Until the 1970s, traditional pastoralism used to be a successful livelihood strategy in drought-prone East African lowlands, where the rainfall regime is low and unreliable, and where mobility was essential for ensuring access to critical water and feed resources. It also provided space for the rangeland to regenerate. However, the traditional livelihood strategy has been increasingly constrained.
The document discusses the design of an effective pastoral extension system for Ethiopia. It notes that past extension systems have failed to adequately serve pastoral livelihoods as they were not designed with pastoralism in mind. It provides an overview of national and regional responses to criticisms of previous approaches. Some key issues that need to be considered in developing a new pastoral extension system include participation of pastoral communities, provision of mobile services, livelihood diversification support, access to markets, technical assistance that builds on indigenous knowledge, and addressing conflict and basic needs.
Historical Perspectives of agricultural extension and Research- Extension- Fa...solomon yokamo
The document provides an overview of the history of agricultural extension in Ethiopia. It discusses how extension began in 1931 with the establishment of an agricultural school and transitioned to the Ministry of Agriculture in 1963. Major approaches included the comprehensive package in the 1960s/1970s, which had high costs and limited reach. The Minimum Package Projects of the 1970s/1980s saw some improvements but still faced challenges of poor research linkages, benefiting wealthy farmers more, and not addressing land issues. The Peasant Agriculture Development Extension Programme employed a top-down Training and Visit system in the 1980s/1990s but was replaced by a more participatory approach called PADETS in 1995.
Review of CCAFS’ contribution to poverty reduction, enhanced environmental resilience, improved food security, human health and nutrition for rural women.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on women and agriculture in Ethiopia. It discusses the important role of women in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing up to 70% of food production. However, women face numerous challenges including less access to land, credit, extension services and technology compared to men. The document also outlines Ethiopia's national policies aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in agriculture through institutions like the Women's Affairs Office.
The Climate-Smart Agriculture Project in Vietnam aims to: 1) provide an evidence base for identifying and implementing climate-smart agriculture practices and policies; 2) develop a strategic framework to guide climate-smart agriculture action and investment; 3) formulate climate-smart agriculture investment proposals; and 4) build capacity for climate-smart agriculture planning and implementation. The project focuses on the northern mountainous regions of Vietnam and priority areas including sustainable land management, crop diversification, and agroforestry. So far, the project has selected focal points, collected data, and begun research activities. Upcoming activities include further analyses of barriers to adoption, costs and benefits, and risks of climate-smart agriculture practices.
This document discusses gender and social inclusion (GSI) in CCAFS projects. It addresses the CCAFS GSI strategy, which takes three main approaches: examining vulnerabilities, promoting gender transformation, and strengthening institutions. It identifies knowledge gaps around what works for empowering women in climate-smart agriculture. These include understanding gender roles in labor and benefits, the role of women's groups, and indigenous knowledge. The document also discusses integrating GSI in areas like climate information services, policy, finance, and working with youth. Overall, it aims to better understand how to promote social inclusion, particularly for women, in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts.
On 12th October 2015 the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), East Africa through its regional knowledge sharing platform The Climate and Agriculture Network for Africa (CANA) organized a webinar dubbed Climate-Smart Agriculture Tools for Africa.
The document discusses the design of an effective pastoral extension system for Ethiopia. It notes that past extension systems have failed to adequately serve pastoral livelihoods as they were not designed with pastoralism in mind. It provides an overview of national and regional responses to criticisms of previous approaches. Some key issues that need to be considered in developing a new pastoral extension system include participation of pastoral communities, provision of mobile services, livelihood diversification support, access to markets, technical assistance that builds on indigenous knowledge, and addressing conflict and basic needs.
Historical Perspectives of agricultural extension and Research- Extension- Fa...solomon yokamo
The document provides an overview of the history of agricultural extension in Ethiopia. It discusses how extension began in 1931 with the establishment of an agricultural school and transitioned to the Ministry of Agriculture in 1963. Major approaches included the comprehensive package in the 1960s/1970s, which had high costs and limited reach. The Minimum Package Projects of the 1970s/1980s saw some improvements but still faced challenges of poor research linkages, benefiting wealthy farmers more, and not addressing land issues. The Peasant Agriculture Development Extension Programme employed a top-down Training and Visit system in the 1980s/1990s but was replaced by a more participatory approach called PADETS in 1995.
Review of CCAFS’ contribution to poverty reduction, enhanced environmental resilience, improved food security, human health and nutrition for rural women.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on women and agriculture in Ethiopia. It discusses the important role of women in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing up to 70% of food production. However, women face numerous challenges including less access to land, credit, extension services and technology compared to men. The document also outlines Ethiopia's national policies aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in agriculture through institutions like the Women's Affairs Office.
The Climate-Smart Agriculture Project in Vietnam aims to: 1) provide an evidence base for identifying and implementing climate-smart agriculture practices and policies; 2) develop a strategic framework to guide climate-smart agriculture action and investment; 3) formulate climate-smart agriculture investment proposals; and 4) build capacity for climate-smart agriculture planning and implementation. The project focuses on the northern mountainous regions of Vietnam and priority areas including sustainable land management, crop diversification, and agroforestry. So far, the project has selected focal points, collected data, and begun research activities. Upcoming activities include further analyses of barriers to adoption, costs and benefits, and risks of climate-smart agriculture practices.
