The presentation provides an overview of water-related diseases and contamination of the water chain. It discusses diseases caused by consuming pathogens in water, as well as diseases related to animals living in moist conditions and lack of hygiene. Specific diseases mentioned include cholera, bacterial dysentery, typhoid, and parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Barriers to contamination include hygiene practices like handwashing, sanitation, water supply and treatment. Risk factors are discussed for fecal-oral diseases, sanitation in urban contexts, poor hygiene, and water quality issues.

1. Overview of Presentation
1. Water related diseases
2. Causes of contamination of water chain
3. Barriers to Contamination
4. Treatment methods
5. Disinfection Methods
6. Cholera

2. Water and Health
1. Water Quality: Contaminated
water results in mild/severe
and chronic/acute
2. Water Quantity: Lack of ample
water impacts hygiene
behaviours (handwashing)
Water is essential for
life, but it can impact
our health.

3. Type of water related diseases
1. Diseases caused by consumption of pathogens,
viruses' in the water
2. Water Based diseases
Animals living in moist conditions: Hookworm,
Helminthes, schistoschimiasis
3. Water Washed
Lack of hygiene causing discharges, skin diseases
4. Vector Related
Waste water and flooding promotes spread of malaria

4. Fecal-Oral Diseases/Poor Water Quality
1. Pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or other parasites in
water.
e.g. Shigella (causing bacterial dysentery), Vibrio cholerae
(cholera), and Salmonella (typhoid, paratyphoid).
2. Viral pathogens
Norovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, and enteroviruses
are all responsible for waterborne disease outbreaks.
3. Parasites such as the protozoa Giardia intestinalis and
Cryptosporidium parvum

5. Fecal Oral Pathway

6. Barriers to Fecal Oral Transmission
1992* 2004*
• Hygiene (handwashing) -33% -42%
• Sanitation -36% -24%
• Water Supply -19% -23%
• H/H Water Treatment -15% -39%
ALL are necessary. Start with one. Leverage to others.
* (Esrey, 1992; Fewtrell, 2004)

7. Sanitation Risks in Urban Context
• Open Defecation
• Poor Treatment of effluent
• Leaking Pit Latrines

8. Poor Risks Hygiene
• Lack of handwashing
• Poor food handling contexts
• Crowded environments

9. Water Quality Risks
• Direct/Diffuse Contamination
• High cost of water
• Accessibility of water
• Unreliable supply
• Storing water at home in unsafe containers
• Unsafe water handling practices at home
• Unsafe water household treatment methods