Presented by IWMI DG Claudia Sadoff at a meeting on 'Smallholder Farmer Adaptation to Climate Change' on April 23, 2019, at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, WA, USA.
Presented by IWMI's Director General, Claudia Sadoff, at the 1st Lancang-Mekong Water Resources Cooperation Forum in Kunming, Yunnan, China, on November 1, 2018.
Water Secure Africa (WASA) - Harnessing Big Data to improve Water Management. Presented by IWMI's Timothy Williams (Director, Africa) at the 7th Africa Water Week, on October 30, 2018.
Presented by Dr. Claudia Sadoff, IWMI Director General,at the 13th International Conference on Development of Drylands, February 12, 2019, in Jodhpur, India
Presented by IWMI's Petra Schmitter at a session entitled 'Supporting profitable and sustainable farmer-led agriculture' at the Water for Food Global Conference, in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, on April 29, 2019.
Presented by IWMI's Director General, Claudia Sadoff, at the 1st Lancang-Mekong Water Resources Cooperation Forum in Kunming, Yunnan, China, on November 1, 2018.
Water Secure Africa (WASA) - Harnessing Big Data to improve Water Management. Presented by IWMI's Timothy Williams (Director, Africa) at the 7th Africa Water Week, on October 30, 2018.
Presented by Dr. Claudia Sadoff, IWMI Director General,at the 13th International Conference on Development of Drylands, February 12, 2019, in Jodhpur, India
Presented by IWMI's Petra Schmitter at a session entitled 'Supporting profitable and sustainable farmer-led agriculture' at the Water for Food Global Conference, in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, on April 29, 2019.
How to design your interventions to build sustainable and climate-resilient food production systems.
Presented at the Virtual forum. More information is available at https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/events/operationalizing-farmer-led-irrigation-development-at-scale/
Presented by IWMI's Luna Bharati (Principal Researcher/Team Leader DJB) at the Digo Jal Bikas project wrap-up workshop held in Kathmandu, Nepal on March 13, 2019. More info: http://djb.iwmi.org/
Presented by Olufunke Cofie at the National WASH Action Plan Research and Capacity Building Agenda Setting Workshop in Abuja, Nigeria on February 17-18, 2020.
This webinar was jointly organized by the African Union (AU), the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and The World Bank on October 15, 2020. More info: http://bit.ly/IDAWM20
Presented by IWMI's Chris Dickens at the session on 'Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals' at the 22nd International River Symposium, October 21, 2019, Brisbane, Australia.
Presented by IWMI's Winston Yu at the WASAG Working Group on Agricultural Water Use Workshop, led by IWMI, held in CIHEAM-Bari, Valenzano, Italy, on February 25, 2020.
Presented by Jeremy Bird, IWMI's Director General, at the Bonn Water Lecture: Solutions for a water secure and urbanizing world, on March 15, 2016, in Bonn, Germany.
Presentation by IWMI Kakhramon Djumaboev about the application of the water-food-energy nexus concept on transboundary rivers of Central Asia. Presented at the 10th anniversary PEER program on August 17, 2021
Presented by IWMI's Josiane Nikiema (Research Group Leader – Circular Economy and Water Pollution) at OECD Workshop on Microplastics from Tyre Wear: Knowledge, Mitigation Measures, and Policy Options on May 20, 2020.
Presentation by Alan Nicol from IWMI at the Land and Water Advantage event on the sidelines of COP23.
More information about the event series: https://bit.ly/AgAdvantage
Presented by IWMI's David Wiberg (Theme Leader – Water Futures) to a group of European Union (EU) delegations in Asia at a discussion on 'Using research on agriculture climate and water to support sustainable food systems', held at IWMI Headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on June 8, 2016.
Presented by IWMI's Soumya Balasubramanya, David Stifel, Ted Horbulyk and Kashi Kafle at the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition on December 3, 2019.
