The document provides information on measuring and assessing vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It discusses normal ranges for vital signs and factors that can influence measurements. Proper technique for taking each vital sign is outlined, including use of equipment like thermometers and sphygmomanometers. Key signs of abnormalities are highlighted.
Limb salvage surgery aims to preserve limbs threatened by trauma or tumors through complex reconstruction procedures instead of amputation. For tumors near joints like the knee, individual factors like function, longevity, and patient preferences must be considered when deciding between limb salvage and amputation. Limb salvage carries higher short and long-term risks of complications but can provide superior function compared to amputation and prosthetics. Careful surgical planning and multidisciplinary care are needed for successful oncologic and functional outcomes of limb salvage procedures.
Bandaging and Splinting & Slings; Techniques and Types (Health Subject)Jewel Jem
This document discusses various types of bandages and splints used to stabilize and support injured body parts. It describes roller bandages, self-adhering bandages, gauze rollers, elastic bandages, and triangular bandages. Different widths of roller bandages are suited for specific body areas like fingers, wrists, ankles, and legs. Splinting is used to stabilize injuries, reduce pain and prevent further damage. Types of splints include air splints, pillow splints, and buddy taping. Slings are used to support injured arms, immobilizing and protecting the area as it heals. The document provides guidance on bandaging and splinting different body areas like the head, shoulder
This document provides information on wound dressing, irrigation, and bandaging. It defines each term and describes the purposes, principles, procedures, types of materials used, and techniques for dressing wounds, irrigating wounds, and applying bandages. Dressings are used to protect and aid in healing wounds, while irrigation helps clean wounds and bandages are used to support, immobilize, and secure dressings over wounds or injured body parts. The document outlines best practices and sterile techniques for each procedure.
Bandaging and splinting are important techniques for immobilizing injured body parts. Bandages are used to cover wounds, prevent contamination, provide support to injured areas, control bleeding, and restrict movement of fractures or dislocations. Common bandage materials include cotton, gauze, and elastic bandages. Splints are rigid structures used to immobilize fractures and prevent movement at the injury site. Common splints include the Thomas splint for femur fractures and the Bohler-Braun splint for traction of trochanteric hip fractures. Nurses must ensure proper padding of splints and bandages and monitor patients for circulation issues.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of disorders involving instability or displacement of the femoral head from the acetabulum. DDH includes subluxation, where some contact remains between joint surfaces, and dislocation, where there is complete displacement. DDH is caused by ligamentous laxity, prenatal positioning, and postnatal positioning in extension. Treatment depends on age, with Pavlik harness for neonates, traction or closed reduction for ages 1-6 months, and closed or open reduction from 6-24 months. The goal is early reduction to allow acetabular remodeling and prevent complications like degenerative hip disease.
This document provides information on splinting various body parts for injuries. It defines splinting as using a hard bandage to immobilize an injured body part to prevent movement at a fracture site. The document describes different types of splints and how to apply splints to the upper extremities, lower extremities, wrist, hand and fingers. Guidance is provided on splinting injuries to the humerus, elbow, forearm, knee, lower leg, ankle and foot.
This document provides guidance on splinting fractures and injuries. It describes splints as devices used to immobilize fractured bones or injured joints prior to medical treatment. The purposes of splinting are to immobilize the injured area, prevent further injury from bone fragments, reduce pain, and manage sprains and strains. General rules for splinting include using padding to support the injured area without interfering with circulation. Improvised materials like wood, cardboard or the body itself can be used to splint fractures until medical help arrives. The document provides specific guidance on splinting different areas, such as the upper arm, elbow, forearm, and lower extremities.
Limb salvage surgery aims to preserve limbs threatened by trauma or tumors through complex reconstruction procedures instead of amputation. For tumors near joints like the knee, individual factors like function, longevity, and patient preferences must be considered when deciding between limb salvage and amputation. Limb salvage carries higher short and long-term risks of complications but can provide superior function compared to amputation and prosthetics. Careful surgical planning and multidisciplinary care are needed for successful oncologic and functional outcomes of limb salvage procedures.
