency, dark
colouration, erratic swimming, muscular spasms while resting
Pantothenic Acid (B5): Anorexia, reduced growth, gill
necrosis/clubbing, high mortality, pale gill and liver, anaemia,
Pyridoxin (B6): Nervous disorders, hyperirritability, anorexia, ataxia,
erratic and rapid swimming, greenish-blue colouration of skin, anaemia,
rapid and gasping breathing
Biotin (B7): Anorexia, reduced growth, increased mortality, poor feed
efficiency, blue-slime disease (brook trout only), lesions in the colon,
thick gill lamellae, pale gills
Folic Acid (B9): Anaemia, poor growth, anorexia, lethargy, dark
colouration, pale gills and liver, exopthalmia, distended abdomen with
ascites fluid
Vitamin B12(Cobalamin): Anorexia, reduced growth, anaemia,
fragmented erythrocytes, poor feed efficiency, dark pigmentation
Choline: Reduced growth, fatty liver, poor feed efficiency,
haemorrhagic kidney and intestine

4. 3
SIGNIFICANCE IN HUMAN NUTRITION -
Vitamin Sources
Recommen
ded Intake
for adults
Major
Functions
Deficiency
diseases and
symptoms
Groups at
risk of
deficiency
Toxicity UL
Vitamin C
(ascorbic
acid)
Orange
juice ,
Black
currants
(highst)
75-90
mg/day
Antioxidant,
collagen
synthesis
Scurvy,
bleeding
gums
Smokers,
alcoholics,
Kidney
stones,
GI
distress,
diarrhea
2000
mg/day
Thiamin
(B1)
Pork,
enriched
1.1-1.2
mg/day
Coenzyme:
assists in
glucose
metabolism
Beriberi:
fatigue,
confusion,
Alcoholics
,
None
reported
ND
Riboflavin
(B2)
Beef liver,
enriched
breakfast
cereals
1.1-1.3
mg/day
Coenzyme:
assists in
glucose
Ariboflavino
sis: dry scaly
skin
None
None
reported
ND
Niacin (B3) Meat,fish,
14-16
NE/day
Coenzyme:
assists in
glucose
Pellagra:
diarrhea
Alcoholics
Nausea,
rash,
35
mg/day
Pantothenic
Acid (B5)
Sunflower
seeds,
fish, dairy
products
5 mg/day
Coenzyme:
assists in
glucose, fat,
Muscle
numbness
and pain,
fatigue,
irritability
Alcoholics
Fatigue,
rash
ND

5. 4
Pyridoxine
(B6)
Meat,
poultry,
fish,
1.3-1.7
mg/day
Coenzyme;
assists in
amino-acid
synthesis
Muscle
weakness,
dermatitis,
mouth sores,
fatigue
Alcoholics
Nerve
damage
100
mg/day
Biotin(B7)
Egg yolks,
fish, pork,
nuts and
seeds
30 mcg/day
Coenzyme;
assists in
glucose, fat
Muscle
weakness,
dermatitis,
fatigue, hair
loss
Those
consuming
raw egg
whites
None
reported
ND
Folate(B9)
Leafy
green
vegetables
400
mcg/day
Coenzyme;
amino acid
synthesis
Diarrhea,
mouth sores,
confusion,
anemia,
neural-tube
defects
Pregnant
women,
alcoholics
Masks
B12
deficienc
y
1000
mcg/
day
B12(cobala
min)
Meats,
poultry,
fish
2.4
mcg/day
Coenzyme;
fat and
protein
catabolism
Muscle
weakness,
sore tongue,
anemia,
nerve
damage
Vegans,
elderly
None
reported
ND
Choline
Egg yolk,
wheat,
meat, fish,
synthesis
in the
body
425-550
mg/day
Synthesis of
neurotransmi
tters and cell
membranes,
lipid
transport
Non-
alcoholic
fatty liver
disease
None
Liver
damage,
excessive
sweating,
hypotens
ion
3500
mg/day

6. 5
 Conclusion :
Although the vitamins included in this classification are
all water-soluble, the degree to which they dissolve in water is
variable. This property influences the route of absorption, their
excretion, and their degree of tissue storage and distinguishes
them from fat-soluble vitamins, which are handled and stored
differently by the body. The active forms and the accepted
nomenclature of individual vitamins in each vitamin group are
given in the table. The water-soluble vitamins are vitamin C
(ascorbic acid) and the B vitamins, which include thiamin
(vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), vitamin B6, niacin (nicotinic
acid), vitamin B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, and biotin. These
relatively simple molecules contain the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen; some also contain nitrogen, sulfur, or
cobalt.
 Reference :
The following information about the topic is collected
from Wikipedia and Google pages.

7. 6
A set of 10 Multiple Choice Questions with answer keys from the course.
1.Which of the following food sources has the highest levels of vitamin C
(a) Parsle (b) Broccoli (c) Black currants (d) Orange juice Sol: (c) Black currants.
2.Which of the following vitamin deficiency causes Beriberi?
(a) Vitamin B1 (b) Vitamin B2 (c) Vitamin B6 (d) Vitamin B12 Sol: (a) Vitamin B1.
3. Which vitamin helps form fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and odontoblasts?
(a) B12 (b) B6 (c) Folic Acid (d) Vitamin C Sol:(c)Vitamin C
4. Which of the following is a component of the coenzyme A?
(a) Retinol (b) Pyridoxine (c) Retinoic acid (d) Pantothenic acid Sol: (d) Pantothenic acid
5. Which of the following nutrient deficiency causes megaloblastic anaemia?
(a) Folic acid (b) Niacin (c) Pyridoxine (d) Cobalamin Sol:(a) Folic acid.
6..Which is Another Name of Cobalamin
(a)Vitamin B12 (b) Vitamin B6 (c) Vitamin B2 (d) Vitamin B11 Sol : (a) Vitamin B12
7. Which vitamin is only present in animal foods?
(a) Niacin (b) Cobalamin (c) Vitamin C (d) Thiamine Sol : (b) Cobalamin
8. Which contain sulfur ?
(a) Thiamin B1 (b) Riboflavin (c) Niacin (d) Cobalamin Sol (a) Thiamin B1
9. Too Little Niacin is called what ?
(a) Scurvy (b) Pellagra (c) Beri Beri (d)Pernicious Anemia Sol :(b) Pellagra
10. Which vitamin is only present in animal foods?
(a) B12 (b)B6 (c)B2 (d)B10 Sol : (a) B12