Sustainable Water Solutions, LLC is is a multi-discipline group of highly experienced and innovative water industry professionals who focus on providing the most complete, efficient and effective water reuse, water recycling, and process fluid treatment solutions available today.
CHEMTEX SPECIALITY LTD - Exporter, Manufacturer, Service Provider, Supplier of Cooling Tower Water Treatment Chemicals Condenser Descalant,Condenser Water Antiscalant,Cooling Tower Algaecide,Cooling Tower Antiscalant,Cooling Tower Biocide,Cooling Water Biocide,Cooling Water Biodispersant,Cooling Water Scale And Corrosion Inhibitor,D.g.set Cooling Water Dispersant And Antifoulant, India
Get more details visit us : http://www.speciality-chemicals.net/cooling-tower-water-treatment-chemicals.html
CHEMTEX SPECIALITY LTD - Exporter, Manufacturer, Service Provider, Supplier of Cooling Tower Water Treatment Chemicals Condenser Descalant,Condenser Water Antiscalant,Cooling Tower Algaecide,Cooling Tower Antiscalant,Cooling Tower Biocide,Cooling Water Biocide,Cooling Water Biodispersant,Cooling Water Scale And Corrosion Inhibitor,D.g.set Cooling Water Dispersant And Antifoulant, India
Get more details visit us : http://www.speciality-chemicals.net/cooling-tower-water-treatment-chemicals.html
To cope with major changes in policy, climate and population, Degrémont Australia can help operators of thermal power plants (coal, lignite, fuel oil, gas, biomass, biogas, nuclear and solar) meet key objectives.
http://www.degremont.com.au/
Green buildings : Challange in Operation and MaintenanceTejwant Navalkar
The paper looks at the existing maintenance practices with some telling pictures and goes on to suggest changes in the approach to maintenance in line with the Green Building requirements.
A brief insight of what goes to make a building green is given to put the challenges in Operation and Maintenance in proper perspective.
Municipalities use TIGG’s water treatment equipment all across the United States and Canada. Our experts work with consulting firms, engineers and local water authorities to design and manufacture integrated adsorption systems for the removal of drinking water contaminates such as disinfection byproducts, metals, organics and solids through the use of granular activated carbon, sand, multi-media, and resins.
TIGG’s activated carbon adsorption and filtration equipment allows municipal water providers to ensure their customers' drinking water meets or exceeds EPA regulatory guidelines. TIGG can custom design an integrated filtration system to meet your municipal drinking water treatment needs or you can shop our standard municipal drinking water filtration systems:
New Technology for Cleaning both Open Loop and Closed Loop systems for large Chiller and Cooling Tower systems. This removed suspended solids and controls dissolved solids, to yield both water and energy savings to give an 18 month ROI.
Property Developers, after a slow start, acknowledged the concept of development lifetime costing and swiftly realized the need to review their project, its components to accommodate sustainability as a driver of the engineering systems. The presentation sheds light on most Engineering systems explored including Energy and water Efficiencies through both Passive Design and Active Designs, District Cooling , Alternative Energy like Cogeneration, Solar Harvesting and Geothermal Energy with some highlights on Transportation, Parking, Foundations and Geotechnical Investigation
To cope with major changes in policy, climate and population, Degrémont Australia can help operators of thermal power plants (coal, lignite, fuel oil, gas, biomass, biogas, nuclear and solar) meet key objectives.
http://www.degremont.com.au/
Green buildings : Challange in Operation and MaintenanceTejwant Navalkar
The paper looks at the existing maintenance practices with some telling pictures and goes on to suggest changes in the approach to maintenance in line with the Green Building requirements.
A brief insight of what goes to make a building green is given to put the challenges in Operation and Maintenance in proper perspective.
Municipalities use TIGG’s water treatment equipment all across the United States and Canada. Our experts work with consulting firms, engineers and local water authorities to design and manufacture integrated adsorption systems for the removal of drinking water contaminates such as disinfection byproducts, metals, organics and solids through the use of granular activated carbon, sand, multi-media, and resins.
TIGG’s activated carbon adsorption and filtration equipment allows municipal water providers to ensure their customers' drinking water meets or exceeds EPA regulatory guidelines. TIGG can custom design an integrated filtration system to meet your municipal drinking water treatment needs or you can shop our standard municipal drinking water filtration systems:
New Technology for Cleaning both Open Loop and Closed Loop systems for large Chiller and Cooling Tower systems. This removed suspended solids and controls dissolved solids, to yield both water and energy savings to give an 18 month ROI.
