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Solutions for a water secure and urbanizing world
The document discusses the challenges and solutions for achieving water security in urbanizing environments, with a focus on Hyderabad, India. It highlights the transition of water use from agriculture to industrial sectors, the issues surrounding wastewater management, and the importance of resource recovery and reuse strategies. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for innovative groundwater management practices to maintain sustainability while addressing pollution and health risks.
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Solutions for a water secure and urbanizing world
- 1. Cover slide option1 TitleSolutions for a water secure and urbanizing world Jeremy Bird International Water Management Institute ZEF 15 March 2016 Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI
- 2. World production ofmajor crops, 1961-2009 (billion tonnes) Undernourished in developing world population, 1969 to 2010 (percent) Agriculture – a success story?
- 3. U N IT I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N But at a price - land and water degradation
- 4. Hyderabad 2003-2014 1. Pressuresof an urbanizing world
- 5. Sourcing urban waterfrom an increasing distance Hyderabad, India Krishna River Himayat Sagar Osman Sagar GW Musi River GW – Ground Water NJS – Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir Hyderabad Waste water irrigation industry Godavari Basin Krishna Basin NJS Musi River P ET Manjira Singur Godavari River water W a te r p u m p e dWaterpumped Source: van Rooijen, D.; Turral, H.; Biggs, T.W. 2005. Sponge city: Water balance of mega-city water use and wastewater use in Hyderabad, India. Irrigation and Drainage 54: 81-91.
- 6. 10 Things YouOught to Know about Water. Circle of Blue. 2009. http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2009/world/infographic-ten-things-you-should-know-about-water TRENDS: Transition in water use – agriculture to industrial
- 7. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 10 100 100010000 100000 GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year) meatconsumption (kg/cap/yr) Meat China India 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 10 100 1000 10000 100000 GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year) milkconsumption (kg/cap/yr) Milk China India USA USA Consumption and income 1961-2000 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/3/660S.full#ref-8 Meat requires 100 times more water than grain protein
- 8. TRENDS: Rise inAfrican population Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. projected populations based on the medium-fertility variant Total: 2.5 bn 6.1 bn 9.3bn 10.1 bn
- 9. TRENDS: Feminization andageing of agricultural population 1 million Nepali migrants in 2004 - 97% were male. World Bank. 2009 26% of Nepalese households are headed by females. 2011 Census World’s farming population is ageing – average age approaching 60 Trends towards consolidation of land in China, Korea, Malaysia… Photo: Jim Holmes / IWMI
- 10. Combined Heat and Power Plant Thermal Power Station The Sea Lake DrinkingWater Plant WWTP Sedimentation Equalizer Eco Friendly Electricity Energy WWTP Thermal Power Station Combined Heat and Power Plant Decentralization fosters integrated urban resource management - Hammarby Sjöstad
- 11. Need to considernon-conventional resources – a portfolio of options Demand (2035) New SW-1 Rainwater harvesting(Cluster) NewGW DemandMgt.Leakage Mgt. Greywater(Cluster) Demand (2010) 637X103 m3/d deficit
- 12. 2. Waste asa resource
- 13. Irrigation with partiallyor untreated wastewater continues on 6 to 20 million of hectares worldwide
- 14. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Diluted wastewater or polluted water Untreated wastewater Groundwater Treated wastewater RiverOther surface water bodies Rainfed Irrigation canal Open drainage Numberofcities In and around three of four cities in developing and emerging economies, farmers use polluted irrigation water for the production of high-value crops Wastewater irrigation is a reality
- 15. Area irrigated withuntreated and treated wastewater China: 4 million ha; out of proportion Untreated wastewater Treated wastewater 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Germany S. Arabia Libya(1) France Oman(1) Kuwait(1) Tunisia Syria# Turkey* Jordan USA UAE(1) Australia Argentina Italy* Cyprus Egypt* Israel(1)* Mexico Chile Bolivia# Nepal(1) Tunisia Sudan Kuwait# Egypt(1) Morocco Turkey Peru Vietnam Ghana* SA* Argentina Colombia Pakistan Syria* Chile(1)* India(1)* Mexico China* Area ('000 ha) Formal sector Driver: Water scarcity Planned use and ‘controlled’ health risks Informal sector Driver: Water pollution (poor sanitation) Unplanned use and high health risks Source:
- 16. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 NumberofTreatmentPlants Region Business (e.g., hotel, airport) Hospital Military School Municipal/Township Community-level Howmany of them work ? Source: Murray & Drechsel, 2011 Fecal sludge - treatment plants not always the answer
- 17. Vegetables are grownusing urban waste water – health risk
- 18. Source: Pay Drechsel/ IWMI
- 19. New guidelines basedon simple technology
- 20. 2 milliontons of waste into rivers, lakes and wetlands daily 128 million septic tanks and latrines in India contribute to 80% of the pollution of its surface waters 12 000 km3 of polluted water on the planet - more than the contents of the world’s 10 biggest river basins (FAO 2011) Photo: Pay Drechsel Urban – rural interface: options for viable nutrient recycling?
