Presented by Jeremy Bird, IWMI's Director General, at the Bonn Water Lecture: Solutions for a water secure and urbanizing world, on March 15, 2016, in Bonn, Germany.

1. Cover slide option 1 TitleSolutions for a water secure and urbanizing world
Jeremy Bird
International Water Management
Institute
ZEF
15 March 2016
Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI

2. World production of major
crops, 1961-2009
(billion tonnes)
Undernourished in developing
world population,
1969 to 2010 (percent)
Agriculture – a success story?

3. U N I T I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N
But at a price - land and water degradation

4. Hyderabad 2003-2014
1. Pressures of an urbanizing world

5. Sourcing urban water from an increasing distance
Hyderabad, India
Krishna River
Himayat Sagar
Osman Sagar
GW
Musi River
GW – Ground Water
NJS – Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir
Hyderabad
Waste water irrigation
industry
Godavari Basin
Krishna Basin
NJS
Musi River
P ET
Manjira
Singur
Godavari River water
W
a
te
r
p
u
m
p
e
dWaterpumped
Source: van Rooijen, D.; Turral, H.; Biggs, T.W. 2005. Sponge city: Water balance of mega-city water use and wastewater use in Hyderabad, India. Irrigation and Drainage 54: 81-91.

6. 10 Things You Ought to Know about Water. Circle of Blue. 2009.
http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2009/world/infographic-ten-things-you-should-know-about-water
TRENDS: Transition in water use – agriculture to
industrial

7. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 100 1000 10000 100000
GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year)
meatconsumption
(kg/cap/yr)
Meat
China
India
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 100 1000 10000 100000
GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year)
milkconsumption
(kg/cap/yr)
Milk
China
India USA
USA
Consumption and income 1961-2000
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003.
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/3/660S.full#ref-8
Meat requires 100 times more water than grain protein

8. TRENDS: Rise in African population
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population
Prospects: The 2012 Revision. projected populations based
on the medium-fertility variant
Total: 2.5 bn 6.1 bn 9.3bn 10.1 bn

9. TRENDS: Feminization and ageing of agricultural population
 1 million Nepali migrants in 2004 - 97% were male.
World Bank. 2009
 26% of Nepalese households are headed by females.
2011 Census
 World’s farming population is ageing – average age approaching 60
 Trends towards consolidation of land in China, Korea, Malaysia…
Photo: Jim Holmes / IWMI

10. Combined
Heat and
Power
Plant
Thermal
Power
Station
The Sea
Lake
Drinking Water
Plant
WWTP
Sedimentation
Equalizer
Eco Friendly
Electricity
Energy
WWTP
Thermal
Power
Station
Combined
Heat and
Power
Plant
Decentralization fosters integrated urban resource
management - Hammarby Sjöstad

11. Need to consider non-conventional resources –
a portfolio of options
Demand
(2035)
New
SW-1
Rainwater
harvesting(Cluster)
NewGW
DemandMgt.Leakage
Mgt.
Greywater(Cluster)
Demand
(2010)
637X103 m3/d deficit

12. 2. Waste as a resource

13. Irrigation with partially or untreated wastewater continues
on 6 to 20 million of hectares worldwide

14. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Diluted
wastewater
or polluted
water
Untreated
wastewater
Groundwater Treated
wastewater
River Other
surface
water bodies
Rainfed Irrigation
canal
Open
drainage
Numberofcities
In and around three of four cities in developing and emerging
economies, farmers use polluted irrigation water for the
production of high-value crops
Wastewater irrigation is a reality

15. Area irrigated with untreated and treated wastewater
China: 4 million ha; out of
proportion
Untreated wastewater
Treated wastewater
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Germany
S. Arabia
Libya(1)
France
Oman(1)
Kuwait(1)
Tunisia
Syria#
Turkey*
Jordan
USA
UAE(1)
Australia
Argentina
Italy*
Cyprus
Egypt*
Israel(1)*
Mexico
Chile
Bolivia#
Nepal(1)
Tunisia
Sudan
Kuwait#
Egypt(1)
Morocco
Turkey
Peru
Vietnam
Ghana*
SA*
Argentina
Colombia
Pakistan
Syria*
Chile(1)*
India(1)*
Mexico
China*
Area ('000 ha)
Formal sector
Driver: Water scarcity
 Planned use and ‘controlled’ health risks
Informal sector
Driver: Water pollution (poor sanitation)
 Unplanned use and high health risks
Source:

16. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
NumberofTreatmentPlants
Region
Business (e.g., hotel,
airport)
Hospital
Military
School
Municipal/Township
Community-level
How many of them work ?
Source: Murray & Drechsel, 2011
Fecal sludge - treatment plants not always the answer

17. Vegetables are grown using
urban waste water – health risk

18. Source: Pay Drechsel / IWMI

19. New guidelines based on simple technology

20.  2 million tons of waste into rivers, lakes and wetlands daily
 128 million septic tanks and latrines in India contribute to 80%
of the pollution of its surface waters
 12 000 km3 of polluted water on the planet - more than the
contents of the world’s 10 biggest river basins (FAO 2011)
Photo: Pay Drechsel
Urban – rural interface: options for viable nutrient
recycling?

