my assignment of Pharmacognosy about poisonous plants of Pakistan and world wide.,

1. SANARUBAB
2015
PHARMACOGNOSYASSIGNMENT
RIPHAH INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL
SCIENCES ISLAMABAD
SEMESTER : 4th
RIPHAH INSTITUTE OF
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
ISLAMABAD

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Contents
INTERNATIONAL POISNOUS PLANTS
Introduction………….………………………………………………………………..4
Black cherry……………………………………………………………………..………5
Hemlock…………………………………………………………………………..……..8
Atropa belladonna…………………………………………………….………….10
Aconitum Napellus…………………………………………….…………………12
Ageratina altissima …………………………………………..………………..…14
Acokanthera oblongifolia ……………………………..…..…………………16
Clivia miniata…………………………………………………….………………….17
Heracleum mantegazzianum…………………………………………………20
Nerium oleander……………………………………………………………..……22
Lepiota brunneoincarnata……………………………………………………..25
POISNOUS PLANTS OF PAKISTAN
1. Arisaema triphyllum…………………………………………..……………..28
Crinum asiaticum……………………..…………………………..……………….30
Abrus precatorius…………………………………………….……….…………..32

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Hyoscyamus niger………………………………………………………………..34
Datura stramonium………………………………………………………………37
Atropa belladonna……………………………………………..…………………39
Strychnos nux-vomica…………………………………………………………..42
Taxus baccata……………………………………………………………………….44
Crinum asiaticum………………………………………………………………….45
Campestris Agaricus……………………………………………………………..49

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Reasons of toxicity
Plant contain two principles
 Toxic principles
 Medicinal principle
All things are poison . dose alone decises that thing is poison or
medicine.
About 80% of plants population serves medicinal purpose and 15 to 20% is toxic have little or
no medicinal effect.

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PoisonousplantBlack cherry
Immature Fruit Mature Fruit

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Scientific name: Prunusserotina
Common name: black cherry, wild black cherry, rum cherry, or mountain black cherry ,
OtherNames:Ajamoda,Black Cherry,Black Choke,Caban Cherry,Rum Cherry,Cabana
Cherry,Choke Cherry,Wild Sweet Cherry,Padmaka,Wild or Choke Cherry Alias,Prunus avium,Rub
Cherry,Prunus cerasus,Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina,Sweet cherry bark,Virginia
Prune,Wild Cherry Bark,Old Indian Wild Cherry Bark.
Family: Rosaceae
Poisonouspart: Cacid is the responsible toxic substance and whole plant is poisonous.
Distribution: All Missouri counties.
Habitat: Low or upland woods and along streams.
Morphology Description: Deciduous tree; leaves alternate, simple, toothed on the
margin, with 2 small glands at base of blade and hairy along midrib below; flowers in an
elongated cluster, 5-parted, white; fruit fleshy, black with a large pit (stone)Height:50-80 ft.
Chemical constituents: yanogenic glycosides, particularly prunasin
Benzaldehyde;Miscellaneous; 3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (= eudesmic acid), p-coumaric
acid, scopoletin (a coumarin derivative), tannins, sugars.
prunacin
Toxicity mechanism:Like apricots, the seeds of black cherries contain compounds
that can be converted into cyanide, such as amygdalin These compounds release hydrogen
cyanide when the seed is ground or minced, which releases enzymes that break down the

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compounds. These enzymes include amygdalin beta-glucosidase, prunasin beta-glucosidase and
mandelonitrile lease. In contrast, although the flesh of cherries also contain these compounds,
they do not contain the enzymes needed to produce cyanide, so the flesh is safe to eat.
The foliage,particularlywhenwilted,containscyanogenicglycosides,whichconverttohydrogen
cyanide if eatenbyanimals.
Uses :
 The fruitof Prunusserotinaissuitable for makingjamandcherrypies
 flavoringliqueurs
 The black cherryis commonlyusedinsteadof sweetcherries(Prunusavium) toachieve asharper
taste.
 It is alsousedincakeswhichinclude darkchocolate,suchas a BlackForestgateau andas garnishes
for cocktails
 The woodof P. serotinaisalsousedforcookingandsmokingfoods,where itimpartsaunique
flavor.
 P. serotinatreesare sometimesplantedornamentally.
i

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Reference:
http://www.mdidea.com/products/new/new09604.html
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/all/prunus-serotina/
http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G4970
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina

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Poisonous Plant: Hemlock
Scientific name : Conium maculatum
Common name :Hemlock or Poison Hemlock
Vernacular name : English "Poison hemlock" and the Irish "Devil's Bread" or "Devil's
Porridge”
Scientific classification :
Family:Apiaceae
Poisnous part :whole plant
Distribution :
C. maculatum is native in temperate regions of Europe, West Asia, and North Africa. It has been
introduced and naturalized in many other areas, including Asia, North America, Australia, and
New Zealand

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Morphology : fruit is about 3 mm. (⅛ inch) long; broadly ovate; laterally compressed;
grayish-green; often divided into the 2 mericarps, each with 5 crenate ribs, without oil tubes,
and containing a seed which is grooved on the face; odor and taste slight.
It is a herbaceous biennial plant that grows to 1.5–2.5 metres (5–8 ft) tall, with a smooth green
hollow stem, usually spotted or streaked with red or purple on the lower half of the stem
Chemical constituents:The active principles of conium are the alkaloids, of which 5
have been identified 1.Coniine (C8H17N), identified with conicine and cicutine; conhydrine
(C8H17NO), discovered by Wertheim, in 1856; pseudo-conhydrine (C8H17NO), isolated by E.
Merck, in 1891; methyl-coniine (C9H19N); and ethyl-piperidine (C7H15N).
coniine
Poison :Conium contains the piperidine alkaloids coniine, N-methylconiine, conhydrine,
pseudoconhydrine and gamma-coniceine (or g-coniceïne), which is the precursor of the other
hemlock alkaloids and are the cause of poison.
Poison mechanism : Chemical structure of conium Coniine has a chemical structure
and pharmacological properties similar to nicotine.Coniine disrupts the workings of the central
nervous systemthrough action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Uses:Despite serious safety concerns, hemlock leaves, root, and seeds are used to make
medicine.
 It is used for breathing problems including bronchitis, whooping cough, and asthma; and for
painful conditions including teething in children, swollen and painful joints, and cramps.
 Hemlock is also used for anxiety and mania.
 Other uses include treatment of spasms tumors, skin infections, epilepsy, Parkinson’s
disease, Sydenham’s chorea, and bladder infections.
 Hemlock has also been used to reverse strychnine poisoning.

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Reference :
http://io9.com/5841540/10-of-the-worlds-deadliest-plants----and-how-they-kill-you
http://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/kings/conium.html
http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-949-
hemlock.aspx?activeingredientid=949&activeingredientname=hemlock
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conium_maculatum
Atropabelladona
Scientific name: Atropa belladonna
Vernacular name :"Deadly Nightshade"
Common name : belladonna
Family: Solanaceae
Distribution :
o Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, and some parts of Canada and the United States.
Chemical constituents :
 scopolamine
 hyoscyamine


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Toxic mechanism:
The active agents in belladonna, atropine,hyoscine (scopolamine), and hyoscyamine,
haveanticholinergic properties The plant's deadly symptoms are caused by atropine's disruption of
the parasympathetic nervous system's ability to regulate involuntary activities, such as sweating,
breathing, and heart rate.
The antidote for belladonna poisoning is physostigmine or pilocarpine, the same as for atropine..
Toxic part :
Fliage and berries
The consumption of two to five berries by a human adult is probably lethal. Ingestion of a single
leaf of the plant can be fatal to an adult.
Morphology :
 Belladonna is a branching herbaceous perennial, often growing as a subshrub, from a fleshy
rootstock.
 Plants grow to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall with 18 centimeters (7.1 in) long ovate leaves
 . The bell-shaped flowers are purple with green tinges and faintly scented. The fruits are
berries, which are green, ripening to a shiny-black, and approximately 1 centimeter (0.39 in)
in diameter.
 There is a pale-yellow flowering form called Atropa belladonna var. lutea with pale-yellow
fruit.
Uses:
Cosmetics
The common name belladonna originates from its historic use by women - Bella Donna is Italian
for beautiful lady. Drops prepared from the belladonna plant were used to dilate women's
pupils, an effect considered to be attractive and seductive.
Medicinaluses:
 a pain reliever
 muscle relaxer
 anti-inflammatory
 to treat menstrual problems, peptic ulcer disease, histaminic reaction, and motion sickness.

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Poisonousplant : Aconitum napellus
Binomial name: Aconitum napellus
Vernacular plant: monk's-hood,aconite, wolfsbane, fuzi, monk's blood
Family: Ranunculaceae

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Distribution: native and endemic to western and central Europe
Morphology:
 It is an herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1 metre tall, with hairless stems and leaves.
 The leaves are rounded, 5–10 cm diameter, palmately divided into five to seven deeply lobed
segments.
 The flowers are dark purple to bluish-purple, narrowoblong helmet-shaped, 1–2 cm tall.
Chemicals:
they contain the chemical alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, which
are highly toxic.
poison mechanism:
Aconitine is a potent neurotoxin that opens tetrodotoxin sensitive sodium channels. It increases
influx of sodium through these channels and delays repolarization, thus increasing excitability
and promoting ventricular dysrhythmias.
Uses:
 No any use.
 Ornamental plant.

