Vitamin a deficiency disorder
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Vitamin A is essential for vision, cell growth, and immune function. Deficiency can cause night blindness and potentially blinding xerophthalmia. Risk factors include weaning, infections, poor diet, and poverty. Clinical signs progress from night blindness to dry eyes, spots on the conjunctiva, and corneal ulceration or scarring. Treatment involves high dose vitamin A supplements. Prevention strategies include diet, education, food fortification, and periodic high dose supplementation as part of child immunization programs.
Vitamin a prophylaxis
This document discusses vitamin A deficiency, its causes, effects, and prevention through supplementation programs in India. It notes that vitamin A is essential for vision, immunity, growth and reproduction. Deficiency can lead to increased infections and blindness in children. India has a high prevalence of deficiency, especially in preschoolers and pregnant women. The national prophylaxis program aims to prevent blindness through supplementation of vitamin A to children from 9 months to 5 years at doses of 100,000 IU every 6 months. Food fortification and dietary diversification can also help prevent deficiency. Regular supplementation is important as vitamin A stores deplete within 4-6 months.
Xerophthalmia
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) can cause xerophthalmia, a disease affecting the eyes. Early signs include night blindness and dryness of the conjunctiva. More severe forms include corneal lesions that can lead to blindness. VAD is most common in young children in developing countries where diets lack vitamin A-rich foods. Treatment involves high doses of vitamin A supplements to restore levels as well as addressing underlying malnutrition. Prevention focuses on dietary diversification, supplementation programs, and promoting breastfeeding.
Night Blindness
Night blindness, also known as nyctalopia, is a condition where it is difficult or impossible to see in low light conditions. It can be present from birth or caused by injury or malnutrition, especially vitamin A deficiency. The main causes of night blindness include vitamin A deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa, congenital night blindness, pathological myopia, peripheral cortical cataracts, and advanced primary open angle glaucoma. The underlying cause must be treated, such as supplementing vitamin A for a deficiency or surgery for retinitis pigmentosa.
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complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
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Vitamin A is essential for vision, cell growth, and immune function. Deficiency can cause night blindness and potentially blinding xerophthalmia. Risk factors include weaning, infections, poor diet, and poverty. Clinical signs progress from night blindness to dry eyes, spots on the conjunctiva, and corneal ulceration or scarring. Treatment involves high dose vitamin A supplements. Prevention strategies include diet, education, food fortification, and periodic high dose supplementation as part of child immunization programs.
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This document discusses vitamin A deficiency, its causes, effects, and prevention through supplementation programs in India. It notes that vitamin A is essential for vision, immunity, growth and reproduction. Deficiency can lead to increased infections and blindness in children. India has a high prevalence of deficiency, especially in preschoolers and pregnant women. The national prophylaxis program aims to prevent blindness through supplementation of vitamin A to children from 9 months to 5 years at doses of 100,000 IU every 6 months. Food fortification and dietary diversification can also help prevent deficiency. Regular supplementation is important as vitamin A stores deplete within 4-6 months.
Xerophthalmia
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) can cause xerophthalmia, a disease affecting the eyes. Early signs include night blindness and dryness of the conjunctiva. More severe forms include corneal lesions that can lead to blindness. VAD is most common in young children in developing countries where diets lack vitamin A-rich foods. Treatment involves high doses of vitamin A supplements to restore levels as well as addressing underlying malnutrition. Prevention focuses on dietary diversification, supplementation programs, and promoting breastfeeding.
Night Blindness
Night blindness, also known as nyctalopia, is a condition where it is difficult or impossible to see in low light conditions. It can be present from birth or caused by injury or malnutrition, especially vitamin A deficiency. The main causes of night blindness include vitamin A deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa, congenital night blindness, pathological myopia, peripheral cortical cataracts, and advanced primary open angle glaucoma. The underlying cause must be treated, such as supplementing vitamin A for a deficiency or surgery for retinitis pigmentosa.