Innovation transforms livelihoods of pastoralists in EthiopiaICRISAT
Until the 1970s, traditional pastoralism used to be a successful livelihood strategy in drought-prone East African lowlands, where the rainfall regime is low and unreliable, and where mobility was essential for ensuring access to critical water and feed resources. It also provided space for the rangeland to regenerate. However, the traditional livelihood strategy has been increasingly constrained.
Presented by IWMI's Ian Makin at the 4th African Regional Conference on Irrigation and
Drainage (ARCID), in Aswan, Cairo,
Egypt, on April 26, 2016
Presented as the keynote presentation of the first plenary session (Tools and techniques for improving land and water productivity -I) at the side-event on "Improving Salt and Water Management in the Nile Delta",
How to design your interventions to build sustainable and climate-resilient food production systems.
Presented at the Virtual forum. More information is available at https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/events/operationalizing-farmer-led-irrigation-development-at-scale/
Presented by IWMI's Luna Bharati (Principal Researcher/Team Leader DJB) at the Digo Jal Bikas project wrap-up workshop held in Kathmandu, Nepal on March 13, 2019. More info: http://djb.iwmi.org/
Presented by Olufunke Cofie at the National WASH Action Plan Research and Capacity Building Agenda Setting Workshop in Abuja, Nigeria on February 17-18, 2020.
This webinar was jointly organized by the African Union (AU), the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and The World Bank on October 15, 2020. More info: http://bit.ly/IDAWM20
Presented by IWMI's Chris Dickens at the session on 'Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals' at the 22nd International River Symposium, October 21, 2019, Brisbane, Australia.
Presented by IWMI's Winston Yu at the WASAG Working Group on Agricultural Water Use Workshop, led by IWMI, held in CIHEAM-Bari, Valenzano, Italy, on February 25, 2020.
Presented by Jeremy Bird, IWMI's Director General, at the Bonn Water Lecture: Solutions for a water secure and urbanizing world, on March 15, 2016, in Bonn, Germany.
Presentation by IWMI Kakhramon Djumaboev about the application of the water-food-energy nexus concept on transboundary rivers of Central Asia. Presented at the 10th anniversary PEER program on August 17, 2021
Presented by IWMI's Josiane Nikiema (Research Group Leader – Circular Economy and Water Pollution) at OECD Workshop on Microplastics from Tyre Wear: Knowledge, Mitigation Measures, and Policy Options on May 20, 2020.
Presentation by Alan Nicol from IWMI at the Land and Water Advantage event on the sidelines of COP23.
More information about the event series: https://bit.ly/AgAdvantage
Presented by IWMI's David Wiberg (Theme Leader – Water Futures) to a group of European Union (EU) delegations in Asia at a discussion on 'Using research on agriculture climate and water to support sustainable food systems', held at IWMI Headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on June 8, 2016.
Presented by IWMI's Soumya Balasubramanya, David Stifel, Ted Horbulyk and Kashi Kafle at the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition on December 3, 2019.
Innovation transforms livelihoods of pastoralists in EthiopiaICRISAT
Until the 1970s, traditional pastoralism used to be a successful livelihood strategy in drought-prone East African lowlands, where the rainfall regime is low and unreliable, and where mobility was essential for ensuring access to critical water and feed resources. It also provided space for the rangeland to regenerate. However, the traditional livelihood strategy has been increasingly constrained.
Presented by IWMI's Ian Makin at the 4th African Regional Conference on Irrigation and
Drainage (ARCID), in Aswan, Cairo,
Egypt, on April 26, 2016
Presented as the keynote presentation of the first plenary session (Tools and techniques for improving land and water productivity -I) at the side-event on "Improving Salt and Water Management in the Nile Delta",
Presented by IWMI's Ian Makin (Lead Specialist – Revitalizing Irrigation) at the 4th African Regional Conference on Irrigation and Drainage (ARCID), on April 27 in Cairo, Egypt.