Bandaging and Splinting & Slings; Techniques and Types (Health Subject)Jewel Jem
This document discusses various types of bandages and splints used to stabilize and support injured body parts. It describes roller bandages, self-adhering bandages, gauze rollers, elastic bandages, and triangular bandages. Different widths of roller bandages are suited for specific body areas like fingers, wrists, ankles, and legs. Splinting is used to stabilize injuries, reduce pain and prevent further damage. Types of splints include air splints, pillow splints, and buddy taping. Slings are used to support injured arms, immobilizing and protecting the area as it heals. The document provides guidance on bandaging and splinting different body areas like the head, shoulder
This document provides information on wound dressing, irrigation, and bandaging. It defines each term and describes the purposes, principles, procedures, types of materials used, and techniques for dressing wounds, irrigating wounds, and applying bandages. Dressings are used to protect and aid in healing wounds, while irrigation helps clean wounds and bandages are used to support, immobilize, and secure dressings over wounds or injured body parts. The document outlines best practices and sterile techniques for each procedure.
Bandaging and splinting are important techniques for immobilizing injured body parts. Bandages are used to cover wounds, prevent contamination, provide support to injured areas, control bleeding, and restrict movement of fractures or dislocations. Common bandage materials include cotton, gauze, and elastic bandages. Splints are rigid structures used to immobilize fractures and prevent movement at the injury site. Common splints include the Thomas splint for femur fractures and the Bohler-Braun splint for traction of trochanteric hip fractures. Nurses must ensure proper padding of splints and bandages and monitor patients for circulation issues.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of disorders involving instability or displacement of the femoral head from the acetabulum. DDH includes subluxation, where some contact remains between joint surfaces, and dislocation, where there is complete displacement. DDH is caused by ligamentous laxity, prenatal positioning, and postnatal positioning in extension. Treatment depends on age, with Pavlik harness for neonates, traction or closed reduction for ages 1-6 months, and closed or open reduction from 6-24 months. The goal is early reduction to allow acetabular remodeling and prevent complications like degenerative hip disease.
This document provides information on splinting various body parts for injuries. It defines splinting as using a hard bandage to immobilize an injured body part to prevent movement at a fracture site. The document describes different types of splints and how to apply splints to the upper extremities, lower extremities, wrist, hand and fingers. Guidance is provided on splinting injuries to the humerus, elbow, forearm, knee, lower leg, ankle and foot.
This document provides guidance on splinting fractures and injuries. It describes splints as devices used to immobilize fractured bones or injured joints prior to medical treatment. The purposes of splinting are to immobilize the injured area, prevent further injury from bone fragments, reduce pain, and manage sprains and strains. General rules for splinting include using padding to support the injured area without interfering with circulation. Improvised materials like wood, cardboard or the body itself can be used to splint fractures until medical help arrives. The document provides specific guidance on splinting different areas, such as the upper arm, elbow, forearm, and lower extremities.
The document provides an overview of plates and screws used in orthopedic surgery. It discusses the different parts and types of screws, including cortical screws, cancellous screws, and locking screws. It also describes the mechanical functions of plates, including neutralization plates, compression plates, and buttress plates. The document outlines the features and uses of various plate systems, such as the dynamic compression plate (DCP), limited contact-DCP (LC-DCP), reconstruction plates, and one-third tubular plates. It also introduces locking compression plates (LCP), which provide angular stability through the locking head of the screw instead of friction between the plate and bone.
A thumb spica splint immobilizes the thumb and wrist while allowing movement of other fingers. It is used to treat various thumb injuries and conditions by restricting thumb movement and providing stability, such as thumb sprains, fractures, tendonitis, arthritis, and postoperative support. The splint is applied using plaster or other materials wrapped around the thumb and forearm from the tip of the thumb to the mid-forearm. Prolonged use can cause complications like skin irritation, joint stiffness, muscle weakness.
Moving ,lifting, and transferring patientsArifa T N
This document discusses various techniques for moving and transferring patients, including:
1) Moving a patient up in bed can be done by one or two nurses using a slide sheet to promote comfort and proper body alignment.
2) Turning a patient onto their side or prone position ensures comfort, allows changing of linens/bed pans, and offers relief from pressure points.
3) Assisting a patient to sit up enables changes in position without injury and maintains good body mechanics.
4) Transferring a patient from bed to chair or between a bed and stretcher safely transfers patients and maintains proper body alignment, sometimes using mechanical devices.
This document summarizes shoulder arthroplasty. It discusses that shoulder lesions requiring arthroplasty are less common than hip and knee lesions. It outlines the indications for shoulder arthroplasty, which include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, rotator cuff tear arthropathy, avascular necrosis, post-traumatic arthritis, and severe proximal humeral fractures. The options for shoulder arthroplasty procedures are hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Complications that can occur include instability, infection, heterotopic ossification, stiffness, periprosthetic fractures, and axillary nerve injury.
