Clinical use of plants medicines. Content added in this presentation is verified by the Reseach articles.

1. Clinical use of plant’s
medicines
By Waqas Siddiqe
Reg. no: 06332013059

2. Content:
1 2
citrus spp Strychnos
nux-vomica
3
Commiphora
wightii

3. Part used:
Fruits, flowers, leaves,
essential oils,
hydrosols, and juices
of citrus spp.
Natural and cultivated citrus hybrids include
commercially important fruit such as oranges,
grapefruit, lemons, limes, and some tangerines.
1. Citrus
assamensis
2. Citrus maxima
3. Citrus medica
4. Citrus australis
Rutaceae.
Common
examples
Family
name:
citrus spp
Citrus greening

4. According to the UN Food and
Agriculture Organization, world
production of all citrus fruits in 2016
was 124 million metric tons with about
half of this production as oranges. At
US $15.2 billion equivalent in 2018,
citrus trade makes up nearly half of the
world fruit trade, which was US $32.1
billion for the same year In 2019–20,
world production of oranges was
estimated to be 47.5 million metric tons
led by Brazil, Mexico, the European
Union, and China as the largest
producers.
Production
Major
Producer
Region

5. CITRUS SPECIES
LEMON
PEEL
CITRUS
MAXIMA
POMELO
JUICE

6. .
Lemon PeEl
Lemon PeEl
Lemon PeEl
Lemon PeEl
1-Lemon
Peel

7. Synonym
Fructus Limonis, Cortex Limonis
Biological Source
Lemon peel is obtained from the fresh
ripe fruit of Citrus limon, belonging to
family Rutaceae.

8. ● Part used:
Fresh ripe fruit
● Geographical Source:
California. West Indies, Italy, Spain, Sicily, Florida, and
Australia; grown all over India, particularly in home gardens
and small-sized orchards.

9. 9
Chemical Constituents
volatile oil (2.5%), vitamin C,
hesperidin and other flavone
glycosides, mucilage, pectin
and calcium oxalate.
Linalool, citronellal, α-pinene,
β-pinene
eriocitrin, epigenin, quercetin,
limocitrin,
limocitrol, isolimocitrol
and β-coumaric acid

10. 10
C
Chemical Structures:

11. v
Uses:
• Great Source Of Vitamin C.
• Great Exfoliator, Soft And Smoothens Skin.
• Weight Loss, For This To Work, First, Dry The Lemon
Peel And Then Grind It. Finally, Consume The Powder
With The Water
• Helps In Improving And Maintaining Bone Health.
• Lemon Juice Assists In Relieving Respiratory
Problems And Breathing Problems, Such As Its Ability
To Soothe A Person Suffering From An Asthma Attack.

12. Reference: https://www.google.com/
CITRUS MAXIMA
Pummelo, Pamelo, Jambura

13. Pummelo is the mono
embroyonic fruit of Malaya
origin, edible part is juicy
placental hairs known with
Botanical name is Citrus
grandis or Citrus maxima
belonging to the family
Rutaecae
BIOLOGICAL
SOURCE
Citrus maxima
Reference: https://www.google.com/

14.  Leaves - dipentene, linalool, citral, a-pinene
 Juice yields insulin like substance; vitamin C; peroxidase;
 Rind yields naringin
C H E M I C A L C O N S T I T U E N T S
Linalool Citral Naringin
Alpha-pinene
Reference: www.google.com

15. ROLE IN
SKIN
DISEASES

16. Reference: www.journals.sagepub.com
www.netmeds.com
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
Pomelo Reduces the Skin Inflammation reducing redness and swelling.
ANTI-OXIDANT POTENTIAL
Antioxidants traits to assist in combating free radical damage, diminish acne, scars and dark
spots and lessen skin irritation.
ANTI-AGING
It delay skin cells from the process of ageing.

17. Pomelo Juice
Reference: www.journals.sagepub.com
www.netmeds.com
Ingredients:
1 large pomelo fruit
3 tsp of honey
Crushed ice
BOOST COLLAGEN
the juice will also help to boost the
production of collagen, a protein
essential for maintaining the
elasticity and firmness of skin
texture.

18. Chemical constituents:
 Pomelo fruit contain carbohydrates in the form of sugars: sucrose,
glucose, and fructose.
 In mandarins and tangerines, the ratio of sucrose, glucose, and fructose
is generally 2:1:1.
 Pomelo fruit peels contain higher amounts of phenolic acids,
flavanones, and polymethoxylated flavones than the corresponding
edible parts.
Important points
● In citrus fruits the organic acids account for
the second most abundant class of soluble
solids..

19. C6H8O7 C4H6O5 C4H6O6
citric acid
Chemical structures:
malic acid tartaric vitamin c
C6H8O6

20. Uses Of Pomelo Juice
 Health benefits of pomelo juice It helps
retain elasticity of arteries, allowing
smooth blood flow.
 Though having a reasonable amount of
ascorbic acid, it produces alkaline
reaction after being digested.
 Diet conscious people can use this drink
to lose weight.
 Para-insulin found in pomelo flesh plays
a vital role in reducing blood fats.