Presented as the keynote presentation of the first plenary session (Tools and techniques for improving land and water productivity - I) at the side-event on "Improving Salt and Water Management in the Nile Delta", session 2:
Presented by IWMI's Olufunke Cofie at Stockholm World Water Week 2018 at a session titled "Small-scale irrigation: the answer to ecosystem health?", on August 26, 2018.
Asia Session: Hongpeng Liu, Energy Security and Water Resources Section, 15th...water-decade
Chief, Energy Security and Water Resources Section
Special Regional Session: Achieving water security for Asia and the Pacific through sustainable water management
Current status and major challenges on water in the Asia-Pacific region
Background
Water stress poses serious threats to human lives, livelihoods and business stability.
As per WRI, more than 61 countries face high to extreme levels of water stress a narrow gap between supply and demand leaves countries vulnerable to fluctuations like droughts or increased water withdrawals, which is why we’re seeing more and more communities facing their own “Day Zeros” and other crises.
It is important to understand cascading effects of climate change and how it impacts food security and nutrition among vulnerable smallholder farmers and build resilience.
Timothy O. Williams
Director, Africa
Background on LSLAs in WA
Framework for analysis of LSLAs & impacts
Summary of unethical and inimical practices
Economic, social and environmental impacts
Factors responsible for negative practices
Strategies for improving integrity in LSLAs
Presented by IWMI's Thai Thi Minh as part of the Small Scale Irrigation Multi-Stakeholder Dialogues: Bundling innovations for scaling farmer-led irrigation in Ghana (organized by ILSSI)
• Bundling innovations for scaling farmer led irrigation in Ghana – by IWMI
• Solar irrigation bundles: prospects and challenges – by PUMPTECH
• GCAP’s Experience with Bundling Innovations and Services to Support Farmer-led Irrigation: A Case of the Peri-Urban Project: Michel Camp Irrigation Scheme – by Food Systems Resilience Project (FSRP)
Presentation slides for the event titled 'Promoting sustainable groundwater irrigation for building climate resilience in West Africa' held on 18 March 2022. The event was jointly organized by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) - Water Resources Management Centre, and the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS).
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project.
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/
Presented by IWMI's Chris Dickens at the session on 'Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals' at the 22nd International River Symposium, October 21, 2019, Brisbane, Australia.
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Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
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2. WHAT DOES CLIMATE CHANGE LOOK LIKE TO A SMALL FARMER?
Greater water variability and uncertainty
• Rainy days decrease, precipitation intensity increases in tropical SSA1
• Monsoon likely to strengthen in South Asia2
Increased water scarcity in driest parts of SSA and SA
• 1.1 billion, most in SA, EA and MENA, face serious water shortage3
More frequent and severe droughts and floods
• Increase in droughts in West and Southern Africa4
• Significantly increased high flows expected in SA5
Impacts include:
• Food insecurity and loss of livelihoods
• Migration pressures
• Farmers/pastoralist tensions
• Farmer suicides
• Violence against women6
• Intergenerational stunting7
1. Water storage and lift for irrigation
2. Water-related information for productivity & risks
3. Enabling environment of appropriate institutions,
finance & supply chains
Smallholder Adaptation Challenges in Water
Priority Water Interventions for SHF Adaptation
Sources: 1Déqué et al. (2017); 2Krishnan et al. (2019); 3Kummu et al. (2016); Hoegh-Guldberg et al. (2018); 4Naumann et al. (2018); 5Hoegh-Guldberg et al. (2018);