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Vitamin A deficiency can cause vision problems and increase risk of infection. The document discusses vitamin A deficiency assessment and control programs in India. It provides details on vitamin A sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, assessment criteria used in India, supplementation programs, and recommended daily intake amounts. Prevention strategies for vitamin A deficiency include improving dietary intake of vitamin A rich foods and mass supplementation of children every 6 months.
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Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in Africa and South Asia. It can cause blindness and increases the risk of death from infections in children. The first signs are night blindness and dryness of the conjunctiva. More severe deficiency can lead to Bitot's spots, corneal ulceration and keratomalacia which can cause scarring and permanent blindness. Increasing intake of foods rich in preformed vitamin A such as liver, eggs, dairy or carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables can help prevent and treat vitamin A deficiency.
Cataract
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Night blindness
Night blindness is the inability to see well in low light conditions and is a symptom of an underlying eye disorder rather than a condition itself. Common causes include untreated nearsightedness, glaucoma medications, cataracts, retinal diseases, and vitamin A deficiency. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve changing eyeglass prescriptions, adjusting medications, or surgery to remove cataracts.
Cataract
- A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye that prevents clear vision. It begins as proteins clump together in the lens.
- Risk factors include increasing age, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, previous eye injuries or inflammation, corticosteroid use, alcohol consumption, and nutritional deficiencies.
- There are several types of cataracts including nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular, and congenital. Modern cataract surgery involves breaking up and removing the clouded lens using ultrasonic technology and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens.
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Blindness
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in India, accounting for 62.6% of cases. The number of blind people in India is projected to increase to 31.6 million by 2020. Blindness can be caused by infection, nutritional deficiency, retinal vessel disease, or chemical poisoning. Types of blindness include color blindness, night blindness, snow blindness, complete blindness, and temporary or permanent blindness of one or both eyes. Blindness is diagnosed through history, physical exam, and ophthalmoscopy. Management includes correcting refractive errors, cataract and glaucoma surgery, laser surgery, guide dogs, Braille, and techniques using sound, touch, and smell.
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1) Blindness is defined as visual acuity less than 3/60 or inability to count fingers at 3 meters. It affects 180 million people worldwide, of whom 45 million are blind.
2) Cataract (19 million), glaucoma (6.4 million), and trachoma (5.6 million) are the leading causes of blindness globally. In India, cataract causes 62.6% of blindness.
3) Prevention programs focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary eye care as well as specific initiatives for conditions like trachoma and school eye health services. The goal is to reduce blindness prevalence through improved access to eye care.
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This document discusses cataract associated with systemic diseases and complicated cataracts, as well as their management and treatment. Complicated cataracts are caused by inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the eye that disturb the nutrition of the lens. Diabetic cataracts develop rapidly in patients with poor blood sugar control. Treatment involves thorough examination prior to surgery and surgical extraction of the lens via intracapsular, extracapsular, or phacoemulsification techniques. Potential complications can occur during or after surgery.
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Hypermetropia, also known as hyperopia or longsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses images behind the retina rather than directly on it. It can be caused by the eyeball being too short, the cornea being too flat, or changes in the lens with age. Hypermetropia is classified as simple, pathological, or functional. It is usually corrected using convex lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the degree of nearsightedness and any other factors. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypermetropia in children is important to prevent vision problems.
Catract
This document provides information on cataracts, including:
1. Cataracts are a clouding of the lens in the eye that impairs vision and can become blinding if untreated. They typically progress slowly and affect both eyes.
2. Cataracts have many causes including aging, trauma, radiation exposure, certain medical conditions like diabetes, and genetic factors.
3. Treatment options range from glasses and medications to slow progression, to surgical removal of the clouded lens, usually done on an outpatient basis using local anesthesia. Post-operative care focuses on preventing infection and complications.