This document discusses gender and social inclusion (GSI) in CCAFS projects. It addresses the CCAFS GSI strategy, which takes three main approaches: examining vulnerabilities, promoting gender transformation, and strengthening institutions. It identifies knowledge gaps around what works for empowering women in climate-smart agriculture. These include understanding gender roles in labor and benefits, the role of women's groups, and indigenous knowledge. The document also discusses integrating GSI in areas like climate information services, policy, finance, and working with youth. Overall, it aims to better understand how to promote social inclusion, particularly for women, in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts.
On 12th October 2015 the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), East Africa through its regional knowledge sharing platform The Climate and Agriculture Network for Africa (CANA) organized a webinar dubbed Climate-Smart Agriculture Tools for Africa.
This document discusses climate-smart agriculture, its implementation globally and in Africa, and opportunities for Africa to lead in this area. It defines climate-smart agriculture as agriculture that sustainably increases productivity and resilience to climate change while reducing greenhouse gases. Examples show climate-smart agriculture being implemented at large scales around the world. For Africa to lead, opportunities exist in providing institutional support like climate information services, coordinating agriculture and forestry, creating innovation platforms, influencing policy with African science, and bringing together policy and science to support farmers.
This document provides an overview of women's roles in agriculture in Ethiopia. It discusses how women comprise over half the population and play critical roles both inside and outside the household. While women make up a large portion of the agricultural workforce, they face various challenges including less access to land, extension services, technology, finance, education and training compared to men. National policies have aimed to promote gender equality, but implementation has faced challenges. The value of women's contributions to agriculture and need to address barriers they face are highlighted.
Targeting and the Productive Safety Nets Programme (PSNP) essp2
The document discusses the Productive Safety Nets Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia, which provides food or cash transfers to food insecure households. It finds that targeting of the PSNP has improved in highland regions, with destitute households more likely to be selected than richer households. However, in the Afar and Somali regions, targeting performance has not improved and destitute households are no more likely to be selected than the richest households. Reasons for this include difficulties distinguishing wealth in these regions, views that fairness requires including many households, and the influence of traditional authorities in targeting decisions.
In feminist economics, the feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women's participation in the agricultural sector, particularly in the developing world. The phenomenon started during the 1960s with increasing shares over time. In the 1990s, during liberalization, the phenomenon became more pronounced and negative effects appeared in the rural female population. Afterwards, agricultural markets became gendered institutions, affecting men and women differently. In 2009 World Bank, FAO & IFAD found that over 80 per cent of rural smallholder farmers worldwide were women, this was caused by men migrating to find work in other sectors. Out of all the women in the labor sector, the UN found 45-80% of them to be working in agriculture.
National adaptation planning (NAP) processes and EbAExternalEvents
The NAP-Ag webinar on Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and National Adaptation Planning: Opportunities for the Agricultural Sectors will provide an overview of how EbA can be effectively integrated into agriculture sectors’ adaptation strategies and broader national adaptation planning processes. The webinar will focus on mainstreaming EbA in the formulation and implementation of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs). Both global presentations and a presentation from Thailand and Nepal, a NAP-Ag partner country will outline opportunities, experiences and approaches in mainstreaming EbA into adaptation policy planning processes and strategies at different scales. This slideshow was presented by Ninni Ikkala Nyman
The role of gender in crop value chains in EthiopiaILRI
Women play a significant role in Ethiopian agriculture but face barriers to fully participating in crop value chains. A gender analysis of crop production found that women's workloads are heavier than men's and they have less control over income and decision-making. It also found divisions of labor vary by crop, region, and wealth, with women typically performing tasks like weeding and men activities like marketing. The analysis recommends interventions support women by addressing imbalances in workloads and benefits, expanding access to inputs, technologies, and markets, and involving women in decision-making.
A Gender Transformative Approach: Why what and how?CGIAR
This presentation was given by Cynthia McDougall (WorldFish Center), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
This document summarizes a meeting about pastoralism held in Rome, Italy from June 26-29, 2018. It notes that there are approximately 200-500 million pastoralists worldwide who nomadically rear livestock in harsh environments and manage resources communally. Pastoralism provides food, fiber and cultural benefits but faces challenges like land insecurity and climate change impacts. The Pastoralist Knowledge Hub was created by FAO to bring pastoralist voices to global discussions and promote sustainable pastoralism through knowledge sharing, strengthening pastoral networks, and multi-stakeholder partnerships.
Julian R - Using the EcoCrop model and database to forecast impacts of ccCIAT
Preliminary results on the assessment of global food security issues under changing climates. Presented at Tyndall Centre, Norwich, UK, by Julian Ramirez
Hundreds of thousands of customers have joined the AWS community and use AWS solutions to build their businesses. In this session we will provide an overview of running four common workloads on the AWS Cloud.
This session will provide insights into running four common workloads on the AWS Cloud. This includes Websites, Backup and Recovery, Disaster Recovery and Content Delivery. We will discuss the merits of running each workload on AWS and show reference architectures which will provide a quick start to migrate your own workloads to the cloud. The session will also provide an overview of the core AWS services these workloads consume such as cover Compute, Storage, Networking and Database in addition to some others.
Reasons to attend:
Learn about running some of the most common workloads on the AWS Cloud.
Learn how you can implement services from AWS to build efficient, cost-effective and reliable architectures.
Hear best practices for architecting your application, and how to scale your infrastructure in the cloud.
Discover more about cloud computing and the basics of the AWS Cloud including Amazon EC2, Amazon S3 and Amazon RDS.
Participatory Rangeland management practice in Ethiopiazula27
This document summarizes a participatory rangeland management project piloted in the lowlands of Bale, Ethiopia from July 2012 to May 2013. The project aimed to improve pastoral livelihoods and rangeland productivity. Key outputs included establishing rangeland management institutions in 4 kebeles, developing rangeland management plans, and finalizing a participatory rangeland management manual. Activities involved resource mapping, stakeholder analysis, capacity building, and the development of bylaws and management agreements. The project also identified livelihood opportunities including livestock trading, gum and resin production, and honey processing, and established groups to develop these activities.