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Ageratina altissima
Scientific name:Ageratina altissima (aka White Snakeroot)
Family: Asteraceae
Common name:

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white snakeroot,richweed,white sanicle,[citation needed] or tall boneset.
Distribution:eastern North America.
Morphology:
 Plants are upright or sometimes ascending, growing to 1.5 meters tall, producing single or
multi-stemmed clumps
 . They are found in woods and brush thickets where they bloom mid to late summer or fall.
 The flowers are a clean white color and after blooming, small seeds with fluffy white tails
are released to blow in the wind.
Part used: roots
Poisonouspart:leaves
Chemicals: Tremetol
tremetol
Uses:
 This plant does serve a medical purpose
 . Root tea has been used to treat ague, diarrhea, kidney stones, and fever.
 A root poultice can be used on snakebites.
Toxicity:
White Snakeroot contains the toxin tremetol; when the plants are consumed by cattle, the
meat and milk become contaminated with the toxin. When milk or meat containing the toxin is
consumed, the poison is passed on to humans. If consumed in large enough quantities, it can
cause tremetol poisoning in humans.
The poisoning is also called milk sickness, as humans often ingested the toxin by drinking the
milk of cows that had eaten snakeroot.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageratina_altissim

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Acokantheraoblongifolia
Common name Wintersweet
Botanicalname Acokanthera oblongifolia (also known as Acokanthera
spectabilis, Carissaoblongifolia, Toxicophloea spectabilis)
Othercommonnames Bushman’s poison
Family Apocynaceae
Description:
General description A fragrant ornamental shrub that grows 2–3m tall.
Flowers Flowers are fragrant, white and tubular, densely clustered in leaf axils
and are 1.4–2cm long with five spreading star-shaped lobes
Leaves The leaves are opposite, dark green, elliptic, 5–12.5cm long and 2.5–5cm
wide, thick and leathery in texture.

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Fruit/Berries Fruit are about 2–4cm long, succulent and reddish to purplish-
black when ripe, similar in appearance to an olive.
Other The sap is milky.
Toxicpart:whole plant
Symptoms All parts of the plant are toxic. Ingestion may cause lethargy,
restlessness and seizures. Related species in other parts of the world have been reported as
causing deaths. Eating the fruit can cause severe gastro-intestinal irritation with abdominal
pain, excessive salivation and vomiting. The toxicity of the fruit appears to be variable and the
sap is an irritant to the skin and eyes.
Toxicitycategory 2, 3
Warning Seek urgent medical assistance for all ingestio
Clivia miniata
Botanical name: clivia miniata
Common name: bush lilly, kafir lilly
Poisonouspart: entire plant specially roots
Chemicals lycorine; Narcissine; Amarylline; Galanthidine; Licorine

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Main Poisonous component: lycorine.
toxic effects :.
 These alkaloids are emetics (causing vomiting), Large quantities must be
ingested to cause symptoms of toxicity
effects :
Lycorine intoxication has both central nervous system and gastrointestinal
effects. The typical clinical signs of ingestion include moderate to severe
gastrointestinal upset (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain), lethargy and the
general appearance of unwellness. In cases of a large ingestion; convulsions,
paralysis, collapse and possibly death could be the result.
Mechanism :
Lycorine is believed to inhibit protein synthesis and may also decrease
ascorbic acid biosynthesis, although the latter is subject to some controversy
and is generally considered to be inconclusive.
Geographical source : :
 South Africa - from Morgan's Bay
 Eastern Cape Province up into northern KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland.
 Australian backyards.
MORPHOLOGY
 : Clivia miniata normally occurs as clumps with a height of around 80 cm.
 The stem is a compact rhizome which only rarely becomes aerial when
plants are very old.
 Their leaves are usually not more than 50 mm wide in natural
populations, although it is rarely up to 90 mm. usually about 1 meter in
length; leaves have been measured that reached 1.84 m.
 In the wild flower shapes vary from small and open with narrow tepals to
large and trumpet-shaped with broad overlapping tepals.
 The normal colour of the flowers is orange with a yellowish-white throat,
although a colour range from whitish yellow through pale oranges, dark
orange and approaching red is known.
 The very light and very dark colours are, however, rare.