6Sekhri and Storeygard (2014); 7Damania et al (2017)
Water is a key medium through which farmers will feel climate change, a ‘front line’ issue for adaptation
3. WATER STORAGE IS ESSENTIAL FOR SHF ADAPTATION
As hydrology becomes more variable and less certain, water storage becomes more important
Caveats on small reservoirs
• Under the driest climate scenarios, small reservoirs
perform marginally less well (< 4-8%)1
• Small reservoir tend to underperform due to weak
institutions, sedimentation, poor site selection,
inadequate maintenance2
Small reservoirs hold significant
untapped potential in sub-Saharan Africa1
Sources: 1 Giordano et al.(2012); 2Saruchera and Jonathan Lautze (in press); 3Amarasinghe et al. (2016); 4Owusu et al. (2017)
Manage aquifer recharge (MAR) is a promising
storage alternative for smallholders
Managed aquifer recharge can
• Utilize rains, floods, treated wastewater
• Replenish groundwater & enhance baseflows in rivers
• Reduce saltwater intrusion & land subsidence
Widespread suitability in Africa,
dependent on3
• Landscape characteristics
• Soil and aquifer properties
• Availability of surface water
32% of Northern Ghana4 suitable for
MAR Bhungroo MAR structure
369 million
people
reached
$20 billion
revenue
annually
22 million
hectares
irrigated
4. GROUNDWATER CAN POTENTIALLY PROVIDE MORE RELIABLE WATER
Groundwater delinks farmers’ welfare from the timing of the rains and is relatively under-developed in SSA
Africa is water abundant, only 3% of
renewable water resources are
withdrawn for agriculture. About 4%
of arable land is irrigated.1
Groundwater could enable a 20-fold
extension of irrigated area in Africa2
the potential to increase sustainable
irrigated agriculture from 2m to 40m ha
In SSA, about 10% of irrigation
water is groundwater. Globally,
groundwater is about 40% of
irrigation water, In India it is 60%, in
Bangladesh 86%. 4
SSA has 25 times the renewable
groundwater of South Asia relative
to its irrigated area. South Asia has
3,100m3 renewable groundwater per
hectare area under crop, SSA has
80,000m3/ha.3
Sources: 1 FAO (2011); 2Burney et al. (2013); 3Shah and Namara (2018); 4Giordano et al. (2012)
5. Asia’s widespread uptake of motorized pumps drove dramatic growth, still largely untapped in Africa
In sub-Saharan Africa, motorized pumps could2
• Increased rice yields 70-300% with dry season irrigation
• benefit 185 million people
• increase net revenues by $22 bn/year
Sources: 1Shah and Namara (2018); 2 Giordano et al. (2012); 3Lefore et al. (2019); 4Wani et al. (2009); Lefthand map - IWMI Irrigated Area Map Asia (2000-2010) and Africa
(2010); Righthand map - Shah and Namara (2018).
In South Asia, farmers installed more irrigation in the past 50
years than gov’t in the past 200 years1
Motorized pumps increase farmer incomes, diminish drudgery,
promote gender parity, give more agency to farmers
■ Irrigated Single Crop
■ Irrigated Double Crop
■ Irrigated Triple/
Continuous Crop
Rainfed
Gravity
flow
Manual lift Motor pump
Farmer investment in irrigation nil nil
US $ 49
(15-155)
US $ 1016
(350-2650)
# of crops per year 1-2 1-2 3-5 3-9
Input intensification
(US $/acre)
59 72 84 178
Value of output/acre ($) 405 414 398 1413
Value added/family worker ($) 319 325 307 1092
IWMI
Buckets were used for water lifting in 60% of surveyed households
in Tanzania, 40% in Ethiopia.3 In SSA, 95% of farmed land in rainfed.4
MOTORIZED PUMP IRRIGATION STRENGTHENS RESILIENCE & INCOMES
■ Rainfed Single
■ Rainfed Double
Comparison of water lifting methods in nine SSA countries2
6. SOLAR PUMPS ARE SPREADING FAST (‘CELL PHONE’ OF IRRIGATION)
Clean accessible energy, falling costs and the water-food-energy impact of solar contribute to its uptake
Solar drops the marginal cost of lifting water to
zero: a hazard for groundwater sustainability
Sources: 1Government of India (2018); 2Lefore et al. (2019); 3Schmitter et al. (2018); Lefthand figure from Shah (2018) unpublished, an historical observation not
data-based; Righthand figure from Closas et al. (2019 forthcoming).