21. Atmosphere
Peri-urban
agriculture
Urban
agriculture
Saw-mills
Breweries
Poultry farms
Transport/
Distribution
Landfill
Fertilizer 1
Fertilizer 2
Food 1
Food 2
Food 3
Consumer
products 1
Compost 1
SW10
Excreta3
SW3
SW5
SW9
SW 11
SW12
Excreta1
WW1
Gas3
WW2
BS 1
Raw
material
SW 13
Food 4
Consumer
products 2
Compost 2
System
border
Industry
Excreta 2Wood1
Wood2
120
1150
13
3200
1700
3200
680
43
230
80
4750
230
530
1010
130
830
220
640
2500
15
90
530
700
<10
18
530
Air1
Air2
Gas5
Gas6
Gas7
400
85
<10
<10
560
Gas1
Gas2
1000
30
<10
Soil
SW2
640
Leachate1
50
Leachate2
110
WW3
150
SW6
SW8
7
130
Co-composting
Household
Treatment
of excreta
Scenario 1
Groundwater and surface waters
city level
N t/yr
Source:SANDEC/EAWAG
Tracking nitrogen flows

22. U N I T I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N
Analyzing and developing RRR business solutions
• 150+ business cases screened
• 60 cases with in-depth analysis
• 22 business models developed
• Feasibility studies in 10 cities

23. U N I T I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N
Resource recovery and reuse offers
multiple value propositions beyond
safe treatment of a waste stream

24. U N I T I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N
RRR Business model catalog

25. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Example of action research:
Fecal Sludge Valorization

26. Waste to fertilizer – closing the nutrient loop
Co-composting

27. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI
Fecal Sludge Management (FSM)
Comparison of Business Models

28. U N I T I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N
FSM cases
(RRR report series in print)

29. U N I T I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N
FSM focus on Co-Composting
Our activities:
- Advisory service for ADB, WB,
BMGF in Sri Lanka, Ghana,
India, Nepal, …
- In-depth feasibility studies at
town and city level
- Investment climate studies
(with ZEF)
- Implementing PPP in Accra
- Guiding municipalities on FSM
in Sri Lanka
- Agronomic trials
- Co-compost quality
- Enrichment
- Pelletization
- Curriculum and MOOC
development on RRR business
models

30. Target 6.2 – By 2030, achieve access to adequate and
equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open
defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women
and girls and those in vulnerable situations.
Target 6.3 – By 2030, improve water quality by reducing
pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of
hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of
untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling
and safe reuse.
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all

31. What happens when the pit is full?
Photo: Sharada Prasad CS (https://www.flickr.com/photos/sharadaprasad/)

32. Heather Purshouse, Grattan Maslin; IWMI, unpublished
Kathmandu Valley

33. U N I T I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N
FSM is high on the development agenda (SDG 6.2.1)

34. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI
*JMP official projections (maybe slightly different due to definition) Di Mario, Peal, Nikiema, Drechsel (unpublished)
ImprovedSanitationUnimprovedSanitation
Improved
and Safely
Managed
5%
Total Not Safely Managed
Unimproved
and Safely
Managed
4%
90%
15*-21%
79-85*%
To Piped
Sewer (2%)
To Improved
Pit Latrines
(14%)
Open
defecation
(21%)
To Septic
Tanks (5%)
Treatment
End-use/
disposal
Emptying and TransportContainment
To Unimproved
Pit Latrines
(5%)
To Shared or
Public Toilets
(51%)
Other
Improved (0%)
To Other
Unimproved
(O%)
WW not treated
WW treated
FS emptied
FS treated
FS not treated
FS not emptied
WW delivered to
treatment
WW not delivered to
treatment
FS emptied
FS emptied
FS not emptied
FS not emptied
FS treated
FS not treated
Contained
Not Contained
Contained
Not Contained
Contained
Not Contained
Contained
Not Contained
Not Contained
Not Contained
Safely
abandoned
FS treated
FS not treated
<1%
<1%
<1%
4%
21%
5%
8%
10% 33%
4%
3%
3%
Ghana National Assessment

35. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI
*JMP official projections (maybe slightly different due to definition)
Di Mario, Peal, Nikiema, Drechsel (work in progress, unpublished)
ImprovedSanitationUnimprovedSanitation
Improved
and Safely
Managed
5%
Total Not Safely Managed
Unimproved
and Safely
Managed
4%
90%
15*-21%
79-85*%
To Piped
Sewer (2%)
To Improved
Pit Latrines
(14%)
Open
defecation
(21%)
To Septic
Tanks (5%)
Treatment
End-use/
disposal
Emptying and TransportContainment
To Unimproved
Pit Latrines
(5%)
To Shared or
Public Toilets
(51%)
Other
Improved (0%)
To Other
Unimproved
(O%)
WW not treated
WW treated
FS emptied
FS treated
FS not treated
FS not emptied
WW delivered to
treatment
WW not delivered to
treatment
FS emptied
FS emptied
FS not emptied
FS not emptied
FS treated
FS not treated
Contained
Not Contained
Contained
Not Contained
Contained
Not Contained
Contained
Not Contained
Not Contained
Not Contained
Safely
abandoned
FS treated
FS not treated
<1%
<1%
<1%
4%
21%
5%
8%
10% 33%
4%
3%
3%Existing data or ‘easy’
to access

36. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI
*JMP official projections (maybe slightly different due to definition)
Di Mario, Peal, Nikiema, Drechsel (work in progress, unpublished)
ImprovedSanitationUnimprovedSanitation
Improved
and Safely
Managed
5%
Total Not Safely Managed
Unimproved
and Safely
Managed
4%
90%
15*-21%
79-85*%
To Piped
Sewer (2%)
To Improved
Pit Latrines
(14%)
Open
defecation
(21%)
To Septic
Tanks (5%)
Treatment
End-use/
disposal
Emptying and TransportContainment
To Unimproved
Pit Latrines
(5%)
To Shared or
Public Toilets
(51%)
Other
Improved (0%)
To Other
Unimproved
(O%)
WW not treated
WW treated
FS emptied
FS treated
FS not treated
FS not emptied
WW delivered to
treatment
WW not delivered to
treatment
FS emptied
FS emptied
FS not emptied
FS not emptied
FS treated
FS not treated
Contained
Not Contained
Contained
Not Contained
Contained
Not Contained
Contained
Not Contained
Not Contained
Not Contained
Safely
abandoned
FS treated
FS not treated
<1%
<1%
<1%
4%
21%
5%
8%
10% 33%
4%
3%
3%
FSM is a neglected
issue

37. • Best practice for urban water security
• Provide guidance on RRR business opportunities
• Advise on health risk assessments, guidelines for risk
mitigation
• Development of improved rural – urban governance
propositions and trade off analysis
• Develop urban food security strategies and rural urban
trade-off analysis
• Policy analysis
• Feasibility studies
• M&E strategies
• ….
New focus on rural – urban linkages

38. 3. Groundwater – a crisis in waiting?

39. ‘Free’ electricity encouraged
groundwater overuse
Groundwater – key for crop expansion

40. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
Irrigatedareain1000ha
Canal irrigated area Tank irrigated area Groundwater irrigated area
Canal
Tanks
Growth of irrigation in India – groundwater expansion
Mukherji, A., S. Rawat and T. Shah. 2013.

41. Twin cases of ‘over-abstraction’ and ‘under-utilization’
Source: IWMI
Perverse subsidies on
electricity for agriculture
led to over- abstraction of
groundwater
Licensing and other
regulatory barriers to
groundwater expansion

42. Innovative groundwater solutions:
Jyotigram Yojana, India
Separate feeder lines and rationing led to more
sustainable groundwater use, reduced electricity
use and increased yields
Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI

43. West Bengal – easing regulatory and cost barriers to
groundwater use
• Access to groundwater - a
major obstacle
• Reforms reduced red-tape -
licensing and connection
charges
• Could benefit more than 4.5
million smallholders
Source: Aditi Mukherji, IWMI

44. • India has 130,000 GW of
installed pumping capacity in
the form of electric and
diesel tube wells
• Existing subsidy for irrigation
supplemented by attractive
feed-in tariff
• Shifting to a solar power
source could reduce India’s
Greenhouse Gas emissions
by up to 6%
• Livelihoods – Energy - Water
Solution
• Threat of over-use
Solar irrigation - the opportunity and the risk
Photo: Prashanth Vishwanathan / IWMI

45. SOLAR FARMER
Grid Connected Farmers:
• Replace existing pumps
with solar
• Offer guaranteed buy
back of surplus solar
power at an attractive
price
Non grid connected farmers:
• Form cooperative
• Common feed in-point for “pooled power”
• Guarantee buy-back
• Reduce utility transaction costs
The solution: redesigning the solar mission as a “cash crop”
opportunity

47. (IWMI, 2011)
Signs of over-pumping and pollution as Jaffna develops

48. Groundwater
reserves in Africa are
many times greater
than surface water
 But how
sustainable?
Significant groundwater
potential exists in Africa

49. Tanzania – from bucket to pump –
facilitating entry into the irrigation market

50. • Co developed solutions – multiple partners
• Focus on over-use as well as resource degradation
• Scaling up of tested solutions
• Innovative policy and institutional approaches
• Contribution to multiple SDGs and climate
resilience
• Links to other groundwater programs
Groundwater solutions initiative for policy and practice

51. Better water management - the business case for the planet

52. www.iwmi.org https://wle.cgiar.org/
https://ccafs.cgiar.org/
Photo: Prashanth Vishwanathan / IWMI