Property Developers, after a slow start, acknowledged the concept of development lifetime costing and swiftly realized the need to review their project, its components to accommodate sustainability as a driver of the engineering systems. The presentation sheds light on most Engineering systems explored including Energy and water Efficiencies through both Passive Design and Active Designs, District Cooling , Alternative Energy like Cogeneration, Solar Harvesting and Geothermal Energy with some highlights on Transportation, Parking, Foundations and Geotechnical Investigation
Eqobrush Energy Performance Contract for ChinaHubert Poels
Learn how Eqobrush continuous chiller cleaning system helps to improve energy efficiency in Chinese buildings without investment. By avoiding the settlement of any fouling the chillers keep running at optimal performance at all times and >10% electricity can easily be saved.
Any building operator running water-cooled chillers feel free to contact us and apply.
Barangaroo South District Cooling Plant (DCP) Fact SheetDeanDallwitz
Something I'm pretty proud of. Heat load still growing as the precinct gets built out, but already hitting CoP's HVAC Engineers only dream about. This is a major contributor to the Carbon Neutral, Zero Waste and Water Positive commitments for the Barangaroo South District and a bespoke project I led with some very talented Lendlease engineers. Yes designed by Lendlease and built by Lendlease. This is the only one like it in the world!
In Indian industry pay huge cost on hard water scale processing, It ha been estimated at between 280 to 310 crore annually. The hard problem is very serious in Industry. As everyone knows, water hardness is due to various dissolved salts, mainly carbonates and sulfates such as those of calcium and magnesium, which when heated produces an insoluble precipitate of scale-forming. Scale formation affects performance
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
2. The Data on Water
•
As data centers get larger, they are getting thirstier as well. The enormous volume of water required to cool high-density cloud computing server farms is making water management a growing priority for data center operators. A 15-megawatt data center can use up to 360,000 gallons of water a day, according to James Hamilton, a data center designer and researcher at Amazon.com.
3. The Data on Water
•
Hospitals on average use 136,000 gallons of water / year / bed for cooling
4. Chiller Facts
This article has been published in Maintenance Technology and Hotel Engineer Magazines.
•
Chillers are the single largest energy-using component in most facilities, and can typically consume over 50% of the electrical usage.
•
Chillers use approximately 20% of the total electrical power generated in North America
•
U.S. Department of Energy estimates that chillers expend up to 30% in additional energy through inefficiency.
•
With over 100,000 chillers in the United States alone, inefficiency costs industry billions of dollars in energy annually.
•
Chillers running inefficiently also result in decreased equipment reliability, increased maintenance intervals and shortened lifespan. The slightest decrease in chiller performance can have a major impact on efficiency.
•
For instance, every 1°F increase in condenser water temperature above full load design can decrease chiller efficiency by 1% to 2%.
•
A failing or neglected water treatment program can reduce efficiency 10% to 35% or more in extreme cases.
5. Cities That Could Run Out of H2
1.
San Antonio
2.
Miami
3.
Lincoln NE
4.
San Jose
5.
San Diego
6.
LA /Long Beach/Santa Anna
7.
Salt Lake
8.
Riverside
9.
Mission Viejo
10.
El Paso
6. Measuring
•
The metric for water usage in the data center is defined at a high level as Water Usage Effectiveness or WUE
Annual Water Usage
IT Equipment Energy
•The units of WUE are liters/kilowatt-hour (L/kWh).
•IT Equipment Energy. This includes the load associated with all of the IT equipment, including computer, storage, and network equipment, along with supplemental equipment such as KVM switches, monitors, and workstations/laptops used to monitor or otherwise control the data center
•“We think that 0.22 L/kWh is a great result, but it should be noted that the WUE concept is fairly new and, to our knowledge, no one else has publicly reported WUE yet,” writes Facebook’s Daniel Lee. “
7. Definitions
•
1 ppm
–
1 Lb. of something / 1,000,000 Lbs. of something
–
Ex 1 pounds antiscale / 1,000,000 Lbs water
–
10 pounds antiscale / 1,000,000 Lbs water
–
Our Dose of antiscale
•
100 – 200 pounds antiscale / 1,000,000 Lbs water
•
10 – 20 / 100,000
•
1 - 2/ 10,000
•
2 – 4 / 20,000 Find 2 guys at an average a’s game
•
Q or Heat Flux = BTU / Sq. Ft. / Hr
•
1 Tn Refrigeration = 12,000 BTU / Hr rejected
•
Cycles = How many times a feed water is concentrated up
•
Bleed = water removed from the system to control cycles
8. Definitions
•
Heat exchangers were initially developed to use plain (or smooth) heat transfer surfaces.