Pastoralism in the reforming Ethiopia: policy,assumption and prospectsFrancois Stepman
This document provides an overview of pastoralism in Ethiopia. Some key points:
- Pastoralism is an important livelihood and economic activity, contributing up to 16% of Ethiopia's GDP through livestock production and trade. It supports over 14 million people.
- However, pastoralists face many challenges including marginalization, poor representation, and vulnerability to drought. Pastoral policy has historically favored sedentarization over supporting mobile lifestyles.
- Ethiopia has recently drafted a new pastoralist policy and strategy to better support pastoralism. It aims to improve livelihoods, increase productivity, expand infrastructure and services for pastoralists.
- The prospects for sustainable pastoral development are positive given new
Rivulis and Eurodrip have merged to create a global leader in micro-irrigation. The company has over 50 years of experience developing irrigation solutions. It has 15 factories, 1,700 employees worldwide, and serves major markets in Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America. The company is dedicated to innovation through its 3 R&D centers and aims to provide growers with reliable, easy-to-use and affordable irrigation solutions to improve crop yields sustainably.
The document discusses participatory extension methods. It outlines advantages like efficiency, effectiveness, self-reliance, coverage and sustainability. The basic elements of participatory extension are identified as problem identification, problem analysis, objectives and methodology. Key aspects of problem analysis covered are village introductory meetings, problem trees, identifying causes and effects of priority problems. Several participatory approaches, tools and techniques are also summarized.
Exploring feminization of agriculture through gender dynamics across scalesCGIAR
This presentation was given by Alessandra Galie (International Livestock Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Reach, Benefit, Empower: Indicators for measuring impacts of programs and pol...IFPRI-PIM
This presentation was given by Agnes Quinsumbing (IFPRI), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Presentation by Mario Herrero, Philip Thornton and Iain Wright to Workshop on climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector, Kathmandu, Nepal, 28-29 October 2010.
Presented by IWMI DG Claudia Sadoff at a meeting on 'Smallholder Farmer Adaptation to Climate Change' on April 23, 2019, at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, WA, USA.
The Effects of Shifting Irrigation on Community Livelihoods and Environmental...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This study sets out to investigate the effects of shifting irrigation on community livelihoods and environmental quality along the Ewaso Nyiro Basin of Isiolo County in Kenya. The study uses longitudinal data collected between 2006 and 2015 through participatory research techniques, case studies, observation, key informant interviews and questionnaire survey. Results from the study show that the lower EwasoNyiro basin has nine operational irrigation schemes which households along the basin depend to practice irrigation farming. Irrigation has diversified the means of livelihood of the people and is an important source of food in the lower EwasoNyiro basin. Due to irrigation practices, environmental degradation has been experienced. These include, soil erosion, deforestation, salinity and water logging. However biocide and chemical fertilizers use is low in these irrigation schemes. Environmental conservation practices are rarely practised in the irrigation schemes with minimal cases reporting soil erosion control, afforestation, soil fertility management and safe use of agro-chemicals. The study recommends portable means of lifting water from the river schemes and environmental conservation at the household level and at the scheme level in the short term. We also recommend policy measures that will ensure flood control at the catchment level as this will enablesetting up of permanent irrigation schemes in the study area as a long-term solution.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000545.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on international journal of agronomy impact factor please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
This document discusses climate-smart agriculture, its implementation globally and in Africa, and opportunities for Africa to lead in this area. It defines climate-smart agriculture as agriculture that sustainably increases productivity and resilience to climate change while reducing greenhouse gases. Examples show climate-smart agriculture being implemented at large scales around the world. For Africa to lead, opportunities exist in providing institutional support like climate information services, coordinating agriculture and forestry, creating innovation platforms, influencing policy with African science, and bringing together policy and science to support farmers.
This document provides an overview of women's roles in agriculture in Ethiopia. It discusses how women comprise over half the population and play critical roles both inside and outside the household. While women make up a large portion of the agricultural workforce, they face various challenges including less access to land, extension services, technology, finance, education and training compared to men. National policies have aimed to promote gender equality, but implementation has faced challenges. The value of women's contributions to agriculture and need to address barriers they face are highlighted.
Targeting and the Productive Safety Nets Programme (PSNP) essp2
The document discusses the Productive Safety Nets Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia, which provides food or cash transfers to food insecure households. It finds that targeting of the PSNP has improved in highland regions, with destitute households more likely to be selected than richer households. However, in the Afar and Somali regions, targeting performance has not improved and destitute households are no more likely to be selected than the richest households. Reasons for this include difficulties distinguishing wealth in these regions, views that fairness requires including many households, and the influence of traditional authorities in targeting decisions.
In feminist economics, the feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women's participation in the agricultural sector, particularly in the developing world. The phenomenon started during the 1960s with increasing shares over time. In the 1990s, during liberalization, the phenomenon became more pronounced and negative effects appeared in the rural female population. Afterwards, agricultural markets became gendered institutions, affecting men and women differently. In 2009 World Bank, FAO & IFAD found that over 80 per cent of rural smallholder farmers worldwide were women, this was caused by men migrating to find work in other sectors. Out of all the women in the labor sector, the UN found 45-80% of them to be working in agriculture.