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency can be primary, due to lack of vitamin A in the diet, or secondary, due to impaired absorption or utilization of vitamin A. Clinical signs of deficiency include night blindness and xerophthalmia, initially presenting as dry eyes and progressing to corneal ulceration and keratomalacia if untreated. Laboratory tests of serum retinol and RBP levels can diagnose deficiency, defined as levels less than 0.70 μM. Treatment involves large oral doses of vitamin A supplements to replenish liver stores.
Myopia
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a refractive condition where parallel rays of light focus in front of the retina. There are several types of myopia based on etiology. Simple myopia is the most common type and results from axial elongation of the eyeball. Pathological myopia can lead to degenerative changes in the retina and choroid over time like myopic crescents if left untreated. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contacts, refractive surgeries like LASIK, and low vision aids for advanced cases. Proper diet and genetic counseling can help manage risk of progression.
Refractive error
Refractive error means that the shape of your eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image. The main types of refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (loss of near vision with age), and astigmatism.
Blindness
Blindness is defined as visual acuity less than 3/60 by Snellen's chart. Globally, it is estimated that 180 million people are visually impaired, of which 45 million are blind. In India, 68 lakh people are blind according to WHO statistics. The major causes of blindness globally are cataract (19 million), glaucoma (6.4 million), trachoma (5.7 million), and childhood blindness (more than 1.5 million). In India, the primary causes are cataract (62.6%), refractive errors (19.7%), and glaucoma (5.8%). The National Program for Control of Blindness aims to reduce blindness to 0.3%
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Vitamin A deficiency can cause xerophthalmia, which is a medical condition where the eye fails to produce tears. It is a leading cause of preventable blindness in children worldwide. The document discusses vitamin A's role in vision and other body processes. Populations most at risk for deficiency include children aged 6 months to 6 years, pregnant and lactating women, and those in developing countries or with malabsorption issues. Signs of xerophthalmia include dryness of the eyes, conjunctival spots, and corneal ulceration or keratomalacia in severe cases. Treatment involves high doses of vitamin A supplementation, while prevention focuses on food fortification, nutrition education, and immunization programs.
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Vitamin A deficiency can cause vision problems and increase risk of infection. The document discusses vitamin A deficiency assessment and control programs in India. It provides details on vitamin A sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, assessment criteria used in India, supplementation programs, and recommended daily intake amounts. Prevention strategies for vitamin A deficiency include improving dietary intake of vitamin A rich foods and mass supplementation of children every 6 months.
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in Africa and South Asia. It can cause blindness and increases the risk of death from infections in children. The first signs are night blindness and dryness of the conjunctiva. More severe deficiency can lead to Bitot's spots, corneal ulceration and keratomalacia which can cause scarring and permanent blindness. Increasing intake of foods rich in preformed vitamin A such as liver, eggs, dairy or carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables can help prevent and treat vitamin A deficiency.
Cataract
This document discusses cataracts, including their definition, risk factors, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, management, and complications. Cataracts are an opacity of the lens that can impair vision. The most common type is age-related senile cataracts, which usually begin around age 50. Risk factors include aging, UV exposure, diabetes, corticosteroid use, and trauma. Diagnosis involves visual acuity and slit lamp tests. Treatment is surgical removal of the clouded lens and replacement with an intraocular lens. Complications can include infection, bleeding, and posterior capsule opacification.
Protein Energy Malnutrition
This document discusses malnutrition and provides definitions and descriptions of different types. It begins by defining malnutrition and protein-energy malnutrition. It then describes marasmus and kwashiorkor, two types of protein-energy malnutrition. Marasmus is characterized by energy deficiency and emaciation, while kwashiorkor is caused by protein deficiency and causes fluid retention. The document also discusses the prevalence of malnutrition in India, clinical features, symptoms, differences between marasmus and kwashiorkor, and etiological factors of protein-energy malnutrition.