–
An Enhanced heat transfer surface has a special surface geometry that provides a higher thermal performance, per unit base surface area than a plain surface.
Internal Enhancement
External Enhancement
9. Chillers
•
What is a Chiller?
–
A chiller is a water-cooled air conditioning system that cools inside air, creating a more comfortable and productive environment.
–
Chillers are also used in the manufacturing environment to provide "process" cooling to equipment in an effort to maximize productivity.
•
With large facilities, such as commercial buildings, hospitals, universities, government facilities and theme parks, the cost of energy to generate cooling in excess of 50 tons is cost prohibitive with air-cooled units.
•
Water-cooled chillers produce higher tonnage at lower costs per ton, creating greater energy efficiency.
•
Typical Home
–
has 3-5 tons of cooling capacity.
•
Typical Data Center
–
has 300 – 1000 + tns cooling
–
Older = smaller
–
Newer = larger
•
Typical Hospital
–
has 2 – 5 tns / bed
10. Chillers
•
How a Complete Chiller System Works
–
Chillers circulate chilled water to air-handlers in order to transfer heat from air to water.
–
This water then returns to the evaporator side of the chiller where the heat is passed from the water to a liquid refrigerant (freon).
–
The refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a cold vapor and enters the compressor where it is compressed into a hot vapor.
–
Upon leaving the compressor, the vapor enters the condenser side of the chiller where heat is transferred from the refrigerant to the water side of the condenser where it is circulated to an open cooling tower for the final removal of heat via evaporation in the cooling tower.
Closed Chilled Water Loop
Open Tower Water Loop
Potential Fouling Points On Water Side
11. Fouling
•
240 ton chiller
–
Greg Bush Regional Services Lead for Americas
•
SAP GFM Data Center Services
•
Regional Energy Manager for Americas
–
In the case of SAP at $0.15 kWH
–
$5,600.00 a year in wasted electricity per degree approach fowling. This is a meter verified number.
•
Chiller in study has efficiency of .65 Kw per ton annualized.
EPA statement said a 1000 ton chiller at $0.11 per kWH is $10,000.00 a year of wasted energy per degree fouling
12. Chiller Efficiency
•
Chiller efficiency is the amount of energy (electricity) it takes to produce a "ton" of cooling. It is expressed as kw/ton.
–
All chillers have a designed kw/ton efficiency that was established when the chiller was commissioned.
–
Plant design, water treatment, maintenance practices, chiller age, cooling tower design, cooling load and plant operations dramatically effect chiller operating efficiency and operating costs.
•A chiller "operator" is known by several titles, including Stationary Engineer, HVAC Engineer and Service Technician.
–Operation and maintenance includes collecting and logging data from various gauges, controls and meters located on or near the chiller.
•There are essentially three types of maintenance performed on chillers;
–Water chemistry is maintained to keep proper balance and minimize the effects of scale, corrosion and micro-biological / debris fouling.
–Mechanical maintenance includes proper lubrication, adequate liquid refrigerant, oil levels and pump curve tests.
–Operational procedures include eddy-current tests, oil analysis, calibration of gauges and meters and other various tests.
13. Improving Chiller Efficiency
•
The best way to provide precise data, obtain concrete results and minimize problems
is to verify flow rates to the chiller for tonnage measurements and other
calculations to determine efficiency.
Four methods for determining flow are
inline flow meter, external flow meter, delta pressure and delta temperature.
•
The use of delta temperature along with a flow meter or delta pressure gauge creates a powerful diagnostic tool that can detect problems affecting efficiency in the chiller system.
•
Increase the Chill Water Temperature and Lower the Entering Condenser Water Temperature For constant speed chillers, every 1°F increase in chill water temperature can increase chiller energy efficiency 1 to 2%. For variable speed chillers, every 1°F increase in chill water temperature can result in a 2 to 4% efficiency increase.