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STRUCTURE OF ACTIVE CONSTITUENT LYCORINE :
CHEMICAL FORMULA : C16H17NO4
2D STRUCTURE:

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Heracleum mantegazzianum
commonlyname:
giant hogweed,cartwheel-flower,giant cow parsnip,hogsbane or giant cow parsley,
morphology:
 It typically grows to heights of 2–5.5 m (6 ft 7 in–18 ft 1 in).Superficially, it resembles
common hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), Heracleum sosnowskyi or garden
angelica(Angelica archangelica).
 Giant hogweed has a stout, bright green stem that is frequently spotted with dark red and
hollow red-spotted leaf stalks that produce sturdy bristles.
 The hollow stems vary from 3–8 cm (1.2–3.1 in) in diameter, occasionally up to 10 cm (3.9
in). Each dark red spot on the stem surrounds a hair, and large, coarse white hairs occur at
the base of the leaf stalk.
 The plant has deeply incised compound leaves which grow up to 1–1.7 m (3 ft 3 in–5 ft 7 in)
in width.
Distribution:
Caucasus Region and Central Asia. It was introduced to Britain as an ornamental in the 19th
century, and it has also spread to many other parts of Europe, the United States and Canada.
Giant hogweed has a scattered distribution across southern and central
Ontario, south of the line from Manitoulin Island to Ottawa.

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Poisonouspart: leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and seeds of the plant.
Poisonouschemicals and mechanism of poison:
Phototoxicity
Giant hogweed is a phototoxic plant
 . Its sap can cause phytophotodermatitis (severe skin inflammations) when the skin is
exposed to sunlight or to ultraviolet rays
 . Initially, the skin colors red and starts itching. Then blisters form as it burns within 48
hours. They form black or purplish scars that can last several years. Hospitalisation may be
necessary.
 Presence of minute amounts of sap in the eyes can lead to temporary or even permanent
blindness. These reactions are caused by the presence of linear derivatives of furocoumarin
in its leaves, roots, stems, flowers and seeds.
 These chemicals can get into the nucleus of the epithelial cells,
forming a bond with the DNA, causing the cells to die. The brown
colour is caused by the production of melanin by furocoumarins.
Do Not Touch This Plant!
Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) is a Federally listed noxious weed. Its sap, in
combination with moisture and sunlight, can cause severe skin and eye irritation, painful
blistering, permanent scarring and blindness. Contact between the skin and the sap of this plant
occurs either through brushing against the bristles on the stem or breaking the stem or leaves.

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Nerium oleander
Common name: oleander
Habitat: Found mostly in seasonally dry rocky watercourses, in full sun.
Known hazards: All parts of the plant are extremely toxic if eaten; contact with the
sap may cause dermatitis; avoid inhaling smoke if burning plants.

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Family:
Apocynaceae
Description and distribution: Nerium oleander is a highly toxic ornamental shrub
widely cultivated in the Mediterranean. It has been grown since ancient times and features in
many of the Roman wall paintings in Pompeii.
Alexander the Great in his military campaigns is said to have lost men as a result of eating meat
skewered on the highly poisonous Nerium twigs.
Morphology:
Oleander grows to 2–6 m (6.6–19.7 ft) tall, with erect stems that splay outward as they
mature
; first-year stems have a glaucous bloom, while mature stems have a grayish bark
. The leaves are in pairs or whorls of three, thick and leathery, dark-green, narrow
lanceolate, 5–21 cm (2.0–8.3 in) long and 1–3.5 cm (0.39–1.38 in) broad, and with an entire
margin
. The flowers grow in clusters at the end of each branch; they are white, pink to red,2.5–5
cm (0.98–1.97 in) diameter, with a deeply 5-lobed fringed corolla round the central corolla
tube.
 They are often, but not always, sweet-scented.[Note 3] The fruit is a long narrow capsule
5–23 cm (2.0–9.1 in) long, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds.
Chemical constituents:
oleandrin and oleandrigenin, known as cardiac glycosides.
 olendrin
Effects of poisoning:
 Ingestion of this plant can affect the gastrointestinal system, the heart, and the central
nervous system.
 The gastrointestinal effects can consist of nausea and vomiting, excess salivation,
abdominal pain, diarrhea that may or may not contain blood, and especially in horses, colic.