In Ethiopia, solar PV pumps could transform 18% (3.7m
ha) of the country’s rainfed agricultural land and replace
11% of the current hydrocarbon fuel pumps3
Two-thirds of Africa’s rural areas are not linked to grids2
Solar can provide clean power off-grid for multiple uses
In India, solar is spreading rapidly: ~4,000 in 2012;
~135,000 today; projected 2,750,000 by 2027 as a result
of government scaling programs1
Make solar
equitably accessible
Make solar
environmentally sustainable
Solar
irrigation
for SHF
Sustainable water
resource management
Irrigation management
systems and efficiency
Feasible outscaling
Access to finance
Access and adoption
of approproiate
technologies
7. ON-GRID AND OFF-GRID SOLAR BUSINESS MODELS
Providing on-demand water access and non-agricultural income
On-grid systems: Sell solar ‘as a crop’ to mitigate overexploitation of
groundwater & enhance incomes1
Off-grid systems: Can provide energy access, food and livelihood
security, access to water2
Benefits of the model
• Reliable day-time
energy for irrigation
• Feed-in tariff for selling
excess electricity to grid
• Supplementary,
counter-seasonal
incomes for farmers
• Diversified, cleaner
power grids
Sources: 1 Shah et al. (2018); 2 Otoo et al. (2018)
Technical Design
Benefits of the model
• Reduced prohibitive
upfront costs
• Distribution of risk
among scheme
(government), lender
and borrower
• Tailored financing to
farmers’ needs (e.g.,
repayment schedules)
8. DIGITAL INNOVATIONS DELIVER INFORMATION FOR ADAPTATION
Increasing climate variability and uncertainty raise the value of climate-related advisories and forecasts
Sources: 1 Naab et al. (2019); Geoscience Australia (2019).
Advisories and warning to
farmers to enhance food security
and livelihoods under climate
uncertainties
Data-based irrigation advisories
through mobile phones apps
telling farmers when and how
much water to apply to optimize
yields and minimize crop failure
Drought monitoring and early
warning system combining local
information on soil moisture
with remote sensing and
artificial intelligence
Remediation will be
needed as climate
impacts grow, robust
evidence for claims will
be essential to create
customer trust and
ensure transparency and
equity in compensation
Insurance schemes
require flood and
drought damage
assessments of
crops quickly and
reliably
Integrated information platform for
water planning, management and
monitoring to manage more variable,
scarce and contested water resources
Data cube of geographical and
geophysical attributes, upon which
applications can be built to provide
geo-spatially tailored information
IoT, AI, Blockchain could help monitor
usage, overexploitation, water quality,
water rights, water productivity
Water accounting estimations of
sources, availability, and uses of water
to enable better planning, allocation,
monitor, enforcement & stewardship
Digital innovations generally require contextualization, ground truthing and suitable dissemination pathways1
9. AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT IS NEEDED FOR SHF ADAPTATION
The institutions that manage water as well as policies regarding credit and technologies will affect SHFs options
Institutions
• Robust to frequent & severe droughts & floods
• Strong integrated R&D programs and information systems
• Secure water rights for SHFs (these are usually informal)1
Finance
• Credit that is affordable, appropriate (i.e., longer than a
single season) and accessible to women and men2
• Credit packages combined with insurance3
• Tax & import policies to promote adaption investments4
Supply chains5
• Access to technologies, complementary inputs,
maintenance and repairs
• Rental markets for pumps and other irrigation services
Sources: 1 van Koppen, B.; Schreiner, B. (2018); 2Merrey and Lefore (2018); 3 Otoo et al. (2018); 4 Lefore et al. (2019); 5 Lefore et al. (2019).