Night blindness
Night blindness is the inability to see well in low light conditions and is a symptom of an underlying eye disorder rather than a condition itself. Common causes include untreated nearsightedness, glaucoma medications, cataracts, retinal diseases, and vitamin A deficiency. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve changing eyeglass prescriptions, adjusting medications, or surgery to remove cataracts.
Cataract
- A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye that prevents clear vision. It begins as proteins clump together in the lens.
- Risk factors include increasing age, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, previous eye injuries or inflammation, corticosteroid use, alcohol consumption, and nutritional deficiencies.
- There are several types of cataracts including nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular, and congenital. Modern cataract surgery involves breaking up and removing the clouded lens using ultrasonic technology and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions characterized by optic nerve damage and vision loss caused by increased intraocular pressure. The seminar discussed the definition, types, risk factors, diagnostic measures, management, and nursing care of glaucoma. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common type and results from impaired outflow of aqueous humor from the eye. Treatment involves medications, laser surgery, or filtering procedures to lower pressure and prevent further nerve damage. Nursing plays an important role in assessing patients, administering treatments, educating about risk factors and complications like vision loss.
Blindness
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in India, accounting for 62.6% of cases. The number of blind people in India is projected to increase to 31.6 million by 2020. Blindness can be caused by infection, nutritional deficiency, retinal vessel disease, or chemical poisoning. Types of blindness include color blindness, night blindness, snow blindness, complete blindness, and temporary or permanent blindness of one or both eyes. Blindness is diagnosed through history, physical exam, and ophthalmoscopy. Management includes correcting refractive errors, cataract and glaucoma surgery, laser surgery, guide dogs, Braille, and techniques using sound, touch, and smell.
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This presentation details about the relationship of Vitamin A deficiency and ocular manifestations and its treatment.
Blindness
1) Blindness is defined as visual acuity less than 3/60 or inability to count fingers at 3 meters. It affects 180 million people worldwide, of whom 45 million are blind.
2) Cataract (19 million), glaucoma (6.4 million), and trachoma (5.6 million) are the leading causes of blindness globally. In India, cataract causes 62.6% of blindness.
3) Prevention programs focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary eye care as well as specific initiatives for conditions like trachoma and school eye health services. The goal is to reduce blindness prevalence through improved access to eye care.
Management of cataract
This document discusses cataract associated with systemic diseases and complicated cataracts, as well as their management and treatment. Complicated cataracts are caused by inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the eye that disturb the nutrition of the lens. Diabetic cataracts develop rapidly in patients with poor blood sugar control. Treatment involves thorough examination prior to surgery and surgical extraction of the lens via intracapsular, extracapsular, or phacoemulsification techniques. Potential complications can occur during or after surgery.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as hyperopia or longsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses images behind the retina rather than directly on it. It can be caused by the eyeball being too short, the cornea being too flat, or changes in the lens with age. Hypermetropia is classified as simple, pathological, or functional. It is usually corrected using convex lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the degree of nearsightedness and any other factors. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypermetropia in children is important to prevent vision problems.
Catract
This document provides information on cataracts, including:
1. Cataracts are a clouding of the lens in the eye that impairs vision and can become blinding if untreated. They typically progress slowly and affect both eyes.
2. Cataracts have many causes including aging, trauma, radiation exposure, certain medical conditions like diabetes, and genetic factors.
3. Treatment options range from glasses and medications to slow progression, to surgical removal of the clouded lens, usually done on an outpatient basis using local anesthesia. Post-operative care focuses on preventing infection and complications.
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency can be primary, due to lack of vitamin A in the diet, or secondary, due to impaired absorption or utilization of vitamin A. Clinical signs of deficiency include night blindness and xerophthalmia, initially presenting as dry eyes and progressing to corneal ulceration and keratomalacia if untreated. Laboratory tests of serum retinol and RBP levels can diagnose deficiency, defined as levels less than 0.70 μM. Treatment involves large oral doses of vitamin A supplements to replenish liver stores.