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 Cardiac reactions consist of irregular heart rate, sometimes characterized by a racing heart
at first that then slows to below normal further along in the reaction. The effect on the
central nervous systemmay show itself in symptoms such as drowsiness, tremors or shaking
of the muscles, seizures, collapse, and even coma that can lead to death.
Oleander sap can cause skin irritations, severe eye inflammation and irritation, and allergic
reactions characterized by dermatitis.
Oleandrin, one of the toxins present in oleander
Uses:
Oleander grows well in warm subtropical regions, where it is extensively used as an ornamental
plant in landscapes, parks, and along roadsides. Over 400 cultivars have been named, with
several additional flower colours not found in wild plants having been selected, including red,
purple, pink and orange; white and a variety of pinks are the most common. Many cultivars also
have double flowers Despite this and a lack of any proven benefits, a range of oleander-based
treatments are being promoted on the Internet and in some alternative medicine circles.

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Lepiota brunneoincarnata

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Binomial name
Lepiota brunneoincarnata
Common name:
deadly dapperling
Family: Agaricaceae
Synonyms
Lepiota barlae Pat. (1905)
Lepiota barlaeana Pat. (1909)
Lepiota patouillardii Sacc. & Trotter (1912)
Lepiota patouillardi Sacc. & Trotter (1912)
Lepiota brunneoincarnata
Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium
cap is campanulate
hymenium is free
stipe has a ring
spore print is white
ecology is mycorrhizal
edibility: deadly

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Chemicals: Amatoxins
Poison symptoms: The initial symptoms are gastrointestinal-intestinal distress but
death may take some time and result from liver failure.
Morphology:
 It has white gills and spores.
 They typically have rings on the stipes, which in larger species are detachable and glide up
and down the stipe
 . The cap is 1.5–4 cm (0.6–1.6 in) across
Distribution:
it was responsible for a fatal poisoning in Spain.
It is widely distributed in Europe and temperate regions of Asia
POISNOUS PLANTS OF
PAKISTAN

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1. Arisaema triphyllum
BIONOMIALname : Arisaema triphyllum
Family: Araceae
Common name: jack-in-the-pulpit, bog onion, brown dragon, Indian turnip, American
wake robin,or wild turnip
Morphology:
PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
Duration:Perennial
Habit:Herb
Root Type:Tap
Leaf: Green
Flower:
Fruit: Red
Size Class: 1-3 ft.
BLOOMINFORMATION
Bloom Color: Green , Purple , Brown
Bloom Time: Mar , Apr , May , Jun
Distribution:

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It is native to eastern North America, occurring in moist woodlands and thickets from Nova
Scotia west to Minnesota, and south to southern Florida and Texas
In Pakistan it is present in Ayubia and Natha gali.
Chemicalconstituents:
The plant contains calciumoxalate crystals as raphides
Toxicity mechanism: toxic principle is raphide. i.e calcium oxalate crystals in ariel
parts of plant.
Symptoms:
Burning sensations
Increased salivation
Blisters on tongue
Warningand toxic constituents:
The oxalic acid in jack-in-the-pulpit is poisonous if ingested.Care should also be taken to avoid
confusion with poison ivy, which has three leaflets somewhat similar in appearance.
Medicinal effects:
Plants in this group do not have any medicinal effects.

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Crinum asiaticum
Family: Araceae
Distribution: to Europe, northern Africa, and western and central Asia, with the highest
species diversity in the Mediterranean region
in Pakistan it is located in Gilgit and Parachanar
common name: arum lilies
description:
They are rhizomatous, herbaceous perennial plants growing to 20–60 cm tall, with sagittate
(arrowhead-shaped) leaves 10–55 cm long.
 The flowers are produced in a spadix, surrounded by a 10–40 cm long, coloured spathe,
which may be white, yellow, brown or purple; some species are scented, others not.
The fruit is a cluster of bright orange or red berrie
Poisonouspart:
All parts of the plants are poisonous
Toxicity mechanism:toxic principle is alkaloid i.e lycorine that is heat stable and has
fungicidal properties.

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Symptoms: Burning sensations, increased salivation,blisters on tongue
Chemical constituents: containing significant amounts of calcium oxalate as
raphides
Species
Arum alpinariae
Arum apulum
Arum balansanum
Arum besserianum
Arum byzantine

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Binomial name; Crinum asiaticum
 Vernacular name: grand crinum or spider lily
Common names: Poison Bulb, Giant Crinum Lily, Grand Crinum Lily,Spider Lily
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Distribution:
 Crinum asiaticumis native to tropical southeastern Asia.
 It is now a favorite landscape plant in Florida, the Gulf Coast, California and other warm
climate areas.
Description:
 It is a bulb-forming perennial producing an umbel of large, showy flowers that are prized by
gardeners.
 This big crinum lily makes an imposing presence in the garden. The dark green strap-like
leaves may be more than 3 ft (1 m) long and 4 in (10 cm) wide
 . These are held erect and arranged in a spiral rosette to form impressive clumps up to 5 ft
(1.5 m) in height by 7 ft (2 m) in width