10. TAKEAWAYS – INTERVENTIONS IN WATER TO SUPPORT SHF ADAPTATION
Technologies
to adapt to greater variability and
scarcity
Water storage
small reservoirs and
managed aquifer recharge
Water lifting/irrigation
motorized pumps, including solar
Mindful of sustainability, cost & equity
Information
to adapt to changing
climate regimes & extremes
Digital extension services
irrigation and crop advisories
Enhanced forecasts & warnings
including seasonal forecasts
Remediation
weather and crop based insurances
Mindful of context, capacity & demand
Enabling Environment
to manage increasingly
unpredictable & contested water
Strengthened water resources
management institutions to ensure
availability, access, equity
Access to credit, technologies & supply
chains for SHFs to invest in adaptation
Research and development that is
supported, scaled up and scaled out
Mindful of political & economic feasibility
Water is a primary medium through which climate change will impact SHFs.
Water management is therefore a good place to take early actions for adaptation –
interventions that provide basic needs now and resilience for the future.
12. Amarasinghe, U. A.; Muthuwatta, L.; Smakhtin, V.; Surinaidu, L.; Natarajan, R.; Chinnasamy, P.; Kakumanu, K. R.; Prathapar, S. A.;
Jain, S. K.; Ghosh, N. C.; Singh, S.; Sharma, A.; Jain, S. K.; Kumar, S.; Goel, M. K. 2016. Reviving the Ganges water machine:
potential and challenges to meet increasing water demand in the Ganges River Basin. IWMI Research Report 167. Colombo,
Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 42p.
Burney, J.A., Naylor, R.L., Postel, S.L. 2013. The case for distributed irrigation as a development priority in sub-Saharan Africa.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110(31): 12513-12517.
Closas, A, Lefore, N., Schmitter, P. 2019 (forthcoming) Making solar irrigation sustainable for small-scale agriculture and the
environment.
Closas, A., Rap, E., 2017. Solar-based groundwater pumping for irrigation: Sustainability, policies, and limitations. Energy Policy
104, 33-37.
Damania, R., Desbureaux, S., Hyland, M., Islam, A., Moore, S., Rodella, A-S., Russ, J., and Zaveri, E. 2017. Uncharted Waters: The
New Economics of Water Scarcity and Variability. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Déqué et al. 2017. A multi-model climate response over tropical Africa at +2oC. Climate Services, 7, 87-95.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2011. The state of the world's land and water resources for food
and agriculture (SOLAW) - Managing systems at risk. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; and
London: Earthscan.
Geoscience Australia. 2019. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government. https://www.ga.gov.au/.
Giordano, M.; de Fraiture, C.; Weight, E.; van der Bliek, J. (Eds.). 2012. Water for wealth and food security: supporting farmer-
driven investments in agricultural water management. Synthesis report of the AgWater Solutions Project. Colombo, Sri Lanka:
International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
REFERENCES & FURTHER READING
13. Government of India, 2018. The 2017-18 Annual Report of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2018. Impacts of 1.5oC global warming on natural and human systems, in Global Warming of 1.5oC. An
IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5oC above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas
emission pathways in the context of strengthening the global response to threat of climate change, sustainable Development,
and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte et al. eds]. Cambridge University Press.
Krishnan R. et al. 2019. Unravelling climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: rapid warming in the mountains and increasing
extremes. In: Wester P., Mishra A., Mukherji A., Shrestha A. (eds) The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment. Springer, Cham.
Kummu, M. et al. 2016. The world’s road to water scarcity: shortage and stress in the 20th century and pathways towards
sustainability. Scientific Reports. 6(1), 38495.
Lefore, N.; Giordano, M.; Ringler, C; and Barron, J. 2019. Sustainable and equitable growth in farmer-led irrigation in sub
Saharan Africa: what will it take? Water Alternatives 12(1): 156-168.
Merrey, D. J.;,Lefore, N. 2018. Improving the availability and effectiveness of rural and micro-finance for small-scale irrigation in
Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of lessons learned. IWMI Working Paper 185. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water
Management Institute (IWMI). 46p.
Naab, F.Z., Abubakari, Z., Ahmed, A., 2019. The role of climate services in agricultural productivity in Ghana: the perspectives of
farmers and institutions. Climate Services 13, 24-32.
Naumann et al. 2018. Global changes in drought conditions under different levels of warming. Geophysical Research
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