Positioning involves placing patients in alignments that promote health and prevent complications. Some key positions include supine, lateral, lithotomy and knee-chest. Proper positioning provides comfort, relieves pressure, aids circulation and enables medical procedures. Patient safety and comfort should be ensured when positioning.
1. The document discusses lifting techniques and concepts like center of gravity, base of support, and line of gravity.
2. It outlines goals for patient transfers which include independence in activities of daily living and different environments or equipment.
3. Safety of the patient and nurse must never be compromised during transfers which require planning, instruction, and proper body mechanics.
The document discusses common orthopedic issues that may present in the emergency department, including the need for orthopedic consultation and immobilization techniques. It provides guidance on evaluating suspected fractures or dislocations, including initial assessment, focused examination, providing analgesia, and ordering relevant imaging studies. Principles for approaching severe musculoskeletal injuries are outlined, such as addressing shock, obtaining standard radiographs, and immediate definitive treatment when possible.
The document summarizes bone grafting procedures. It discusses the properties of bone grafts including osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osteogenesis. It describes different types of grafts such as autografts, allografts, xenografts and alternatives like calcium phosphate ceramics. Autografts are ideal but have morbidity risks. Allografts have limitations due to processing but are commonly used. Demineralized bone matrix and mesenchymal stem cells are discussed as promising alternatives.
This document discusses proper patient positioning and its importance in maintaining body alignment, preventing injury, and providing stimulation. It outlines various positions like supine, lateral, and prone, assessing risk factors. Complications from improper positioning like pressure ulcers and contractures are described. Supportive devices and techniques for safely moving patients are also covered. The goal is to position patients in a way that keeps their body parts correctly aligned and functional while minimizing stress.
1) A 25-year-old man presented with an open tibia/fibula fracture and underwent irrigation, debridement, and fixation with a tibial nail. However, a week later pseudomonas was cultured from the wound and the nail was removed for further debridement and soft tissue reconstruction.
2) The evidence on antibiotic prophylaxis and timing of debridement for open fractures is limited but suggests antibiotics should be given within 3 hours and debridement can generally be done within 24 hours without increased risk of infection.
3) Classification systems like Gustillo and MESS can help determine prognosis but have limitations and are best applied by experienced surgeons after initial debridement.
Chondral Injuries - Current Concepts in Management & Cartilage RegenerationVaibhav Bagaria
Chondral Injuries are one of the technically challenging cases for sports injury surgeons. There are various techniques described including lavage, abrasion chondroplasty, micro fracture, Mosaicplasty, ACI - various generations and newly developed Bioprinting
Bandages and dressings are used in wound management. A bandage wraps or binds an injured body part while a dressing covers a wound or burn. Bandages secure dressings, help immobilize broken bones, and apply pressure to bleeding wounds. The process of bandaging involves explaining the procedure to the patient, preparing supplies, inspecting the skin, wrapping the bandage from distal to proximal around the body part with overlapping folds, securing the end, and checking the bandage after application.
This document provides an overview of distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) issues and management. It discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the DRUJ and its primary stabilizer, the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). It describes common injuries to the TFCC, including Palmer classification types 1A and 1B tears. Imaging options for evaluating the DRUJ are outlined. Initial conservative treatment is typically recommended for type 1A tears while type 1B tears often require arthroscopic or open repair depending on chronicity of the injury.
This document discusses shoulder instability. It defines instability as the inability to maintain the humeral head in the glenoid fossa, and describes different types including dislocation, subluxation, and laxity. Static factors like bony anatomy and dynamic factors like muscles contribute to stability. The glenoid fossa has a pear shape with retroversion and tilt. Classification systems for instability are mentioned. Surgical procedures to address instability and lesions are briefly outlined. Multi-directional instability is also referenced.
This document provides information on different types of bandaging techniques, including:
1. It describes different types of bandages like crape, gauze, triangular, and adhesive bandages.
2. It explains the various methods of applying bandages like circular, spiral, reverse spiral, and figure-of-eight techniques.
3. It outlines the principles and steps for properly applying bandages, including ensuring cleanliness, assessing the skin, and supporting the injured body part.
Assist patient from the bed to chair or wheelchairNursing Path
1) The document provides instructions for assisting a patient from their bed to a chair or wheelchair. It outlines safety precautions like monitoring the patient's pulse and color during transfers.
2) The procedure involves placing pillows and blankets in the chair or wheelchair, assisting the patient to sit on the edge of the bed, and then standing and turning them to lower into the seated position.