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 . The leaves emerge from huge bulbs that may weigh 10-20 lbs (5-9 kg)! Flowers are shaped
like tubes that flair open into a crown of narrow petals
 . The flowers are white and are arranged in clusters atop thick, succulent stems.
Poisonous part:
All parts of the plant are, however, poisonous if ingested
There are even some reports that exposure to the sap may cause skin irritation.
Uses:
Use the grand crinum to create a tropical mood near the pool or patio. Use like sculpture to
create a focal point in the garden or in an expanse of lawn. This big lily looks great with palm
trees and ornamental grasses. Their drought resistance make them useful in xeriscapes. It also
does well in a container.

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(Abrus precatorius)
Common name:
Jequirity,Crab's eye, rosary pea,precatory pea or bean,John Crow Bead,Indian licorice, Akar
Saga
toxic chemical: Abrin.
toxin mechanism: The toxin abrin is a dimer consisting of two protein subunits, termed A
and B. The B chain facilitates abrin's entry into a cell by bonding to certain transport proteins on
cell membranes, which then transport the toxin into the cell. Once inside the cell, the A chain
prevents protein synthesis by inactivating the 26S subunit of the ribosome. One molecule of
abrin will inactivate up to 1,500 ribosomes per second.
Symptoms:

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Symptoms are identical to those of ricin, except abrin is more toxic by almost two orders of
magnitude; the fatal dose of abrin is approximately 75 times smaller than the fatal dose of ricin.
Family:Fabaceae
Part Used: Leaf,Seed, Root
Properties&Actions:
 Abortifacient,
 Anodyne,
 Aphrodisiac,
 Antimicrobial,
 Diuretic
 , Emetic,
 Expectorant,
 Febrifuge,
 Hemostat,
 Laxative,
 Purgative,
 Refrigerant,
 Sedative,
 Vermifuge
Plant ChemicalsInclude
(+)-abrine, Abraline, Abrasine, Abricin, Abrin, Abrisin, Abrusgenic-acid, Abrusgenic-acid-methyl-
ester, Abruslactone, Abrussic-acid, Anthocyanins, Ash, Calcium, Campesterol, Choline,
Cycloartenol, Delphinidin, Gallic-acid,, Glycyrrhizin, Hypaphorine, N,n-dimethyl-tryptophan,
N,n-dimethyl-tryptophan-metho-cation-methyl-ester, P-coumaroylgalloyl-glucodelphinidin,
Pectin, Pentosans, Phosphorus, Picatorine, Polygalacturonic-acids, Precasine, Precatorine,
Protein Trigonelline

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abrin
Description:
 The plant is a slender twiner with alternately placed compound leaves.
 Each leaf has about 20 pairs of narrow, oblong leaflets, looking like a delicate feather.
 The rose to purple flowers are crowded at the end of a stalk.
 Fruits are short, inflated pods, splitting open when mature to reveal the round, hard and
shiny seeds which are scarlet but black at the base.
Distribution:
The plant is native to the tropics. It grows by the seashore among the undergrowth and in
hedges.
Poisonous part:
Seeds when broken or chewed or when the external coat is removed are toxic. The highly
attractive seeds are sought after by children for beads. They are sometimes made into
necklaces and rosaries. Seeds are extremely poisonous if cracked; a single one, if swallowed can
be fatal.
Medicinal use
Traditional medicine
In Siddha medicine, the white variety is used to prepare oil that is claimed to be an aphrodisiac.
A tea is made from the leaves and used to treat fevers, coughs and colds. Seeds are poisonous
and therefore are used after mitigation.

38. Page38
The plant is also used in Ayurveda. The oil made from the Crab's Eye seed is highly used in
Ayurveda because it is said to promote/stimulate hair growth. It is sometimes used as an
ingredient in Indian hair products.
Binomial name:Hyoscyamus niger

39. Page39
Common name: commonly known as henbane,] also known as stinking nightshade or black
henbane
Family: Solanaceae
Distribution:Eurasia
PartsUsed---Fresh leaves, flowering tops and branches, seeds.
Toxicity mechanism: solanaceous alkaloids including atropine , hyoscymine and
hyosine.
Total content of alkaloid in a plant may be high, varying from 0.25 to 0.7%. conc. Mostly vary in
different parts of plant.
Atropine increases the firing of SA and conduction of the AV of the heart, oppose the action of
vagus nerve, blocks Ach receptor sites, and decrease bronchial secretions.
In general it lowers parasympathetic activity of all muscles and glandsregulated by the
parasympathetic nervous system.
Poisonousparts: seeds , leaves, berries and rhizomes.
Symptoms:
These psychoactive propertiesinclude visual hallucinationsanda sensationof fligh.
dilatedpupils,restlessness,andflushedskin.Lesscommonsymptoms,suchastachycardia,convulsions,
vomiting,hypertension,hyperpyrexia,andataxia,have all beennoted.

