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Digestion in poultry birds

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Sabal Pokharel

1. Poultry have an efficient digestive system that allows for fast eating and digestion, with waste expelled as feces but not urine. 2. Their digestive process involves the mouth, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, and caeca where carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids. 3. Accessory digestive glands like the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas secrete enzymes and hormones like gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin to aid digestion in the various parts of the system.

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DIGESTION IN POULTRY Presenter • Ishwor Koirala • Sabal Pokharel
INTRODUCTION ■ Omnivores in nature. (Green grass, herbs, seeds and insects like grasshopper, fly) ■ Fast eating and efficient digestion. ■ Only defecation, no urination. ■ Normal chicken poop can range from all shades of brown, to green, yellow or even black. ■ Urine consists of mainly uric acid and nitrogenous wastes.
Digestive process in Poultry CARBOHYDRATE (Starch) PROTEIN FAT MOUTH Maltose (ByAmyalse) STOMACH (Main site of digestion) Peptides (By Proteases) SMALL INTESTINE (Main site of absorption) Glucose (ByAmylase and Maltase) Amino acid (By peptidases) Fatty acids (By bile salts and lipases)
Parts of the digestive system ■ Mouth ■ Pharynx ■ Esophagus ■ Crop ■ Proventriculus ■ Gizzard ■ Small intestine ■ Caeca ■ Large intestine ■ Cloaca ■ Vent
Fig: Digestive parts of chicken
Accessory Digestive Glands ■ Salivary gland ■ Liver ■ Pancreas
Mouth - No teeth and jaws are covered by beak. - Beak acts as the major prehensile organ. - No proper mechanical digestion. - Poultry salivary gland >Mammalian salivary gland - Food stays for very short time in the mouth cavity. - 7 to 25 ml of saliva is secreted in a day. - Saliva has pH of 6 to 7.5 and is rich in mucus with very little amylase. Pharynx - Acts the connection between mouth and esophagus.
Esophagus - Helps in the transportation by the help of peristalsis and the extension of neck with secretion of mucus. Crop - Acts as the container for the storage of food and water. - Food can stored for 24 hours but is passed out in 1 to 2 hours. - Hunger increases once the crop is empty and ingestion resumes. - Little digestion by salivary amylase.
Stomach Proventriculus ■ - Aka true stomach as it resembles the stomach of non- ruminants. ■ - Glandular portion as its secrets mucus, Hcl and pepsinogen for the chemical digestion of food. ■ - Produces gastric juice (pepsinogen + HCl) ■ - More acidic than human.
Stomach ■ Gizzard ■ - Aka ventriculus which helps in mechanical digestion. ■ - Muscular and non-glandular organ which helps in grinding of the food. ■ -The gizzard is lined with simple columnar epithelium covered by a ■ hardened membrane called Koilin layer. ■ - Its consists of small stones called grits for better digestion.
Gastrointestinal Hormones in the Chickens Hormone Site of origin Biological activities Gastrin Proventriculus Stimulates gastric acid and pepsin secretion Cholecystokinin Duodenum, Jejunum Stimulates gall-bladder contraction, Pancreatic enzyme secretion and Gastric acid secretion Secretin Duodenum, Jejunum Stimulates bicarbonate secretion by pancreas Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreas, Proventriculus, Duodenum Stimulates gastric acid and pepsin secretion Gastrin realeasing peptide Proventriculus Stimulates Pancreatic enzyme secreton and Crop contraction Somatostatin Pancreas, Gizzard, Proventriculus, Duodenum, Ileum Inhibits secretion of other gut hormones
Small intestine - Divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum. -The proximal small intestine receives bile from liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas and help in digestion of chyme. -The major absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine along with the digestion of chyme. - Main intestinal juice are amylase, invertase and trypsin. Caeca - Are the blind-ended sacs between small intestine and large intestine - Helps in the bacterial fermentation and digestion of crude fibers, carbohydrate and proteins. Large intestine - Helps to maintain water level by water absorption and make the waste dry.
ENZYMES SECRETED BY INTESTINES
Cloaca - It is the enlarged area located at the end of large intestine. - It is also known as common sewer because it receives the opening from digestive system, urinary system and reproductive system. -The undigested waste and higly concentrated, semisolid urine gets mixed and is carried out through vent. Vent - It acts as the external opening of the cloaca. The waste products can be used as a good fertilizer after aging in a compost.