21. Citrus Fruits with respective uses:

22. Part used:
The gummy
resin called guggulipid
or oleoresin which
exudes from the
branches of the plant is
used for commercial
purposes due to its
myrrh like fragrance.
Commiphora wightii
Commiphora wightii grows as a shrub or small tree
reaching a maximum height of 4 m (13 ft), with thin
papery bark. The branches are thorny. The leaves are
simple or trifoliate, the leaflets ovate. The individual
flowers are red to pink, with four small petals. The
small round fruit are red when ripe.
1-Indian
bdellium-tree,
2-gugal,
3-guggul,
4-gugul,
5-mukul
6-myrrh tree
Burseraceae
Common
name
Family
name:

23. Cultivation
Commiphora wightii is sought for its
gummy resin, which is harvested
from the plant's bark through the
process of tapping.
In India and Pakistan, guggul is
cultivated commercially. The resin
of C. wightii, known as gum guggulu,
has a fragrance similar to that
of myrrh and is commonly used
in incense and perfumes.

24. Chemical constituents:
Over a hundred metabolites of various chemical compositions were reported
from the leaves, stem, latex, root and fruit samples.
Major Components includes
● Volatile oil consisting myrecene, dimyrecene,
● polymyrecene; Resin (Z-Guggulsterone, E-Guggulsterone,
● Z-Guggulusterol, Guggulusterol I-V)
While Others also include
● 20-α-Hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one; 20-β-hydroxy-4-pregnen-
● 3-one; 16-β-hydroxy-4,17(20)Z-pregnadien-3-one; 16-α-
● hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one; cembrene A; mukulol.

25. C27H44O4
C27H43O4 C 20 H 32
Z- Guggulsterol
Chemical structures:
Z- Guggulsterone
Cembrene

26. Major Uses:
Uses
• It may help treat certain anti-inflammatory conditions,
such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, and arthritis.
• It raises levels of HDL cholesterol (the good
cholesterol), inhibits platelet aggregation, and may
increase thermogenesis through stimulation of the
thyroid, potentially resulting in weight loss.
• The gum is astringent, aritirheumatic, antiseptic,
expectorant, aphrodisiac, demulcent, and emmenagogue
• The resin is used in the form of a lotion for indolent
ulcers and as a gargle in teeth disorders, tonsillitis,
pharyngitis, and ulcerated throat.

27. Important point:
Risk Factors:
Anorexia
1
Skin rash
Diarrhea,
Headache
2
3
Guggal is good for acne. However
excess use may cause allergy
reactions.

28. Part used:
.
Strychnos nux-vomica
Nux vomica is a deciduous tree native to India and to
southeast Asia. It is a medium-sized tree in the family
Loganiaceae that grows in open habitats. Its leaves are
ovate and 5–9 centimetres (2–3.5 in) in size.
1:nux vomica,
2:poison fruit,
3:semen
strychnos 4:
quaker buttons
Loganiaceae
Common
name
Family
name:
The strychnine-
containing seeds
have been used in
arrow poison.

29. Cultivation
and collection:
 The plant is a small tree around 12 m in
height. Ripe and mature fruits are collected in
the month of November to February.
 The fruits are 3–5 cm in diameter and are
sub-spherical yellowish brown orange like
berries. The epicarp is leathery and the pulp
is bitter whitish and mucilaginous in which
two to five seeds are embedded.
 The epicarp is separated and the seeds are
removed and washed to remove pulp.
 They are dried on mats in the sun and graded
according to size and exported.

30. Chemical constituents:
● Nux vomica contains the alkaloids, Strychnine (1.25%) and Brucine
(1.5%), also traces of strychnicine, and a glucoside Loganin, about 3%
fatty matter, caffeotannic acid and a trace of copper.
● It contains about 2.5–3.5% bitter indole alkaloids.
● Strychnine is therapeutically active and toxic alkaloid and is located in
central portion of endosperm.
● Brucine is chemically dimethoxystrychnine and is less toxic and has very
little physiological action.
● It is intensely bitter and is used as a standard for determining the bitter
value, of many bitter drugs. Brucine is more in the outer part.
● Vomicine and pseudo strychnine are minor alkaloids.

31. C21H22N2O2 C23H26N2O4
Chemical structures:
Brucine
Strychnine

32. uses:
 The properties of nux vomica are substantially those of the alkaloid
Strychnine.
 In the mouth it acts as a bitter, increasing appetite; it stimulates
peristalsis, in chronic constipation. Strychnine, the chief alkaloid
constituent of the seeds, also acts as a bitter, increasing the flow of
gastric juice; it is rapidly absorbed as it reaches the intestines, after
which it exerts its characteristic effects upon the CNS.
 Strychnine has a stimulant action on spinal cord
 It improves the pulse and raises blood pressure and is of great value
as a tonic to the circulatory system in cardiac failure.

33. Toxicity Of Nux Vomica
 In toxic doses strychnine causes violent tetanus
like convulsions and death takes place due to
asphyxia and respiratory failure.
 Brucine closely resembles strychnine in its
action, but is slightly less poisonous

34. Chemical Tests:
1. Strychnine Test:
To a section of endosperm add ammonium
vanadate and sulphuric acid. Strychnine in the
middle portion of endosperm is stained purple.
2. Potassium dichromate test:
Strychnine gives violet colour with potassium
dichromate and conc.sulphuricacid.
3. Brucine Test:
To a thick section add concentrated nitric acid.
Outer part of endosperm is stained yellow to
orange because of brucine.