National adaptation planning (NAP) processes and EbAExternalEvents
The NAP-Ag webinar on Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and National Adaptation Planning: Opportunities for the Agricultural Sectors will provide an overview of how EbA can be effectively integrated into agriculture sectors’ adaptation strategies and broader national adaptation planning processes. The webinar will focus on mainstreaming EbA in the formulation and implementation of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs). Both global presentations and a presentation from Thailand and Nepal, a NAP-Ag partner country will outline opportunities, experiences and approaches in mainstreaming EbA into adaptation policy planning processes and strategies at different scales. This slideshow was presented by Ninni Ikkala Nyman
The role of gender in crop value chains in EthiopiaILRI
Women play a significant role in Ethiopian agriculture but face barriers to fully participating in crop value chains. A gender analysis of crop production found that women's workloads are heavier than men's and they have less control over income and decision-making. It also found divisions of labor vary by crop, region, and wealth, with women typically performing tasks like weeding and men activities like marketing. The analysis recommends interventions support women by addressing imbalances in workloads and benefits, expanding access to inputs, technologies, and markets, and involving women in decision-making.
A Gender Transformative Approach: Why what and how?CGIAR
This presentation was given by Cynthia McDougall (WorldFish Center), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
This document summarizes a meeting about pastoralism held in Rome, Italy from June 26-29, 2018. It notes that there are approximately 200-500 million pastoralists worldwide who nomadically rear livestock in harsh environments and manage resources communally. Pastoralism provides food, fiber and cultural benefits but faces challenges like land insecurity and climate change impacts. The Pastoralist Knowledge Hub was created by FAO to bring pastoralist voices to global discussions and promote sustainable pastoralism through knowledge sharing, strengthening pastoral networks, and multi-stakeholder partnerships.
Julian R - Using the EcoCrop model and database to forecast impacts of ccCIAT
Preliminary results on the assessment of global food security issues under changing climates. Presented at Tyndall Centre, Norwich, UK, by Julian Ramirez
Hundreds of thousands of customers have joined the AWS community and use AWS solutions to build their businesses. In this session we will provide an overview of running four common workloads on the AWS Cloud.
This session will provide insights into running four common workloads on the AWS Cloud. This includes Websites, Backup and Recovery, Disaster Recovery and Content Delivery. We will discuss the merits of running each workload on AWS and show reference architectures which will provide a quick start to migrate your own workloads to the cloud. The session will also provide an overview of the core AWS services these workloads consume such as cover Compute, Storage, Networking and Database in addition to some others.
Reasons to attend:
Learn about running some of the most common workloads on the AWS Cloud.
Learn how you can implement services from AWS to build efficient, cost-effective and reliable architectures.
Hear best practices for architecting your application, and how to scale your infrastructure in the cloud.
Discover more about cloud computing and the basics of the AWS Cloud including Amazon EC2, Amazon S3 and Amazon RDS.
Participatory Rangeland management practice in Ethiopiazula27
This document summarizes a participatory rangeland management project piloted in the lowlands of Bale, Ethiopia from July 2012 to May 2013. The project aimed to improve pastoral livelihoods and rangeland productivity. Key outputs included establishing rangeland management institutions in 4 kebeles, developing rangeland management plans, and finalizing a participatory rangeland management manual. Activities involved resource mapping, stakeholder analysis, capacity building, and the development of bylaws and management agreements. The project also identified livelihood opportunities including livestock trading, gum and resin production, and honey processing, and established groups to develop these activities.
Pastoralism in the reforming Ethiopia: policy,assumption and prospectsFrancois Stepman
This document provides an overview of pastoralism in Ethiopia. Some key points:
- Pastoralism is an important livelihood and economic activity, contributing up to 16% of Ethiopia's GDP through livestock production and trade. It supports over 14 million people.
- However, pastoralists face many challenges including marginalization, poor representation, and vulnerability to drought. Pastoral policy has historically favored sedentarization over supporting mobile lifestyles.
- Ethiopia has recently drafted a new pastoralist policy and strategy to better support pastoralism. It aims to improve livelihoods, increase productivity, expand infrastructure and services for pastoralists.
- The prospects for sustainable pastoral development are positive given new
Rivulis and Eurodrip have merged to create a global leader in micro-irrigation. The company has over 50 years of experience developing irrigation solutions. It has 15 factories, 1,700 employees worldwide, and serves major markets in Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America. The company is dedicated to innovation through its 3 R&D centers and aims to provide growers with reliable, easy-to-use and affordable irrigation solutions to improve crop yields sustainably.
The document discusses participatory extension methods. It outlines advantages like efficiency, effectiveness, self-reliance, coverage and sustainability. The basic elements of participatory extension are identified as problem identification, problem analysis, objectives and methodology. Key aspects of problem analysis covered are village introductory meetings, problem trees, identifying causes and effects of priority problems. Several participatory approaches, tools and techniques are also summarized.
Exploring feminization of agriculture through gender dynamics across scalesCGIAR
This presentation was given by Alessandra Galie (International Livestock Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Reach, Benefit, Empower: Indicators for measuring impacts of programs and pol...IFPRI-PIM
This presentation was given by Agnes Quinsumbing (IFPRI), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Presentation by Mario Herrero, Philip Thornton and Iain Wright to Workshop on climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector, Kathmandu, Nepal, 28-29 October 2010.
Presented by IWMI DG Claudia Sadoff at a meeting on 'Smallholder Farmer Adaptation to Climate Change' on April 23, 2019, at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, WA, USA.