3) Steps are described for returning the patient safely to bed, such as supporting them as they stand, sit on the edge of the bed, and lower back down while maintaining proper body alignment.
This document outlines the post mortem care procedures for deceased children. It describes respectfully cleaning and preparing the body before it is transported to the morgue. Family members are allowed to participate in end-of-life rituals. The nurse is responsible for ensuring all aspects of care are completed, which includes verifying death, identifying the deceased, collecting belongings, cleaning the body, applying identification tags, and notifying relevant departments. Considerations are made for rigor mortis, livor mortis, and algor mortis in preparing the body.
The document provides information on the assessment and management of head and spinal trauma. It outlines the ABC approach for head trauma and emphasizes preventing secondary brain injury. It describes evaluating the Glasgow Coma Scale and pupillary responses. For spinal trauma, it stresses immobilization and protecting the spine during transport. Key factors include preventing further neurological injury and addressing airway, breathing, circulation issues.
1) The document provides an evidence-based approach to treating proximal femoral fractures, including classification, decision making, preoperative planning, and postoperative care.
2) Key aspects of preoperative planning discussed include thorough patient history, physical exam, imaging including x-rays and MRI, and consideration of patient comorbidities.
3) Postoperative guidelines recommend thromboprophylaxis including low molecular weight heparin, physical and occupational therapy, and treatment of osteoporosis to improve outcomes for hip fracture patients.
Vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure must be measured accurately. Factors like illness, emotions, exercise, medications, and time of day can influence vital signs. Changes in one vital sign will affect the others. Vital signs should be recorded promptly and any abnormalities reported.
This document provides information on measuring and assessing vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It describes how to take each vital sign measurement accurately using the proper techniques and equipment. Normal ranges for adults are provided for each vital sign. Factors that can influence vital sign measurements are also outlined. The importance of recording vital signs accurately and notifying the nurse of any abnormal readings is emphasized.
The document provides an overview of plates and screws used in orthopedic surgery. It discusses the different parts and types of screws, including cortical screws, cancellous screws, and locking screws. It also describes the mechanical functions of plates, including neutralization plates, compression plates, and buttress plates. The document outlines the features and uses of various plate systems, such as the dynamic compression plate (DCP), limited contact-DCP (LC-DCP), reconstruction plates, and one-third tubular plates. It also introduces locking compression plates (LCP), which provide angular stability through the locking head of the screw instead of friction between the plate and bone.
A thumb spica splint immobilizes the thumb and wrist while allowing movement of other fingers. It is used to treat various thumb injuries and conditions by restricting thumb movement and providing stability, such as thumb sprains, fractures, tendonitis, arthritis, and postoperative support. The splint is applied using plaster or other materials wrapped around the thumb and forearm from the tip of the thumb to the mid-forearm. Prolonged use can cause complications like skin irritation, joint stiffness, muscle weakness.
Moving ,lifting, and transferring patientsArifa T N
This document discusses various techniques for moving and transferring patients, including:
1) Moving a patient up in bed can be done by one or two nurses using a slide sheet to promote comfort and proper body alignment.
2) Turning a patient onto their side or prone position ensures comfort, allows changing of linens/bed pans, and offers relief from pressure points.
3) Assisting a patient to sit up enables changes in position without injury and maintains good body mechanics.
4) Transferring a patient from bed to chair or between a bed and stretcher safely transfers patients and maintains proper body alignment, sometimes using mechanical devices.
This document summarizes shoulder arthroplasty. It discusses that shoulder lesions requiring arthroplasty are less common than hip and knee lesions. It outlines the indications for shoulder arthroplasty, which include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, rotator cuff tear arthropathy, avascular necrosis, post-traumatic arthritis, and severe proximal humeral fractures. The options for shoulder arthroplasty procedures are hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Complications that can occur include instability, infection, heterotopic ossification, stiffness, periprosthetic fractures, and axillary nerve injury.
Positioning involves placing patients in alignments that promote health and prevent complications. Some key positions include supine, lateral, lithotomy and knee-chest. Proper positioning provides comfort, relieves pressure, aids circulation and enables medical procedures. Patient safety and comfort should be ensured when positioning.
1. The document discusses lifting techniques and concepts like center of gravity, base of support, and line of gravity.
2. It outlines goals for patient transfers which include independence in activities of daily living and different environments or equipment.
3. Safety of the patient and nurse must never be compromised during transfers which require planning, instruction, and proper body mechanics.
