DIARRHOEA

1. Aetiology and Basis of Water Borne
Disease
Dr. Anuj Singh
Asst. Professor
Community Medicine
UIMS, Prayagraj

2. Facts:Availability of water
• About 97 per cent of earth’s water, unfit for
human consumption.
• Of the remaining 3 per cent, 2.3 per cent is
locked in the polar ice caps and glacier.
• The balance 0.7 per cent is available as
freshwater.

3. • More than 3.4 million people die each
year from water, sanitation, and
hygiene-related causes. Nearly all
deaths, 99 percent, occur in the
developing world.
• According to WHO, diarrhoea alone
claims the lives of 1.8 million people
every year.

4. • About 12 millions people get infected by
typhoid every year.
• 780 million people lack access to an
improved water source; approximately
one in nine people.
• More people have a mobile phone than a
toilet

5. Water-borne Diseases

6. High Incidence of Morbidity &
Mortality-developing Countries
Environmental
Unsafe water supply
Poor personal hygiene practice
Insanitory environment
Poor housing
Insects and rodents

7. Much of ill-health in developing
countries is due to lack of safe and
wholesome water supply
There can be no state of positive
health & wellbeing without safe water
Role in socio-economic development
of human population
Unsafe water supply

8. The Problem
~80% of infectious diseases
> 5 million people die each year
> 2 million die from water-related
diarrhea alone
Most of those dying are small
children

9. Other Consequences
Lost work days
Missed educational opportunities
Official and unofficial healthcare
costs
Draining of family resources

11. Natural
Man made
Water Pollution

12. Water Pollution-Natural
Dissolved gases
Dissolved minerals

13. Water Pollution-Natural
Not essentially dangerous
Derived from:
atmosphere
soil
catchment area

14. Dangerous
derived from:
human activity (open field
defecation)
urbanization
industrialization
Water Pollution-Man made

15. Water Pollution-Man made
Sewage: decomposable organic matter
and pathogenic agents
Industrial & trade wastes: toxic
agents and complex chemicals
Agricultural pollutants: fertilizers
and pesticides
Physical pollutants: heat & radio
active substances

16. Indicators Of Pollution
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at
20 degree centigrade
Con.of chlorides, nitrogen,
phosphorous
Absence of dissolved oxygen

17. Diseases Related to
Water
Water-borne
Diseases
Inadequate
Water-
Diseases
Water-based
Diseases
Water-related
Diseases

18. Water-borne diseases
• Diseases caused by ingestion of
water contaminated by human or
animal excrement, which contain
pathogenic microorganisms.
• i.e. diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid
and gastro-enteritis etc.

19. Water borne
diseases
Water borne
diseases dir to
Infective agent
Water borne
diseases due to
Aquatic host

20. Due To Presence Of Infective Agent
Bacterial: cholera, typhoid, amoebic and
bacillary dysentery and other diarrheal
diseases
Viral: viral hepatitis A, hepatitis E,
poliomyelitis, rotavirus,
Protozoal: amoebiasis, giardiasis
Helminthic: round worm, thread worm,
hydatidosis
Leptospiral: weil’s disease

21. Due to Presence of Aquatic
Host
Diseases caused by parasites found in
intermediate organisms living in
contaminated water
Snail: Schistosomiasis
Cyclops: Dracunculosis, Fish tape
worm

22. Diarrheal Diseases
Giardiasis (Protozoan)
Cryptosporidiosis (Bacteria)
Campylobacteriosis (Bacteria)
Shigellosis (Bacteria)
Viral Gastroenteritis (Virus)
Cyclosporiasis (Parasite)

23. Pollution of Water
With Chemicals
Arsenic
Flouride
Nitrates from fertilizers
Carcinogenic pesticides (DDT)
Lead (from pipes)
Heavy Metals

24. Diseases-due to
Inadequate Water
Diseases caused by poor personal
hygiene and skin and eye contact with
contaminated water.
These include scabies, trachoma,
typhus, and other flea, lice and tick-
borne diseases.

25. Water-related Diseases
Water-related diseases are caused
by insect vectors, especially
mosquitoes, that breed or feed near
contaminated water and not due to
lack of access to clean water or
sanitation services, e.g. malaria,
filaria, dengue, yellow fever etc.,

26. Other Water-borne
diseases
Bathing
Swimming
Other recreational activities that
have water contact
Agriculture
Aquaculture

27. DIARRHOEA

47. Control & Prevention

48. Global
Governments
Communities
Individuals

49. Global Surveillance
Public health infrastucture
Standardized surveillance of water-
borne disease outbreaks
Guidelines must be established for
investigating and reporting water-
borne diseases

50. Education Issues
Hygiene education
Good nutrition
Improvements in habitation and
general sanitation
Higher education training in water-
related issues

51. Communication and the
Media
Impacts at all levels
Very powerful, when other methods
fail

52. General Guidelines
Avoid contacting soil that may be
contaminated with human feces.
Do not defecate outdoors.
Dispose of diapers properly.

53. General Guidelines-cont.,
Wash hands with soap and water
before handling food.
When traveling to countries where
sanitation and hygiene are poor, avoid
water or food that may be
contaminated.
Wash, peel or cook all raw vegetables
and fruits before eating.

54. The Future
Even if by the year 2015 the
proportion of people who are unable
to reach or to afford safe drinking
water is halved, 76 million people,
mostly children, will die from
preventable water-borne diseases.