The Effects of Shifting Irrigation on Community Livelihoods and Environmental...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This study sets out to investigate the effects of shifting irrigation on community livelihoods and environmental quality along the Ewaso Nyiro Basin of Isiolo County in Kenya. The study uses longitudinal data collected between 2006 and 2015 through participatory research techniques, case studies, observation, key informant interviews and questionnaire survey. Results from the study show that the lower EwasoNyiro basin has nine operational irrigation schemes which households along the basin depend to practice irrigation farming. Irrigation has diversified the means of livelihood of the people and is an important source of food in the lower EwasoNyiro basin. Due to irrigation practices, environmental degradation has been experienced. These include, soil erosion, deforestation, salinity and water logging. However biocide and chemical fertilizers use is low in these irrigation schemes. Environmental conservation practices are rarely practised in the irrigation schemes with minimal cases reporting soil erosion control, afforestation, soil fertility management and safe use of agro-chemicals. The study recommends portable means of lifting water from the river schemes and environmental conservation at the household level and at the scheme level in the short term. We also recommend policy measures that will ensure flood control at the catchment level as this will enablesetting up of permanent irrigation schemes in the study area as a long-term solution.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000545.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on international journal of agronomy impact factor please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Author: Bancy Mati
Title: Improving Productivity of Rice under Water Scarcity in Africa: The Case for the System of Rice Intensification
Date: June 26-29, 2019
Presented at: The International Rice Development Conference and Seminar on China-Africa Development
Location: Changsha, China
Vertical Integration in the NAP Processes | County Government of MarsabitNAP Global Network
Presentation given by Janet Ahatho, Director Environment and Climate Change, County Government of Marsabitepublic of Kenya, as part of the NAP Global Network's Peer Learning Summit on Vertical Integration in the NAP Processes, held in Nairobi, Kenya, from October 11 to 13, 2023.
This presentation was held during a high-level seminar in Ghana, Accra, together with parliamentarians and policy makers trying to identify how climate change will affect the country's, and the region's, agriculture sector. Learn more about our activities in West Africa: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/regions/west-africa
Sudan 2 pager water management draft 1 reviewedNE Kim
This document outlines a project to improve water management and agricultural productivity in rainfed areas of Sudan. The project will demonstrate water and soil conservation techniques to farmers through field schools and training. It aims to enhance the skills of extension agents and farmers on practices like irrigation methods, soil conservation, and crop production. Located in four states, the multi-year project expects to benefit thousands of farmers and pastoralists. If successful, it could help increase crop yields, save water, energy and labor, and raise incomes for farmers and households in drought-prone areas of Sudan.
Ensuring climate resilience of agro-ecosystems and sustainable management of ...ICARDA
Dr. Rachid MRABET
Research Director
INRA Rabat
Cop 22 - Session November 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
ICRISAT Annual Report - Agricultural and digital technologies approach- Integ...ICRISAT
Faced with frequent unpredictable dry spells, farmers rely on mobile climate advisories for critical and timely information to decide when to sow crops and when to store or release harvested rainwater in villages.
Presented at the Africa Agriculture Science week in Accra, Ghana on July 17th 2013, during CPWF's side event ‘Engagement platforms for food and water security: opportunities to harness innovation to improve livelihoods and resilience in Africa’
Landscape Restoration for Improving Ecosystem Services and Building Climate R...WRI India
Landscape restoration aims to improve ecosystem services and build climate resilience. ITC has implemented landscape restoration projects covering over 260,000 hectares involving soil and water conservation techniques, sustainable agriculture practices, groundwater management, biodiversity promotion, and climate-resilient livelihoods. Challenges include integrating diverse stakeholder interests, aligning multiple institutions and programs, and establishing payment for ecosystem services.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change including increasing global temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and consequences for agriculture, forests, water resources, coastal areas, and human health. Key points mentioned are that temperatures could rise 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius by 2100, precipitation trends have varied by region from 1900 to 2000, and climate change is exacerbating issues like water scarcity, declining crop yields, reduced forest health, and increased risk of diseases. Specific impacts discussed for India include changing rainfall patterns, more frequent droughts, and effects on rural livelihoods that depend on natural resources. Adaptation strategies proposed include changing cropping patterns, using resilient seeds, and diversifying livelihoods.
WLE – Presentation for Discussion with Donors and Partners – June 2013CGIAR
This document summarizes the work of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) led by IWMI. It discusses the challenges facing global food production related to food security, resource exploitation, and climate change. The WLE program seeks a paradigm shift to sustainable intensification that prioritizes people and nature. It outlines targeted interventions in irrigated and rainfed farming systems, resource recovery and reuse, and river basins. Key goals are improving productivity, incomes, and resilience through equitable access to natural resources and ecosystem services. Game changing research questions and solutions are presented for various focal regions.
This document provides summaries of three FAO success stories implementing climate-smart agriculture in different regions. In Tanzania, an agroforestry system covering 120,000 hectares on Mount Kilimanjaro's slopes was preserved through introducing coffee and vanilla cash crops and trout aquaculture to increase incomes while maintaining the ecological integrity of the system. In China, a project in Qinghai province aims to restore degraded grasslands through sustainable grazing management to sequester carbon, increase productivity, and improve livelihoods for herding communities.
The document summarizes a presentation on vulnerability assessment and adaptation options appraisal for water resource management in Uganda. It provides context on Uganda's climate, population trends, water resources and three target catchment areas. It then analyzes the vulnerability of livelihoods and ecosystems in each catchment due to factors like subsistence agriculture, land degradation, population growth and limited climate information. Finally, it outlines a participatory process for appraising adaptation options based on addressing key challenges and complementing existing initiatives. The overall aim is to support integration of climate resilience in Uganda's development planning.
Presented by IWMI's Olufunke Cofie at Stockholm World Water Week 2018 at a session titled "Small-scale irrigation: the answer to ecosystem health?", on August 26, 2018.
