This document provides information on phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, lignans, tea, ruta, and podophyllum. It discusses their biological sources, chemical constituents, uses, and key facts. Phenylpropanoids and flavonoids are organic compounds found in plants derived from amino acids. They provide protection from UV light and pathogens. Lignans are dimeric compounds formed from phenylpropene derivatives. Tea contains caffeine and polyphenols like epigallocatechin. Ruta has furocoumarins and acridone alkaloids. Podophyllum resin contains lignans like podophyllotoxin used to treat cancers.

1. PHENYLPROPANOIDS & FLAVONOIDS
Unit II ; Topic - II
Lignans, Tea, Ruta
Presented By
Dr. Rajesh Nath ( PharmD)
Asst. Professor
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Rama University

2. • They are a diverse family of organic compound that are synthesised by
plants the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.
• Their name is derived from the 6 carbon aromatic phenyl ]group and 3
carbon propene tail of coumaric acid.
PHENYLPROPANOID
S

3. • They are found throughout the plant kingdom, providing
protection from ultraviolet lights, defend against
herbivores and pathogen, mediate plant-pollinator
interactions as floral pigments and scent compunds.
• Concentration of Phenylpropanoids within plants Changes
in resource availability.

4. FLAVONOID
S
The flavonoids are polyphenolic
compounds possessing 15
carbon atoms; 2 benzene ring
joined by a linear 3 carbon chain
having the carbon skeleton C6-
C3-C6 and they are plant
pigment and they are having
polar nature and is soluble in
methanol and water.

5. • Flavanoid Constitutes one of the most characteristic
classes of compounds in higher plants.
• Many flavanoids are easily recognised as flower pigments
in most angiosperm families (flowering plants)
• However, their occurence is not restricted to flowers but
include all parts of the plant.
• They are secondary metabolites and effective in CNS
disorders.

6. • They are responsible for the color of flowers, fruits and
sometimes leaves.
• Widely distributed in different amounts, according to the plant
species, organ, developmental stage and growth conditions.
• The flavonoids have aroused considerable interest recently
because of their potential beneficial effects on human health as
well as their role in plant metabolism.
• They ensure tissue protection against the damaging effects of
UV radiation.
• They have been reported to have antiviral, antitumor,
antiallergic, anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
activities.

7. LIGNANS -
• Lignans are dimeric compunds formed essentially by the union of
two molecules of a phenylpropene derivative.
• About 300 lignans have been isolated and categorized into a
number of groups according to structural features.
• It is an essential component of most woody tissue involves
vessels,tracheids,fibres and scleroids.
Variation in Lignin constituiton also arise as a result of random
condensations of the appropriate alcohols with mesomeric free
radicals formed from them by the action of a laccase type (oxidase)
enzyme.

8. PODOPHYTTUAMN / PODOPHYTTUM
Synonym:
Podophyllum, Podophyllum Rhizome, May-
apple Root, Wild Mandrake
Biological Source :
It consists of the dried rhizome and roots of
podopbllunt peltatum
Family:
Berberidaceae

9. Cultivation & Collection:
It is a perennial herb common in moist shady
situations in the eastern parts of Tennesseae and
India. The rhizome which is about a meter in length is
dug up, cut into pieces about 10cm in length and
dried.
Geographical Source :
Canada, USA, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina
Characteristics :
Podophyllum occurs in subcylindrical reddish-brown pieces about 5-20cm long and
5-6mm thick. The outer surface is smooth (Autumn rhizome) or wrinkled (Summer
rhizome)

10. Chemical Constituents :
• The chief constituents of the root belong to the group of lignans.
• Rhizomes and root contain resinous mixture called podophyllum resin or
podophyllin
• The primary constituents are lignin glycosides, podophyllotoxin,
podophyllic acid and picropodophyllin, alpha-peltalin and beta-peltalin.
7 Podophyllotoxin 10

11. Uses :
• Podophyllum resin has used as a purgative.
• It has cytotoxic action and is used in treatment of soft
venereal and other warts
• Etoposide is a lignan derivative obtained semi-sy]nthetically
from podophyllotoxin and used in the treatment of lung
cancer and testicular cancer as well as lymphomas and
leukaemias
• In paediatric as neuro-blastoma.

12. Marketed Products :

13. Biological Source - It consists of
prepared leaves and leaf buds of Theae
sinensis Linne, Theae Viridis Folium
(Green tea leaves), Theae Nigrae Folium
(Black Tea Leaves)
Family - Theaceae ( Ternstroemiaceae )
TE
A
Synonym - Camellia Thea

14. Geographical Source -
China, India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Indonesia and
elsewhere. Green tea is produced in China and
Japan. It is not processed and thus differs from
black tea, which is fermented and produced in
India, Sri Lanka and Kenya. Oolong tea is partially
fermented.

15. Tea has been grown from seed at kew as well as
being brought in as young plants. The tea bushes
growing outside in the woodland glade were
planted and have prove to be hardy, surviving
snow and winter temperatures of - 8 degree
celcius.
Mulch is applied around the bushes to encourage
healthy growth and in the spring they are fed with
a controlled release fertiliser. The soil they are
grown in has a low pH, which suits tea as it
requires acidic soil. The bushes are watered during
long dry spells.
Cultivation and
Collection

16. Characteristics-
An evergreen shrub which can grow up to
17m high. In cultivation, it is usually kept
below 2m high by pruning.
Leaves - Bright green, Shiny, often with a
hairy underside.
Flowers - Scented occuring singly or in
clusters of two to four
Fruits-Brownish-green containing one to four
spherical or flattened seeds.