40. Page40
Family: Solanaceae
Binomial name:Datura stramonium
common names: Jimson weed, Devil's snare, or datura, hell's bells, devil’s trumpet, devil’s
weed, tolguacha, Jamestown weed, stinkweed, locoweed, pricklyburr, and devil’s cucumber.
Distribution:
It is believed to have originated in the Americas, but is now found around the world.
Uses:
 For centuries, datura has been used as an herbal medicine to relieve asthma symptoms and
as an analgesic during surgery or bonesetting.
 It is also a powerful hallucinogen and deliriant, which is used spiritually for the intense
visions .
Chemical components:
tropane alkaloids
D. stramonium is a foul-smelling, erect, annual, freely branching herb that forms a bush up to 2
to 5 ft (60 to 150 cm) tall.

41. Page41
Toxicity mechanism: solanaceous alkaloids including atropine , hyoscymine and
hyosine.
Total content of alkaloid in a plant may be high, varying from 0.25 to 0.7%. conc. Mostly vary in
different parts of plant.
Atropine increases the firing of SA and conduction of the AV of the heart, oppose the action of
vagus nerve, blocks Ach receptor sites, and decrease bronchial secretions.
In general it lowers parasympathetic activity of all muscles and glandsregulated by the
parasympathetic nervous system.
Morphology:
 The root is long, thick, fibrous and white. The stem is stout, erect, leafy, smooth, and pale
yellow-green.
 The stem forks off repeatedly into branches, and each fork forms a leaf and a single, erect
flower.
 The leaves are about 3 to 8 in (8–20 cm) long, smooth, toothed, soft, and irregularly
undulated.The upper surface of the leaves is a darker green, and the bottom is a light green.
The leaves have a bitter and nauseating taste, which is imparted to extracts of the herb, and
remains even after the leaves have been dried.
 D. stramonium generally flowers throughout the summer. The fragrant flowers are trumpet-
shaped, white to creamy or violet, and 2 1⁄2 to 3 1⁄2 in (6–9 cm) long, and grow on short
stems from either the axils of the leaves or the places where the branches fork
 . The calyx is long and tubular, swollen at the bottom, and sharply angled, surmounted by
five sharp teeth. The corolla, which is folded and only partially open, is white, funnel-

42. Page42
shaped, and has prominent ribs. The flowers open at night, emitting a pleasant fragrance,
and are fed upon by nocturnal moths.
 The egg-shaped seed capsule is 1 to 3 in (3–8 cm) in diameter and either covered with
spines or bald. At maturity, it splits into four chambers, each with dozens of small, black
seeds.
Chemical constituents: The origins of the word are unclear, but "hen" probably originally
meant death rather than referring to chickens. Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and other tropane
alkaloids
Symptoms:Common effects of henbane ingestion in humans include
 hallucinations,
 dilated pupils,
 restlessness, and flushed skin.
 Less common symptoms, such as tachycardia, convulsions, vomiting, hypertension,
hyperpyrexia, and ataxia, have all been noted.

43. Page43
ATROPA BELLADONA
Family: Solanaceae
Common name: commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade
distribution:native to Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, and some parts of Canada and the
United States.
Toxic parts:The foliage and berries are extremely toxic, containing tropane alkaloids.
Toxic components:These toxins include scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which cause a
bizarre delirium and hallucinations
Toxicity mechanism: solanaceous alkaloids including atropine , hyoscymine and hyosine.
Total content of alkaloid in a plant may be high, varying from 0.25 to 0.7%. conc. Mostly vary in
different parts of plant.

44. Page44
Atropine increases the firing of SA and conduction of the AV of the heart, oppose the action of
vagus nerve, blocks Ach receptor sites, and decrease bronchial secretions.
In general it lowers parasympathetic activity of all muscles and glandsregulated by the
parasympathetic nervous system.
Morphology:
 Atropa belladonna is a branching herbaceous perennial, often growing as a subshrub, from
a fleshy rootstock.
 Plants grow to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall with 18 centimetres (7.1 in) long ovate leaves.
 The bell-shaped flowers are purple with green tinges and faintly scented.
 The fruits are berries, which are green, ripening to a shiny-black, and approximately 1
centimetre (0.39 in) in diameter.
have anticholinergic properties.
 The symptoms of belladonna poisoning include dilated pupils, sensitivity to light, blurred
vision, tachycardia, loss of balance, staggering, headache, rash, flushing, severely dry mouth
and throat, slurred speech, urinary retention, constipation, confusion, hallucinations,
delirium, and convulsions
Poison:
The tropane alkaloids of A. belladonna were used as poisons, and early humans made
poisonous arrows from the plant.