This document discusses drought management in India. It provides classifications for drought based on meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural factors. Key parameters for drought risk analysis are discussed such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and soil moisture. The document outlines drought management strategies in India including crop insurance schemes, calamity relief funds, and drought proofing programs. It identifies regions in India that are frequently affected by drought and the cumulative effects of changing rainfall patterns, water utilization, and agricultural practices that contribute to drought in these areas. Adaptation strategies are proposed such as micro-irrigation practices, sustainable crops, and social networks.
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Innovation transforms livelihoods of pastoralists in Ethiopia
1. Innovation transforms livelihoods of pastoralists in Ethiopia
QUICK IMPACT
of pilot project
in Afar region*
Productive oasis
created in 3 years:
Harnessed flood
water re-greens
degraded rangelands
Increased food self
sufficiency:
Growing food and
forage led to less
reliance on food aid
More sustainable
pastoral systems:
Increased feed and
water access around
the year
Proven potential for
scaling up:
Set for replication in
entire Afar, Somali region
and Omo-Gibe basin
THE CHALLENGE
Flooding events turned
into farming opportunities
AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION
• Water Spreading Weirs: To capture and spread
the torrential flood emerging in the neighboring
highlands to low-lying rangelands and crop fields,
five weirs were built based on land suitability studies.
• Working together: Joint planning and execution
between community leaders, landscape and crop
researchers and development agents using a
combination of good agronomy, remote sensing and
GIS-based maps yielded positive results.
• Success draws attention: Seeing the results,
pastoralists were willing to take up farming. It
created local confidence, drew government
attention and benefited pastoralists.
Water Spreading Weirs
2015
Run-off from highland floods
Pastoralists learn farming
Growing food-feed crops
•• Land degradation robs
livelihoods of lowland
pastoralists in Chifra.
•• Floods from the highlands,
dwindling rains and
overgrazing make it worse.
•• Conflicts over scarce
resources and dependence
on food aid increase.
•• Urgent need for creating
options for pastoralists.
3.5 M ha can benefit
from this technology
10-12 t/ha
biomass produced
8 food-feed crops
introduced
46 ha of unproductive
land turned to farms
Implemented by
2018
2. 2 3
Magnitude of recurrent floods and droughts in Eastern and Southern Africa
The major victims of recurrent drought and flood are predominantly pastoral and agropastoral communities,
inhabiting low-lying downstream areas.
Impact of drought
Low-lying plains in East Africa receive limited and
unreliable rainfall. The impact of drought has been
already felt in the last three decades. The effect is
aggravated by degradation of rangelands and limited
capacity of pastoralists to respond to these extreme
events.
As recent as in 2016-2017, millions of people were
under extreme risk of food deficit due to drought in
Eastern and Southern Africa.
Major countries affected include:
• Kenya • South Sudan • Malawi • Zimbabwe
• Ethiopia • Somalia
Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique
The 2019 flood has affected >260,000 people
across the three countries. (The Guardian 19 March
2019). Recurrent floods in the Zambezi river have
affected humans and livestock through drowning
and landslides, reduction in crop production,
displacement of people, and damage of assets and
infrastructure.
Impact of floods
Factors that compelled communities to
turn to agropastoral systems
Ethiopia
Kenya
Impact of climate change:
Disappearing seasons in Afar
•• Kermawhichistheprimaryrainyseason,historically
spanned four months from mid-June through mid-
September. It is now limited to the month of mid-
July and August.
•• Dedaa which occurred as occasional rainfall in mid-
December has disappeared.
•• Segum which occurred in March and April as a minor
rainy season has disappeared entirely.
“What’s left is
only the names
of the seasons.”
Ahmed Wogris,
Lead agropastoralist
Floods erode livelihoods regularly by:
•• Destroying household assets
•• Eroding fertile soils
•• Creating large gullies
•• Destroying farming and grazing lands.
These extreme events are expected to get worse due to
climate change and variability (Gummadi et al. 2017).
300,000 people, mainly in the regions of Gambella,
Afar and Oromia were affected by flood in 2017
(UNICEF, 20 Sep 2017).
>500,000 people are at risk of flooding on yearly
basis as extreme events are expected to continue
(GoE, 2018).
>300,000 people were forced to flee and at least
186 people died due to incessant heavy rainfall in
2018. The rain caused overflow of dams and rivers,
submerging crops and washing away homes (Reuters
4 July 2018).
Providing alternatives for pastoralists seeking new livelihood options
Until the 1970s, traditional pastoralism used to be a
successful livelihood strategy in drought-prone East
African lowlands, where the rainfall regime is low
and unreliable, and where mobility was essential
for ensuring access to critical water and feed
resources. It also provided space for the rangeland
to regenerate.
However, the traditional livelihood strategy has been
increasingly constrained by:
•• Decreasing productivity of rangelands to supply
required grazing and watering points;
•• Local conflicts due to competition for vital
resources;
•• Increasing pressure on communal land by foreign
agricultural investments;
•• Increasingly sealed regional and country borders
due to political tensions;
•• Rangeland degradation resulting in negative
impacts on the ecosystems, livestock production
and livelihoods;
•• Climate and market risks;
•• Low resource base of the dry lowlands requires
substantial time to provide ecological and
economical services.
Over the years, pastoralists have adopted and
changed many management strategies:
•• Burning and mobility were twin strategies, though
burning is no more practiced.
•• Participatory area enclosure, reseeding and
fertilizer application was used to rehabilitate
degraded rangelands. However, poor coordination
between stakeholders servicing rangelands
impaired progress.