17. Chemical Constituents -
Tea contains caffeine (1%-3%) and much smaller amounts of other xanthines such as
theophylline and theobromine.
The polyphenols are the antioxidants constituents (in green tea - epigallocatechin )
together with theogallin, trigalloyl glucose.
In black tea, they have been oxidised to form the ‘tea pigments’, the theaflavins,
thearubigens and theaflavic acids.
Caffein
e
Theobromine
Theophyllin
e

18. Uses -
Green tea is used medicinally more frequently than black tea. The
stimulant and diuretic properties (Caffeine) and the astrigency and
antioxidant effects (polyphenols).
The polyphenols in green tea have cancer chemo-protective properties
due to their antioxidant properties. Habitual consumption of green tea is
generally associated with a lower incidence of cancer and from
ischaemic heart disease.
Anti-inflammatory and antitumour effects due to inhibition of the
transcription factor NF-kB and the risk of breast and stomach cancer
appears to be lower for green tea drinkers.

19. Tea is also antimicrobial and is even reputed to help weight loss, refreshing,
mildly stimulating and analgesic effects.
Tea is a beverage is non-toxic in the usual amount ingested, although it can
cause gastrointestinal upsets and nervous irritability due to the caffeine
content.
However there is now some concern about the safety of concentrated
preparations or excessive consumption of green tea. Cases of hepatotoxicity
have been reported with consumption of high doses of green tea (10-29
mg/kg/d p.o). In most cases, patients presented with elevated serum alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin levels and in some cases liver biopsies
were performed and periportal and portal inflammation were observed.

20. SYNONYM - Rue
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE - It consists of
dried herb of Ruta graveolens L
FAMILY - Rutaceae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:- Mostly
found in regions of mediterranean
region, Macaronesia and southwest
asia.
RUT
A

22. Rue is easy to grow. The tiny seeds, if
strewn onto a garden plot or a container of
potting soil and covered with a light
sprinkling of soil and moistened, will sprout
in a week or so. Soil Ph - 6 - 8.
The leaves were shade dried at room
temperature (32-35 temp) to constant wait
over a period of 60 days. 100 gm of plant
part were coarsely powdered using a mixy
and put through a sieve in order to seperate
the fine from the coarse particles.
CULTIVATION & COLLECTION

23. • It requires mild, cold and tropical climates.
• It tolerates hot and dry conditions and prefers open spaces under
bright sunlight
• Optimum temperature - 15 - 28 degree celcius
• Relative humidity - 60-75%
• Commonly Propagated by Seeds and stems cuttings
• Season - April-May
• Sowing - 1.5 -2 cm depth, covered with soil, seeds germinate in 20-30
days
• Transplanting - Seedling of 20-25 cm in height and 50-55 days old,
spacing 40 x 40 cm.

24. CHARACTERISTICS
Strongly scented ever green subshrubs.
20 - 60 cm tall, Perennial (Existing for
long time), scented (having a pleasant
scent) and glabrous(free from hair) herb
or a sub-shrub. Stem is slender, smooth,
pale glaucous green and reaches up to a
meter in height.
Leaves are alternate, gland-dotted,
glaueous compound, 2-3 pinnate, Blue-
green in colour. The flowers are yellow
with 4-5 petals about 1 cm diameter and
borne in cymes. The fruits are 4-5 lobed
capsules containing numerous seeds.

25. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
Ruta contains many secondary metabolites such as furocoumarins,
furoquinolines and acridone alkaloids, mainly present in the leaves.
The major constituents were Rutine, 2-undecanone(33.9%), 2-Heptanol
acetate(17.5%)
Rutin

26. THERAPEUTIC Uses:-
• Ruta posess antibacterial activity.
• Extracts from rue have been used to treat eyestrain, sore eyes and as insect
repellent.
• Rue has been used internally as an antispasmodic as a treatment for menstrual
problems as an aborticient and as a sedative.
• It is used to treat strains and sprains, injuries of the cartilage and tendons around
the joints, injuries to tissues lying over the bone, injuries of the periosteum and
sciatica.
• Ruta is often used for pain and stiffness in the hands, wrists, feet and legs.

27. • Anti-helmintic for children from juice, antidote, emetic,
expectorants, haemostatic, opthalmic, strongly stimulant.
• An essential oil extract of it is used in food flavouring
industry.
• Cures several skin diseases like Psoriasis and Vitiligo.
• Extracts of Rue used as an antidote for toxins of snakes and
scorpion venoms.
• The fresh leaves are used for rheumatalgia.
• The dried leaves, powdered and combined with aromatics
are given as a remedy for dyspepsia and with fresh leaves a
tincture is made which is used as an eternal remedy in first
stages of paralysis.

28. MARKETED PRODUCTS :-
It is one of the ingredients
of the preparation known
as homeopathic eye drops
and topical creams.