- 21. Atmosphere Peri-urban agriculture Urban agriculture Saw-mills Breweries Poultry farms Transport/ Distribution Landfill Fertilizer 1 Fertilizer2 Food 1 Food 2 Food 3 Consumer products 1 Compost 1 SW10 Excreta3 SW3 SW5 SW9 SW 11 SW12 Excreta1 WW1 Gas3 WW2 BS 1 Raw material SW 13 Food 4 Consumer products 2 Compost 2 System border Industry Excreta 2Wood1 Wood2 120 1150 13 3200 1700 3200 680 43 230 80 4750 230 530 1010 130 830 220 640 2500 15 90 530 700 <10 18 530 Air1 Air2 Gas5 Gas6 Gas7 400 85 <10 <10 560 Gas1 Gas2 1000 30 <10 Soil SW2 640 Leachate1 50 Leachate2 110 WW3 150 SW6 SW8 7 130 Co-composting Household Treatment of excreta Scenario 1 Groundwater and surface waters city level N t/yr Source:SANDEC/EAWAG Tracking nitrogen flows
- 22. U N IT I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N Analyzing and developing RRR business solutions • 150+ business cases screened • 60 cases with in-depth analysis • 22 business models developed • Feasibility studies in 10 cities
- 23. U N IT I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N Resource recovery and reuse offers multiple value propositions beyond safe treatment of a waste stream
- 24. U N IT I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N RRR Business model catalog
- 25. www.iwmi.org Water for afood-secure world Example of action research: Fecal Sludge Valorization
- 26. Waste to fertilizer– closing the nutrient loop Co-composting
- 27. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI Fecal Sludge Management(FSM) Comparison of Business Models
- 28. U N IT I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N FSM cases (RRR report series in print)
- 29. U N IT I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N FSM focus on Co-Composting Our activities: - Advisory service for ADB, WB, BMGF in Sri Lanka, Ghana, India, Nepal, … - In-depth feasibility studies at town and city level - Investment climate studies (with ZEF) - Implementing PPP in Accra - Guiding municipalities on FSM in Sri Lanka - Agronomic trials - Co-compost quality - Enrichment - Pelletization - Curriculum and MOOC development on RRR business models
- 30. Target 6.2 –By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. Target 6.3 – By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse. Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
- 31. What happens whenthe pit is full? Photo: Sharada Prasad CS (https://www.flickr.com/photos/sharadaprasad/)
- 32. Heather Purshouse, GrattanMaslin; IWMI, unpublished Kathmandu Valley
- 33. U N IT I N G A G R I C U L T U R E A N D N AT U R E F O R P O V E R T Y R E D U C T I O N FSM is high on the development agenda (SDG 6.2.1)
- 34. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI *JMP official projections(maybe slightly different due to definition) Di Mario, Peal, Nikiema, Drechsel (unpublished) ImprovedSanitationUnimprovedSanitation Improved and Safely Managed 5% Total Not Safely Managed Unimproved and Safely Managed 4% 90% 15*-21% 79-85*% To Piped Sewer (2%) To Improved Pit Latrines (14%) Open defecation (21%) To Septic Tanks (5%) Treatment End-use/ disposal Emptying and TransportContainment To Unimproved Pit Latrines (5%) To Shared or Public Toilets (51%) Other Improved (0%) To Other Unimproved (O%) WW not treated WW treated FS emptied FS treated FS not treated FS not emptied WW delivered to treatment WW not delivered to treatment FS emptied FS emptied FS not emptied FS not emptied FS treated FS not treated Contained Not Contained Contained Not Contained Contained Not Contained Contained Not Contained Not Contained Not Contained Safely abandoned FS treated FS not treated <1% <1% <1% 4% 21% 5% 8% 10% 33% 4% 3% 3% Ghana National Assessment
- 35. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI *JMP official projections(maybe slightly different due to definition) Di Mario, Peal, Nikiema, Drechsel (work in progress, unpublished) ImprovedSanitationUnimprovedSanitation Improved and Safely Managed 5% Total Not Safely Managed Unimproved and Safely Managed 4% 90% 15*-21% 79-85*% To Piped Sewer (2%) To Improved Pit Latrines (14%) Open defecation (21%) To Septic Tanks (5%) Treatment End-use/ disposal Emptying and TransportContainment To Unimproved Pit Latrines (5%) To Shared or Public Toilets (51%) Other Improved (0%) To Other Unimproved (O%) WW not treated WW treated FS emptied FS treated FS not treated FS not emptied WW delivered to treatment WW not delivered to treatment FS emptied FS emptied FS not emptied FS not emptied FS treated FS not treated Contained Not Contained Contained Not Contained Contained Not Contained Contained Not Contained Not Contained Not Contained Safely abandoned FS treated FS not treated <1% <1% <1% 4% 21% 5% 8% 10% 33% 4% 3% 3%Existing data or ‘easy’ to access