•• Water scarcity remained a major challenge,
overriding all the other rangeland investments.
Constraints of spate irrigation systems in use:
•• High maintenance requirement, particularly in
low-lying flat areas receiving floods with high
intensity and high sediment load, especially of
coarse material;
•• High labor demand, particularly in peak seasons;
•• Unpredictability of the runoff for downstream
users;
•• Destruction of farms and rangelands due to
uneven flow and distribution;
•• Frequent loss of top soils due to high flood;
•• Agropastoral communities rarely benefit from
spate irrigation due to their mobility.
In the given scenario, the need for new
rainwater management systems was
strongly recognized
Capacity building of pastoralists: Classroom and field training in agronomy and farm
operations was given to willing and lead pastoralists.
The challenge summary
See page 6
3. Greening degraded rangelands using the Innovation System approach: Pilot project at Shekayboru kebele in Chifra woreda of the Afar region
The big shift to agropastoralism
OUTCOME
Success of lead
agropastoralists
encourages others to
shift to the new system
Monitoring &
Evaluation
Learnings are ploughed
back into project and
upscaling endeavors
AGRI-SCIENCE
Cropping zones mapped based
on soil moisture content and
capacity building of pastoralists
(ICRISAT & Agri-universities)
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
Water Spreading Weirs
capture highland floods and
spread to lowlands
(Designed by GIZ-SDR)
SOCIAL DYNAMICS
Community chiefs (Kedoh Abbobti)
coin byelaws, fine crop-grazing
and facilitate the shift
EXTENSION SYSTEM
Pastoral Agriculture and
Development Office (PADO) acts
as law enforcer, community
mobilizer and conflict mediator
Future steps
Flood analysis of Afar
region shows flood-based
farming potential:
Pilot to be upscaled in Shebelle
and Genalle basins in Somali
region and Omo-Gibe basin
*Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute
550,000 ha
1.2 million ha
in Belg (Short rains)
in Meher (Main rainy season)
Impact of
Water Spreading Weirs
• Soil moisture is raised
• Soil loss is arrested
• Flood velocity reduced
• Excess flood is drained
SOCIAL IMPACT
Social benefits
Construction of schools and health
post were taken up by the local
administration as communities settled.
Empowerment
Local leaders were recognized
and they participated in local
administration meetings. Women play
a greater role in farming.
Influence on policy
The success of the pilot project led
to government interest in replicating
it in the Afar region and beyond.
Government cabinet ministers visited
the project site more than once.
Upscaling technologies
Bureau of Pastoral Agriculture and Development is expected to
take up the oversight and outscale to multiple communities.
FARMING IMPACT
Sorghum, maize,
mungbean, cowpea and
teff were grown in 24 ha
5 t/ha
Maize yield
10 t/ha
Biomass
2016
12 t/ha 2 t/ha 52
Elephant grass
biomass
Mung
bean yield
households take
up farming
Farming area expands to 46 ha. Elephant
grass, pigeonpea and lablab crops introduced
2017
Mango seedlings
were planted
Capacity building outcome:
Agropastoralists learn to
gauge soil moisture and take
their own cropping decisions.
2018
Law-abiding pastoralists
Only 8 cases of penalty were reported in one year –
unprecedented in a pastoral community! The byelaw stipulated
that if fenced crop and fodder is damaged by animals, the owner
of the animal would be fined 100, 200 and 300 birr per animal in
the first, second and third incidences, respectively. Recurrent law
breakers were referred to PADO for stronger action.
ICRISAT prepared the GIS
maps for the period 2015
-2018 for entire Afar region
using Sentinel satellite data.
Flood water analysis
Afar region
in Ethiopia
Shekayboru
kebele
Crop systems for each moisture zone:
ICRISAT, Wollo University, Woldya University and ARARI* developed a system
to identify, prioritize and integrate best-bet agricultural practices and crops.
MAZ: Maize EGR: Elephant grass
NaGR: Napier grass
NGR: Natural grass
BLD: Bushland
PAR: Parthenium weed
CAT: Sedimented area
FLD: Fallow land Weirs
River
Community road
Gulley
Waterway
SOR: Sorghum
TEF: Tef
MUB: Mung bean
CPE: Cowpea
PPE: Pigeonpea
SES: Sesame
Chifra
woreda
4 5
4. An alternate method of flood management using Water Spreading Weirs
Technical innovations for adaptive management of flood-based land restoration
Case study of pilot project at Shekayboru kebele in Chifra woreda of the Afar region
Land
Chifra district is located in Zone 1 of Afar regional
state of Ethiopia near the base of the eastern
escarpment of the Ethiopian highlands.
People
• Semi-settled pastoralists
• Heavily relied on food aid
School enrolment
27-32%
Literacy
> 85% are illiterate
Climate
Crop allocation based on moisture regime
High moisture: Maize and sorghum
Low moisture: Early-maturing legumes/grasses
2016: Local varieties of maize and sorghum were
grown but they failed due to short flooding seasons.
Construction of Water Spreading Weirs:
Inspired by the ancient Nabataan system
GIZ-SDR built five cascaded weirs with an average
distance of 50 to 180 mts from each other, depending
on contour, flood intensity and sediment load. The
weirs were built in the foot slopes of Tehuledere
mountains of the Amhara region in 2014-2015 to
regulate seasonal floodwaters, reduce runoff and
minimize erosion.
Design of the weirs:
•• Made of natural stone and cement
•• Consist of a spillway in the dry riverbed
•• Lateral abutments for stabilization
•• Wing walls span the width of the valley.