•
Take advantage of wet bulb conditions in the cooling tower system to lower the chiller's entering condenser water temperature. This can result in a 1 to 1.5% efficiency improvement for every 1°F below the chiller full load design.
14. Improving Chiller Efficiency
•
A good water treatment program is a necessity for efficiency. Maintaining the proper water treatment will prevent costly problems.
–
If a problem(s) already exists, take the necessary steps to correct it immediately.
•
Biocide and Scale/Corrosion Protection
–
A water treatment program provides a biocide program that minimizes microbiological growth along with excellent scale/corrosion protection.
–
Microbes, if not properly controlled, can cause numerous problems, such as forming sticky slime deposits in the tube bundle of a chiller, possibly reducing heat transfer efficiency 15% or more.
–
The situation can be compounded by the formation of permanent scale or iron deposits on the sticky site. If this occurs, an additional 10 to 20% loss in heat transfer efficiency may result.
16. Pitting
•
All forms of corrosion, with the exception of some types of high- temperature corrosion, occur through the action of the electrochemical cell.
•
The elements that are common to all corrosion cells are:
–
An anode where oxidation and metal loss occur,
–
A cathode where reduction and protective effects occur,
–
Metallic and electrolytic ( system water ) paths between the anode and cathode through which electronic and ionic current flows,
–
A potential difference that drives the cell.
•
The driving potential may be the result of differences between the characteristics of dissimilar metals, surface conditions, and the environment, including chemical concentrations.
17. Pitting
•
Pitting corrosion is a localized form of corrosion by which cavities or "holes" are produced in the material.
•
Pitting is considered to be more dangerous than uniform corrosion damage because it is more difficult to detect, predict and design against.
•
Corrosion products often cover the pits.
–
A small, narrow pit with minimal overall metal loss can lead to the failure of an entire engineering system.
–
Pitting corrosion, which, for example, is almost a common denominator of all types of localized corrosion attack, may assume different shapes.
•
Pitting is initiated by:
–
Localized chemical or mechanical damage to the protective oxide film; water chemistry factors which can cause breakdown of a passive film are acidity, low dissolved oxygen concentrations (which tend to render a protective oxide film less stable) and high concentrations of chloride (as in seawater)
–
Localized damage to, or poor application of, a protective coating
–
The presence of non-uniformities in the metal structure of the component, e.g. nonmetallic inclusions.
•
Theoretically, a local cell that leads to the initiation of a pit can be caused by
–
an abnormal anodic site ( under a deposit ) surrounded by normal surface which acts as a cathode,
–
or by the presence of an abnormal cathodic site surrounded by a normal surface in which a pit will have disappeared due to corrosion.
18. Theory
•
Water Chemistry
–
Lack of proper water treatment chemistry allows deposits to occur
–
Ca, Mg, Fe
–
Deposits cause corrosion
–
Corrosion products cause more deposits / corrosion with out proper treatment
19. Observations
•
Corrosion
•
Corrosion Products
•
Corrosion products covered with scale
•
Scale is chips off and anode is formed
•
Small anode
•
Combined with large cathode
•Pitting is expected
20. Alternatives
•
Do Nothing
•
Dolphin and or Magnets
–
Relies on Low Cycles
•
Wastes Water
•
Deposits
•
Corrosion
•
Softeners
–
Improper water chemistry results in corrosion
•
Other Water Treatment Companies
–
Low degree of monitoring
–
Disincentive to provide service
21. Traditional Water Treatment
•
Monitored
–
Conductivity
–
pH
•
Controlled
–
pH
–
Conductivity
–
Antiscale pump on and off
22. Dolphin
•
Controls nothing
•
Tower is bled to keep
–
Cycles Low
–
Water Use High
•
Essentially once through cooling
23. Softeners
Softeners are not recommended for galvanized towers
•
Historically, maximum service life was obtained by maintaining the chemistry of the circulating water at an essentially neutral state (pH of 6.5 to 9.0) and allowing the natural formation of a protective, light crystalline film on the zinc surface which retarded the formation of white rust.
•
While there is still some disagreement on the actual cause of the recent increase in reported cases of "white rust", various water treatment experts are concluding that some of the newer, higher alkaline, treatment chemistries actually inhibit the formation of protective films on the galvanized surface and thus allow the development of white rust.
•
There are also indications that soft water (less than 30 ppm total hardness), when combined with these high pH conditions, can exacerbate the problem.
