It mainly focused on the types of diseases spread through the water and what are their causitive agent, classifications impact on human health and many more

1. Kuvempu university
Sahyadri science college
PG department of biotechnology
Shivamogga
Topic: water borne diseases
Presented by
Raghav U V
Ist MSc Ist semester
PG department of Biotechnology
Sahyadri science college
Shivmogga
Under the guidance of
Ms. Syed Misba Fathima
Lecturer
PG department of biotechnology
Sahyadri science college
Shivmogga

2. Water borne diseases
• Disease acquired by drinking water contaminated at its source or
in the distribution system , or by direct contact with
environmental and recreational waters,
Water borne diseases results from
-Infection with pathogenic microorganisms.
-chemical poisoning.
According to the WHO , such diseases account for an estimated
4.1%of the total daily global burden of disease, and cause about
1.8 million human deaths annually.

3. Classification of water borne diseases
 Water scarce diseases
water scarce disease occur due to the lack of water available for
washing , bathing and cleaning . Hence pathogens are been transmitted from
persons to person and are spread by faecal-oral route
these type of water borne diseases spread when people drink
contaminated water or eat foods that has been prepared with contaminated
water . Common waterborne illness include typhoid , cholera, dysentery and
hepatitis .

4.  Water washed diseases
Water washed diseases are caused by poor personal hygiene that results
from an inadequate supply of clean water. Typical water washed diseases
include shigella. Which is a skin infection and scabies and trachoma. which
are eye infections and highly contagious

5.  Water based diseases
These diseases are transmitted by aquatic hosts, such as worms, they
penetrate the skin while cleaning or bathing with contaminated water. Some hosts
such as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria can enter our body through
unclean drinking water. This can cause Typhoid, which is a form of severe bacterial
infection and causes diarrhea, vomittimg, fever and jaundice

6.  Water related insect vector diseases
These diseases are spread by insects which form habitats on stagnant water
sources, for this reason, the diseases they cause aren’t as related to water as
those more directly transmitted by water
some water related insect vector diseases include malaria, filiariasis, yellow
fever, and river blindness. The most common of these ,Malaria, is transmitted
through the mosquitos which breed on fresh or brackish water

7. Transmission pathway of waterborne diseases

8. Examples for water borne diseases

9. Water borne diseases caused by
chemicals
 Arsenic
 Flouride
 Nitrates from fertilizers
 Carcinogenic pesticides (DDT)
 Lead(from pipes)
 Heavy metals
 Chromium
 Nickel
 Cyanide

10. Health effects
 Arsenic
 Fluoride
 Chlorine
 Iodine
Cancer, vascular disease,liver disease, skin lesions, and
neurological disorders , arsenicosis (high levels of
arsenic(GV=0.01mg/l)
Fluorosis(severe skeletal problems)
cause:high levels of fluorine(GV=1.5mg/l)
Toxic and cause suffcient cell damage in the human body
Enlargement of the thyroid gland and mental retardation

11. Malaria
Malaria is the disease caused by a parasite. The parasite is spread to humans
through the bites of infected mosquitoes.people who have malaria usually feel
very sick with a high fever and shaking chills
Transmission cycle
 Uninfected mosquito. A mosquito becomes infected by feeding on a person
who has malaria.
 Transmission of parasite. If this mosquito bites you in the future, it can
transmit malaria parasites to you.
 In the liver. Once the parasites enter your body, they travel to your liver —
where some types can lie dormant for as long as a year.
 Into the bloodstream. When the parasites mature, they leave the liver and
infect your red blood cells. This is when people typically develop malaria
symptoms.
 On to the next person. If an uninfected mosquito bites you at this point in
the cycle, it will become infected with your malaria parasites and can spread
them to the other people it bites.

12. Preventive measure
 Cover your skin. Wear pants and long-sleeved shirts. Tuck in your shirt, and
tuck pant legs into socks.
 Apply insect repellent to skin. Use an insect repellent registered with the
Environmental Protection Agency on any exposed skin. These include
repellents that contain DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE),
para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) or 2-undecanone. Do not use a spray directly
on your face. Do not use products with OLE or PMD on children under age 3.
 Apply repellent to clothing. Sprays containing permethrin are safe to apply
to clothing.
 Sleep under a net. Bed nets, particularly those treated with insecticides,
such as permethrin, help prevent mosquito bites while you are sleeping.

13. Cholera
 Cholera is an acute, diarrheal
illness caused by infection of the
intestine with the toxigenic
bacterium Vibrio
cholerae serogroup O1 or O139. An
estimated 2.9 million cases and
95,000 deaths occur each year
around the world. The infection is
often mild or without symptoms,
but can be severe. Approximately 1
in 10 people who get sick with
cholera will develop severe
symptoms such as watery diarrhea,
vomiting, and leg cramps.

14. Prevention
 Drink only bottled, boiled, or chemically treated water and bottled or
canned beverages. When using bottled drinks, make sure the seal has not
been broken. Carbonated water may be safer than non-carbonated water.
Avoid tap water, fountain drinks, and ice cubes.
 Wash your hands often with soap and clean water, especially before you eat
or prepare food and after using the bathroom.
 If no water and soap are available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at
least 60% alcohol.
 Use bottled, boiled, or chemically treated water to wash dishes, brush teeth,
wash and prepare food, and make ice.
 Eat foods that are packaged or that are freshly cooked and served hot.
 Do not eat raw or undercooked meats and seafood, or raw or undercooked fruits
and vegetables unless they are peeled.
 Dispose of feces in a sanitary manner to prevent contamination of water and
food sources

15. Typhoid fever
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi
bacteria. Typhoid fever is rare in developed
countries. It is still a serious health threat in
the developing world, especially for children.
Contaminated food and water or close
contact with an infected person cause
typhoid fever. Signs and symptoms usually
include:
High fever
Headache
Stomach pain
Constipation or diarrhea

16. Prevention
 Safe drinking water, improved sanitation and adequate medical care can help
prevent and control typhoid fever. Unfortunately, in many developing nations,
these may be difficult to achieve. For this reason, some experts believe that
vaccines are the best way to control typhoid fever.
 Two vaccines are available.
 Vi vaccine - given as a single injection
 Ty21a vaccine – given as 3 capsules to take on alternate days
 Neither vaccine is 100% effective. Both require repeat immunizations because
their effectiveness wears off over time.

17. Conclusion
 Ensure the water is visibly clean and free from sand and silt. Filter the water to
get rid of visible dirt.
 Drink only clean and safe water – either portable water or water filtered through
water purifiers.
 Get water purifying devices like filters, RO unit, etc., regularly serviced and
maintained.
 Ensure stored water is germ-free.
 Add antiseptic liquid, such as Dettol in dubious-looking bathing water.
 Hand hygiene – regularly wash hands with soap after returning home, after using
the toilet, before and after preparing food, before eating or drinking anything.
 Teach hand hygiene to children. Children should make it a habit to always wash
hands when returning home after playing games.
 Ensure food is washed and thoroughly cooked.
 Use disposable glass and plates whenever possible when eating outside food,
particularly street food.
 Avoid eating stale cooked food, unrefrigerated food kept exposed outside for long
hours.
 Take vaccinations for immunization against preventable diseases like
Typhoid, Hepatitis A, Polio, etc

18. References
"Waterborne Disease & Outbreak Surveillance Reporting | Water-related Topics
| Healthy Water | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
Water-Borne Diseases". News-Medical.net. 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/
https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/typhoid-fever/symptoms-
causes/syc-20378661
https://www.mfine.co/guides/waterborne-diseases-india/