Given the high rainfall (950 mm per year) at
Tehuldere and shallow soils, it produces seasonal
high intensity flash floods. The run-off was collected
from a large area of these watersheds and directed
to flat plains in the lowlands. The weir ensures
that soil moisture increased and soil loss arrested
while making provision for draining excess water.
GIS-based farm-level land suitability map
Measuring soil moisture variability: The flow
path and intensity of water spreading in the plain
(above and below the weir) is controlled by the
in-situ microrelief, slope, height difference between
the valley and plain surface, and flood volume.
These landscape characteristics contributed
to varied soil moisture regimes, flow direction
and intensity above and below the structures,
which created huge soil variability.
Recurrent measurements were made
using soil moisture sensor (TDR-300,
Spectrum technologies) at a soil depth
of 0-20 cm and 21 to 40 cm in multiple
directions from the weirs. The entire
field was tracked using GPS in order to
locate plots with similar soil moisture
regime and soil nutrient levels, which
was used to classify the landscape
into different land-use categories.
A GIS-based solution guide was
designed to guide extension workers
and farmers to target their farm plots
with differing management options.
Changing land quality due to floods
The flood emerging from the highlands carry significant load of soil and sediment to downstream sinks. The
sediment-laden flood create differing land quality within the landscape. The different land parcels which
had significantly different crop performance and yield were grouped into at least four crop management
zones depending on the water holding capacity of the soil, soil texture and crop performance. (see below)
Zone 1: This parcel was located immediately above
the weir (B & E), where flood velocity is very high
and sediment load is highest. In this zone, crop and
fodder choices were highly limited by waterlogging
after floods and sediment loads afterwards.
Zone 4: These areas (F) had a concentrated flow
with high speed and volumes, extended submerged
conditions as well as abrasive forces to sensitive
species. Any crop or forage planted in this parcel
could be washed away.
2017: Early-maturing, drought-resistant varieties of
maize (Melkassa-4 and Melkassa 2) and sorghum
(Girana) along with drought-resistant legumes, mainly
mung bean and pigeonpea and drought-resistant
forage grasses were grown with very good results.
The area has as arid and semi-arid climate with low
and erratic rainfall and high temperature. Extreme
weather patterns like drought and intermittent
dry spells are common.
Project site (yearly average)
Rainfall: 200-500mm
Neighboring Amhara highlands: Receive about 1,000
mm rainfall in just two and half months’ time.
Short rains (belg):
March-April
Long rains (meher):
July-August
Temperatures:
28-40°C
Zone 3: These farms are located on the outskirts
of the weirs (G) on patches with higher slope and
in areas where the weir limited natural overflow of
water (C). They received flood during high flows and
rain showers. The zones were mostly well-drained,
shallow and suitable only for drought-resistant and
early-maturing crops as well as grasses. This zone
covered the largest area with a potential of increasing
in size in the future. This zone also requires
improved flood management along with water-saving
technologies and practices.
Zone 2: It is predominantly a wet-zone (D & A).
moistened mainly through flood reversal and
subsurface lateral flows. A similar parcel of this
category was located immediately below the WSW
structures, which receive steady floods where the
flow intensity is slowed down and spread by the
structures. This part of the farm was found to be
highly suitable for agricultural production.
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Conceptualization and editing: Jemima Mandapati
Design: Meeravali SK; Strategic Marketing & Communication, ICRISAT
Photos: GIZ/ICRISAT
Contact:
Dr Tilahun Amede (t.amede@cgiar.org)
Address: ICRISAT-Ethiopia; (c/o ILRI) PO. Box 5689, Addis Ababa
Scaling up technologies in other areas of Afar
Yallo district: Three successive weirs were built in Yallo district, Wokriede kebele
in Northern Afar in 2016 and 2017. Agricultural operations started in the main
season of 2018. In Wokriede, excessive runoff was collected from drought-prone
nearby local hills as it does not neighbor with highlands. There was no experience
in agriculture (growing of food and feed crops) in the locality before the arrival
of this project. It is inaccessible and far away from market opportunities.
Ewa district: Three weirs were also built in Ewa district and agricultural
operations started in the main season of 2018. All the crops grown
in the Chifra project site are grown in these two regions.
Flood analysis for entire Afar region was done from July-
August (2015-18) using Sentinel-1 satellite data.
The potential area for flood-based farming during belg and
meher seasons was 550,000 and 1.2 million ha, respectively.
Interventions in this area could make Afar food secure
and reduce its vulnerability significantly.
Opportunities in Somali and Omo-Gibe regions Geo-spatial products from ICRISAT to support similar
initiatives include:
•• Crop type/intensity maps
•• Length of growing periods
•• Spatial modeling (prioritization)
•• Simulated yield estimations and impact
•• Tracking adoption of NRM technologies
•• Land-use changes
•• Abiotic stresses
•• Impact assessment
Citation: Tilahun Amede, Elisabeth Van den Akker, Wolf
Berdel, Christina Ketter, Gebeyaw Tilahun, Asmare
Dejen, Gizachew Legesse, Hunegnaw Abebe and
Mezgebu Getnet. 2019. Flooding events turned into
farming opportunities: Innovation transforms livelihoods
of pastoralists in Ethiopia. Policy Brief 13, ICRISAT.
*
Reference: Amede et al. 2019. Facilitating negotiated
transformation from pastoral to sustainable agropastoral
systems through flood-based land restoration in
drought-prone regions of Afar, Ethiopia (under review).
Dr Elisabeth Van den Akker
GIZ SDR, elisabeth.akker-van@giz.de
Funder and partner:
Partners:
This work was undertaken
as part of the CRP
Implemented by
Teff Mung beanPigeonpea