26. Nereus On Line Chemistry
•
Conductivity
–
Controls cycles of concentration
•
pH
–
Controls alkalinity / LSI / Scale
•
ORP
–
Controls biocide feed
–
Biological control
•
Antiscalant
–
Controls scale
•
Ca
•
Si
•
Fe
27. Nereus On Line Meters
•
Make Up
–
Water Use and cost
•
Bleed
–
Sewer discharge and cost
•
Recirculation
–
Supply to Heat Exchangers
•
Temperature
–
Air Dry
–
Air Wet bulb
–
Heat exchanger supply water
–
Heat exchanger return water
–
Refrigerant condensing temperature
•
Chemical inventory levels
•
Chemical feed rate
29. Nereus Calculations
•
Tower
–
Efficiency and efficiency vs design
–
Approach and approach vs design
–
Delta T and delta T vs design
•
Heat Exchanger
–
Approach and approach vs design
–
Heat Flux in BTU / Sq. Ft. / Hr. and Heat flux vs design
–
$ lost due to fouling
•
Today / this Month / YTD
•
Yr over Yr
•
Water
–
$ / Day, Month, Yr
–
$ vs budget Day / Month / Yr
–
Yr over Yr
•
Sewer
–
$ / Day, Month, Yr
–
$ vs budget Day / Month / Yr
–
Yr over Yr
•
Chemical
–
% Tank level
–
$ / Day, Month, Yr
–
$ vs budget Day / Month / Yr
–
Yr over Yr
30. Nereus Calculations
•
Refrigeration tns on line
•
Refrigeration as a % of design max
•
Cost / Tn of refrigeration for
–
Water actual / actual vs budget / Yr vs Yr
–
Sewer actual / actual vs budget / Yr vs Yr
–
Chemical actual / actual vs budget / Yr vs Yr
–
Power actual / actual vs budget / Yr vs Yr
•
Refrigeration Efficiency
–
Kw / Tn refrigeration actual / actual vs budget / Yr vs Yr
32. Cooling Inhibitor 1140 D ( Die Traced ) Contains
–
BZT
•
BZT is a corrosion inhibitor and/or yellow metal deactivator based on 1,2,3- benzotrizole.
–
BZT prevents corrosion of yellow metals such as copper, copper alloys, bronze, and other metals.
–
BZT inhibits the corrosion of steel, cast iron, cadmium and nickel alloys under certain conditions.
–
BZT reduces the corrosive influence of copper ions on various metals.
–
HEDP
•
HEDP is an organophosphoric acid corrosion / scale inhibitor.
–
HEDP can chelate with Fe, Cu, and Zn ions to form stable chelating compounds.
–
HEDP shows excellent scale and corrosion inhibition effects under temperature 250℃.
–
HEDP has good chemical stability under high pH value, hard to be hydrolyzed, and hard to be decomposed under ordinary light and heat conditions.
–
HEDP acid/alkali and chlorine oxidation tolerance are better than that of other organophosphoric acids (salt).
–
HEDP can react with metal ions in water systems to form hexa-element chelating complex, with calcium ion in particular.
–
PBTC
•
PBTC acts as a crystal modifying agent and threshold inhibitor for calcium and other metal salts.
–
PBTC is widely used in industry as a sequestering agent and calcium carbonate scale inhibitor.
–
In systems that utilize oxidizing microbiocides, such as bromine, PBTC exhibits superior stability under oxidizing conditions compared to other organophosphonate compounds.
–
Silica Control Polymer
•
ACUMER 5000 is a proprietary multifunctional polymer with a molecular weight of 5000 that provides outstanding silica and magnesium silicate scale inhibition.
–
ACUMER 5000 prevents silica-based scale formation by dispersing colloidal silica and by preventing magnesium silicate scale formation at heat transfer surfaces
36. Getting Started
•
No Cost to Client
–
Water Samples provided to SWS LLC
•
City & Tower
–
System Information
•
Cost
–
Water, Sewer, Power, Descaling
–
Tns total system design
–
% Load On Line
»
Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer
»
Days in each season
•
Output with in 2 weeks
–
Savings available, Cap Ex, Op Ex
•
Process guarantee
–
$ savings will be delivered
–
System will operate with less scale than is currently the case
–
System will operate with less corrosion than is currently the case
–
System will operate with less energy than is currently the case