Myopia
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a refractive condition where parallel rays of light focus in front of the retina. There are several types of myopia based on etiology. Simple myopia is the most common type and results from axial elongation of the eyeball. Pathological myopia can lead to degenerative changes in the retina and choroid over time like myopic crescents if left untreated. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contacts, refractive surgeries like LASIK, and low vision aids for advanced cases. Proper diet and genetic counseling can help manage risk of progression.
Refractive error
Refractive error means that the shape of your eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image. The main types of refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (loss of near vision with age), and astigmatism.
Blindness
Blindness is defined as visual acuity less than 3/60 by Snellen's chart. Globally, it is estimated that 180 million people are visually impaired, of which 45 million are blind. In India, 68 lakh people are blind according to WHO statistics. The major causes of blindness globally are cataract (19 million), glaucoma (6.4 million), trachoma (5.7 million), and childhood blindness (more than 1.5 million). In India, the primary causes are cataract (62.6%), refractive errors (19.7%), and glaucoma (5.8%). The National Program for Control of Blindness aims to reduce blindness to 0.3%
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Aqueous tear deficiency, sjögren syndrome and mucin deficiency moc - 2014 ...
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Effect of various nutritional deficiences on growth and development /certifie...
Effect of various nutritional deficiences on growth and development /certifie...
Effect of various nutritional diffiences on growth and devel
Effect of various nutritional diffiences on growth and devel
Effect of various nutritional diffiences on growth and devel
Effect of various nutritional diffiences on growth and devel
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Vitamin a deficiency disorder
- 1. Vitamin a deficiency disorder /Complication 1. Xeropthalmia 2. Blindness 3. Conjunctival xerosis 4. Bitot’s spots 5. Corneal xerosis 6. Keratomalacia
- 2. 1.XEROPTHALMIA An eye disease caused by vitamin A deficiency, marked by dryness and ulceration of the conjunctiva and cornea. If untreated, it may cause blindness. Etiology: a. Dietary deficiency: Lack of food Lack of knowledge Low socioeconomic condition Faulty eating habit
- 3. b. Defective absorption: Chronic diarrhoea Malabsorption Inflammatory bowel syndrome c. Increase utilization of vitamin A Pregnancy Growing age (6months- 6 yrs) Viral diseases e.g. measles d. PEM & infection
- 4. WHO CLASSIFICATION : i. XN : Night blindness ii. X1A: Conjunctival xerosis iii. X1B: Bitot’s spot iv. X2: Corneal xerosis v. X3A: Keratomalacia/ Corneal ulcer with ≤1/3 corneal involvement. vi. X3B: Keratomalacia/ Corneal ulcer with ≥ 1/3 corneal involvement. vii. XS: Corneal scar due to xerophthalmia. viii.XF: Xerophthalmic fundus
- 5. Management: i. Local ocular therapy: for conjunctival xerosis- artificial tear drop. ii. Vitamin A therapy: Above the age of 1 year 2 lakh IU of vitamin A/oral 6 monthly. 6 months to 1yrs (<8 kg) 1 lakh IU of vit. A /oral 6 monthly. Less than 6months 50,000 IU of vit. A 1st,2nd days and 2 weeks.
- 6. iii. Treatment of underlying condition : PEM & other nutritional disorders infection. Diarrhoea, parasitic condition. iv. Prophylaxis: Routine supplement of vit. A according to national schedule. Public awareness Increase the intake of vit. A containing food. Routine vaccination (e.g. Measles)
- 7. 2. Blindness Best corrected ‘visual acuity of less than 3/60 (snellen’s) or its equivalent’ or inability to count finger in day light at a distance of 3 meters. Causes: Cataract Trachoma Glaucoma Xerophthalmia Trauma/ injury Corneal opacity others
- 10. CORNEAL XEROSIS
- 11. KERATOMALACIA