Vitamins are essential nutrients required by the body that must be obtained through foods or supplements. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K and are stored in the liver, while water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and the B vitamins have limited storage and are excreted in urine. Each vitamin serves important functions, and deficiencies can lead to diseases like rickets, scurvy, or neural tube defects. Sources of vitamins include plants, animals, and exposure to sunlight.

1. Topic - Vitamins
Guided by :- Dr.
Ashok shakya sir

2. About vitamins
• What are vitamins?
- vitamins are essential nutrients required by our
body to maintain normal functions...
- they are not synthesized in our body but we must
obtain them from external source likes foods and
suppliments...

3. Classification
Fat soluble Water soluble
Stored in liver and fatty tissues.... Stored in limit amount in body and move
in blood...
Not excreted from body, thus their excess
cause toxicity....
Excreted from body through urine thus
they don't create toxicity
They include - vitamin A, D, E & K They include - vitamin B & C...
Sources:-
 animal fats
 vegetable oils
 dairy foods
 fish oils
Sources :-
 fruit & vegetables
 grains
 milk
 dairy foods

4. Fat soluble vitamins

5. Vitamin A ( Retinol )
Functions
• Vision :- generate RHODOPSIN pigment for
retina so that person can see in dim light &
maintain surface lining of eye.
• Bone growth
• Reproduction
• Cell division and differentiation
• Regulate immune system
RDA :- 700/900 mcg ( Women/men )
Deficiency :-
 Night blindness
 Conjunctival xerosis
 Bitot spot
 Corneal xerosis
Plant source Animal source
Carrot
Broccoli
Sweet potato
Spinach
Pumpkin etc..
Egg
Meat
Milk
Cod liver oil
Fish liver oils
etc..
 Orange and yellow colour plants are rich in vitamin A .....
 BETA - CAROTENE ( precursor of Vit A ) is present in green
plants, act as antioxidants…

6. Bitot spot Conjunctival xerosis
Severe corneal xerosis

7. Cause of deficiency
malabsorption syndromes
mineral oil laxative abuse
malnutrition
Treatment of deficiency
Vitamin A suppliments
Toxicity :-
 scaly skin
 nausea
 diarrhea
 headache
 papilledema
 hepatosplenomegaly
Cracked fingernails

8. Vitamin D ( Calciferol )
Fuctions:-
• Maintain calcium & phosphate level
• Bone and teeth growth
• Regulate insulin level
• Influence expression of gene that are involved in
cancer development.
RDA :- 15 mcg
Deficiency:
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Sources:-
• Sunlight
• Food:- animal origin (
fatty fish like catfish &
salmon, liver, egg
yolk, butter, cheese )
 Our body make Vit D when exposed to
sunlight..
• vitamin D-3, found in
animal fats
• vitamin D-2, found in
plants, such as mushrooms

9. Rickets
Osteoporosis

10. Cause
malnutrition
fat malabsorption syndromes
decreased exposure to the sun
liver disease
chronic renal failure.
Treatment
 Vitamin D supplementation
 adequate sunlight exposure.
Toxicity
• hypercalcemia
• calcification of soft tissues
• kidney stones
• bone demineralization

11. Vitamin E ( Tocoferol)
Functions
• Antioxidant
• Immune booster
• Red blood cell maker
• Vasodilator
• Blood thinner
• Cell communication facilitator
• Gene expression coordinator
RDA :- 15 mg
Deficiency :-
 chronic pancreatitis
 cholestasis
 cystic fibrosis
Sources
• Wheat germ oil
• sunflower seeds and oil
• almonds
• hazelnuts
• peanuts
• spinach
• broccoli
• kiwi fruit
• mango

12. Scars
Cracked skin

13. Vitamin K ( Phytonadione )
Functions :-
 Blood clotting
 lower the risk of heart disease
 enhance bone health
 reduce the buildup of calcium in the blood
RDA :- 90/120 mcg ( women/men )
Deficiency :-
 bleeding
 poor bone development
 osteoporosis
 increased risk of cardiovascular disease...
Sources
 kale
 liver
 spinach
 parsley
 butter
 egg yolks
 Vitamin K-1 (phylloquinone),
present in green, leafy
vegetables and some other
plant sources
 Vitamin K-2 (menaquinones),
present in animal sources and
fermented foods

14. Water soluble vitamins

15. Vitamin B complex
Name Functions RDA Sources Deficiency
B1 ( Thiamine) Coenzyme 1.2 mg / day Nuts, Seeds
Liver & pork
Beri-beri
B2 ( Riboflavin) Coenzyme 1.2 mg/day Yeast, egg, leafy
veg, milk
Cheilitis, angular
stomatitis
B3 ( Niacin ) Antioxidant/
coenzyme
15 mg/day Pea nut, pork,
liver, sunflower
seed
Pellagra
B5 (Pantothenic
acid )
Metabolic/
coenzyme
5 mg/day Liver, egg, beaf,
chicken,
mushroom
B6 ( Pyridoxine ) Coenzyme 1.3 mg/day Liver, nuts, pork Anemia, skin
rash, convulsions
B7 ( Biotin ) Coenzyme 30 mcg/day Egg, fish, meat Seizures, mental
retardation

16. Name Functions RDA Sources Deficiency
B9 ( Folic acid ) DNA formation
AA metaboli..
400 mcg/day Leafy green,
sunflower seed,
yeast
Neural tube
defect
B12 (
Cobalamine )
Brain
development
RBC formation
DNA synthesis
2.4 mcg /day Egg, meat, dairy
products, sea
foods
Megaloblastic
anemia

17. Vitamin C ( Ascorbic acid )
Functions
 Antioxidant defenses
 Collagen formation
 Immune function
RDA :- 120 mcg/day
Deficiency :- scurvy
Toxicity :- when >3g
• diarrhea
• nausea
• abdominal cramps
Sources
 Citrus (oranges, kiwi, lemon,
grapefruit)
 Bell peppers.
 Strawberries.
 Tomatoes.
 Cruciferous vegetables
(broccoli, Brussels sprouts,
cabbage, cauliflower)
 White potatoes.

18. Bleeding gums