45. Page45
Strychnos nux-vomica
Family: Loganiaceae
Binomial name: Strychnos nux-vomica
Poisonous part: poison nut, semen strychnos and quaker buttons
distribution:is a deciduous tree native to India, and southeast Asia
morphology:
Its leaves are ovate and 2–3.5 inches (5.1–8.9 cm) in size.[1]
Poisonous chemicals:

46. Page46
It is a major source of the highly poisonous, intensely bitter alkaloids strychnine and brucine,
Poisonous parts:
derived from the seeds inside the tree's round, green to orange fruit.
Taxus baccata
Family: Taxaceae
Binomial name:Taxus baccata
Distribution:: Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western, central and southern Europe,
northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest Asia
Common names: English yew, or European yew.
Description:

47. Page47
 It is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing 10–20 metres (33–66 ft)
(exceptionally up to 28 metres (92 ft)) tall, with a trunk up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
(exceptionally 4 metres (13 ft)) diameter.
 The bark is thin, scaly brown, coming off in small flakes aligned with the stem.
 The leaves are flat, dark green, 1–4 centimetres (0.39–1.57 in) long and 2–3 millimetres
(0.079–0.118 in) broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to
align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem, except on erect leading shoots
where the spiral arrangement is more obvious.
 The leaves are poisonous.
Toxicity
 Most parts of the tree are toxic, except the bright red aril surrounding the seed. This
appears like a berry with the end split open to reveal the seed.
 In 1021, Avicenna introduced the medicinal use of T. baccata for phytotherapy in The Canon
of Medicine. He named this herbal drug "Zarnab" and used it as a cardiac remedy. This was
the first known use of a calciumchannel blocker drug, which were not in wide use in the
Western world until the 1960s. chemotherapy drug paclitaxel.
 Toxicity mechanism: active constituents are alkaloids , may cause sudden death by stopping
the heart.
Key Uses:
Ornamental, timber, wood for bow-making, medicinal.

48. Page48
Crinum asiaticum
Binomial name: Crinum asiaticum
Family: Amaryllidaceae

49. Page49
Common names: Poison Bulb, Giant Crinum Lily, Grand Crinum Lily, Spider Lily
Poisonous parts: All parts of the plant are, however, poisonous if ingested. There are
even some reports that exposure to the sap may cause skin irritation
Description:
 This big crinum lily makes an imposing presence in the garden.
 The dark green strap-like leaves may be more than 3 ft (1 m) long and 4 in (10 cm) wide.
 These are held erect and arranged in a spiral rosette to form impressive clumps up to 5 ft
(1.5 m) in height by 7 ft (2 m) in width.
 The leaves emerge from huge bulbs that may weigh 10-20 lbs (5-9 kg)! Flowers are shaped
like tubes that flair open into a crown of narrow petals.
 The flowers are white and are arranged in clusters atop thick, succulent stems.
Location:
 Crinum asiaticumis native to tropical southeastern Asia.
 It is now a favorite landscape plant in Florida, the Gulf Coast, California and other warm
climate areas.
Chemical constituents:
A phytochemical investigation of the bulbs of Crinum asiaticumL. var. sinicumBaker resulted in
the isolation of two new alkaloids, asiaticumines A and B (1 and 2, resp.), together with 21
known compounds, including nine alkaloids, four amides, five phenolic compounds, and three
flavonoids. All 23 compounds were isolated for the first time from Crinum asiaticumL. var.
sinicum Baker

50. Page50
Bionomial name:
Agaricus campestris
family:
agariaceae
morphology:

51. Page51
Members of Agaricus are characterized by having a fleshy cap or pileus, from the underside
of which grow a number of radiating plates or gills on which are produced the naked spores.
They are distinguished from other members of their family, Agaricaceae, by their chocolate-
brown spores. Members of Agaricus also have a stem or stipe, which elevates it above the
object on which the mushroom grows, or substrate, and a partial veil, which protects the
developing gills and later forms a ring or annulus on the stalk.
Cemical constituents:
D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid, acetic acid, and pyruvic acid in the ratio
2.8:3.0:2.0:1.7:0.51–0.63.
pyruvic acid…

52. Page52
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53. Page53
Flowering Plants : Patio, Lawn & Garden Abrus precatorius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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