- 36. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI *JMP official projections(maybe slightly different due to definition) Di Mario, Peal, Nikiema, Drechsel (work in progress, unpublished) ImprovedSanitationUnimprovedSanitation Improved and Safely Managed 5% Total Not Safely Managed Unimproved and Safely Managed 4% 90% 15*-21% 79-85*% To Piped Sewer (2%) To Improved Pit Latrines (14%) Open defecation (21%) To Septic Tanks (5%) Treatment End-use/ disposal Emptying and TransportContainment To Unimproved Pit Latrines (5%) To Shared or Public Toilets (51%) Other Improved (0%) To Other Unimproved (O%) WW not treated WW treated FS emptied FS treated FS not treated FS not emptied WW delivered to treatment WW not delivered to treatment FS emptied FS emptied FS not emptied FS not emptied FS treated FS not treated Contained Not Contained Contained Not Contained Contained Not Contained Contained Not Contained Not Contained Not Contained Safely abandoned FS treated FS not treated <1% <1% <1% 4% 21% 5% 8% 10% 33% 4% 3% 3% FSM is a neglected issue
- 37. • Best practicefor urban water security • Provide guidance on RRR business opportunities • Advise on health risk assessments, guidelines for risk mitigation • Development of improved rural – urban governance propositions and trade off analysis • Develop urban food security strategies and rural urban trade-off analysis • Policy analysis • Feasibility studies • M&E strategies • …. New focus on rural – urban linkages
- 38. 3. Groundwater –a crisis in waiting?
- 39. ‘Free’ electricity encouraged groundwateroveruse Groundwater – key for crop expansion
- 40. 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 Irrigatedareain1000ha Canal irrigated areaTank irrigated area Groundwater irrigated area Canal Tanks Growth of irrigation in India – groundwater expansion Mukherji, A., S. Rawat and T. Shah. 2013.
- 41. Twin cases of‘over-abstraction’ and ‘under-utilization’ Source: IWMI Perverse subsidies on electricity for agriculture led to over- abstraction of groundwater Licensing and other regulatory barriers to groundwater expansion
- 42. Innovative groundwater solutions: JyotigramYojana, India Separate feeder lines and rationing led to more sustainable groundwater use, reduced electricity use and increased yields Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI
- 43. West Bengal –easing regulatory and cost barriers to groundwater use • Access to groundwater - a major obstacle • Reforms reduced red-tape - licensing and connection charges • Could benefit more than 4.5 million smallholders Source: Aditi Mukherji, IWMI
- 44. • India has130,000 GW of installed pumping capacity in the form of electric and diesel tube wells • Existing subsidy for irrigation supplemented by attractive feed-in tariff • Shifting to a solar power source could reduce India’s Greenhouse Gas emissions by up to 6% • Livelihoods – Energy - Water Solution • Threat of over-use Solar irrigation - the opportunity and the risk Photo: Prashanth Vishwanathan / IWMI
- 45. SOLAR FARMER Grid ConnectedFarmers: • Replace existing pumps with solar • Offer guaranteed buy back of surplus solar power at an attractive price Non grid connected farmers: • Form cooperative • Common feed in-point for “pooled power” • Guarantee buy-back • Reduce utility transaction costs The solution: redesigning the solar mission as a “cash crop” opportunity
- 47. (IWMI, 2011) Signs ofover-pumping and pollution as Jaffna develops
- 48. Groundwater reserves in Africaare many times greater than surface water But how sustainable? Significant groundwater potential exists in Africa
- 49. Tanzania – frombucket to pump – facilitating entry into the irrigation market
- 50. • Co developedsolutions – multiple partners • Focus on over-use as well as resource degradation • Scaling up of tested solutions • Innovative policy and institutional approaches • Contribution to multiple SDGs and climate resilience • Links to other groundwater programs Groundwater solutions initiative for policy and practice
- 51. Better water management- the business case for the planet
- 52.