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Digestion in poultry birds

  • 1. DIGESTION IN POULTRY Presenter • Ishwor Koirala • Sabal Pokharel
  • 2. INTRODUCTION ■ Omnivores in nature. (Green grass, herbs, seeds and insects like grasshopper, fly) ■ Fast eating and efficient digestion. ■ Only defecation, no urination. ■ Normal chicken poop can range from all shades of brown, to green, yellow or even black. ■ Urine consists of mainly uric acid and nitrogenous wastes.
  • 3. Digestive process in Poultry CARBOHYDRATE (Starch) PROTEIN FAT MOUTH Maltose (ByAmyalse) STOMACH (Main site of digestion) Peptides (By Proteases) SMALL INTESTINE (Main site of absorption) Glucose (ByAmylase and Maltase) Amino acid (By peptidases) Fatty acids (By bile salts and lipases)
  • 4. Parts of the digestive system ■ Mouth ■ Pharynx ■ Esophagus ■ Crop ■ Proventriculus ■ Gizzard ■ Small intestine ■ Caeca ■ Large intestine ■ Cloaca ■ Vent
  • 5. Fig: Digestive parts of chicken
  • 6. Accessory Digestive Glands ■ Salivary gland ■ Liver ■ Pancreas
  • 7. Mouth - No teeth and jaws are covered by beak. - Beak acts as the major prehensile organ. - No proper mechanical digestion. - Poultry salivary gland >Mammalian salivary gland - Food stays for very short time in the mouth cavity. - 7 to 25 ml of saliva is secreted in a day. - Saliva has pH of 6 to 7.5 and is rich in mucus with very little amylase. Pharynx - Acts the connection between mouth and esophagus.
  • 8. Esophagus - Helps in the transportation by the help of peristalsis and the extension of neck with secretion of mucus. Crop - Acts as the container for the storage of food and water. - Food can stored for 24 hours but is passed out in 1 to 2 hours. - Hunger increases once the crop is empty and ingestion resumes. - Little digestion by salivary amylase.
  • 9. Stomach Proventriculus ■ - Aka true stomach as it resembles the stomach of non- ruminants. ■ - Glandular portion as its secrets mucus, Hcl and pepsinogen for the chemical digestion of food. ■ - Produces gastric juice (pepsinogen + HCl) ■ - More acidic than human.
  • 10. Stomach ■ Gizzard ■ - Aka ventriculus which helps in mechanical digestion. ■ - Muscular and non-glandular organ which helps in grinding of the food. ■ -The gizzard is lined with simple columnar epithelium covered by a ■ hardened membrane called Koilin layer. ■ - Its consists of small stones called grits for better digestion.
  • 11. Gastrointestinal Hormones in the Chickens Hormone Site of origin Biological activities Gastrin Proventriculus Stimulates gastric acid and pepsin secretion Cholecystokinin Duodenum, Jejunum Stimulates gall-bladder contraction, Pancreatic enzyme secretion and Gastric acid secretion Secretin Duodenum, Jejunum Stimulates bicarbonate secretion by pancreas Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreas, Proventriculus, Duodenum Stimulates gastric acid and pepsin secretion Gastrin realeasing peptide Proventriculus Stimulates Pancreatic enzyme secreton and Crop contraction Somatostatin Pancreas, Gizzard, Proventriculus, Duodenum, Ileum Inhibits secretion of other gut hormones
  • 12. Small intestine - Divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum. -The proximal small intestine receives bile from liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas and help in digestion of chyme. -The major absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine along with the digestion of chyme. - Main intestinal juice are amylase, invertase and trypsin. Caeca - Are the blind-ended sacs between small intestine and large intestine - Helps in the bacterial fermentation and digestion of crude fibers, carbohydrate and proteins. Large intestine - Helps to maintain water level by water absorption and make the waste dry.
  • 14. Cloaca - It is the enlarged area located at the end of large intestine. - It is also known as common sewer because it receives the opening from digestive system, urinary system and reproductive system. -The undigested waste and higly concentrated, semisolid urine gets mixed and is carried out through vent. Vent - It acts as the external opening of the cloaca. The waste products can be used as a good fertilizer after aging in a compost.