The document discusses common orthopedic issues that may present in the emergency department, including the need for orthopedic consultation and immobilization techniques. It provides guidance on evaluating suspected fractures or dislocations, including initial assessment, focused examination, providing analgesia, and ordering relevant imaging studies. Principles for approaching severe musculoskeletal injuries are outlined, such as addressing shock, obtaining standard radiographs, and immediate definitive treatment when possible.
The document summarizes bone grafting procedures. It discusses the properties of bone grafts including osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osteogenesis. It describes different types of grafts such as autografts, allografts, xenografts and alternatives like calcium phosphate ceramics. Autografts are ideal but have morbidity risks. Allografts have limitations due to processing but are commonly used. Demineralized bone matrix and mesenchymal stem cells are discussed as promising alternatives.
This document discusses proper patient positioning and its importance in maintaining body alignment, preventing injury, and providing stimulation. It outlines various positions like supine, lateral, and prone, assessing risk factors. Complications from improper positioning like pressure ulcers and contractures are described. Supportive devices and techniques for safely moving patients are also covered. The goal is to position patients in a way that keeps their body parts correctly aligned and functional while minimizing stress.
1) A 25-year-old man presented with an open tibia/fibula fracture and underwent irrigation, debridement, and fixation with a tibial nail. However, a week later pseudomonas was cultured from the wound and the nail was removed for further debridement and soft tissue reconstruction.
2) The evidence on antibiotic prophylaxis and timing of debridement for open fractures is limited but suggests antibiotics should be given within 3 hours and debridement can generally be done within 24 hours without increased risk of infection.
3) Classification systems like Gustillo and MESS can help determine prognosis but have limitations and are best applied by experienced surgeons after initial debridement.
Chondral Injuries - Current Concepts in Management & Cartilage RegenerationVaibhav Bagaria
Chondral Injuries are one of the technically challenging cases for sports injury surgeons. There are various techniques described including lavage, abrasion chondroplasty, micro fracture, Mosaicplasty, ACI - various generations and newly developed Bioprinting
Bandages and dressings are used in wound management. A bandage wraps or binds an injured body part while a dressing covers a wound or burn. Bandages secure dressings, help immobilize broken bones, and apply pressure to bleeding wounds. The process of bandaging involves explaining the procedure to the patient, preparing supplies, inspecting the skin, wrapping the bandage from distal to proximal around the body part with overlapping folds, securing the end, and checking the bandage after application.
This document provides an overview of distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) issues and management. It discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the DRUJ and its primary stabilizer, the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). It describes common injuries to the TFCC, including Palmer classification types 1A and 1B tears. Imaging options for evaluating the DRUJ are outlined. Initial conservative treatment is typically recommended for type 1A tears while type 1B tears often require arthroscopic or open repair depending on chronicity of the injury.
This document discusses shoulder instability. It defines instability as the inability to maintain the humeral head in the glenoid fossa, and describes different types including dislocation, subluxation, and laxity. Static factors like bony anatomy and dynamic factors like muscles contribute to stability. The glenoid fossa has a pear shape with retroversion and tilt. Classification systems for instability are mentioned. Surgical procedures to address instability and lesions are briefly outlined. Multi-directional instability is also referenced.
This document provides information on different types of bandaging techniques, including:
1. It describes different types of bandages like crape, gauze, triangular, and adhesive bandages.
2. It explains the various methods of applying bandages like circular, spiral, reverse spiral, and figure-of-eight techniques.
3. It outlines the principles and steps for properly applying bandages, including ensuring cleanliness, assessing the skin, and supporting the injured body part.
Assist patient from the bed to chair or wheelchairNursing Path
1) The document provides instructions for assisting a patient from their bed to a chair or wheelchair. It outlines safety precautions like monitoring the patient's pulse and color during transfers.
2) The procedure involves placing pillows and blankets in the chair or wheelchair, assisting the patient to sit on the edge of the bed, and then standing and turning them to lower into the seated position.
3) Steps are described for returning the patient safely to bed, such as supporting them as they stand, sit on the edge of the bed, and lower back down while maintaining proper body alignment.
This document outlines the post mortem care procedures for deceased children. It describes respectfully cleaning and preparing the body before it is transported to the morgue. Family members are allowed to participate in end-of-life rituals. The nurse is responsible for ensuring all aspects of care are completed, which includes verifying death, identifying the deceased, collecting belongings, cleaning the body, applying identification tags, and notifying relevant departments. Considerations are made for rigor mortis, livor mortis, and algor mortis in preparing the body.
The document provides information on the assessment and management of head and spinal trauma. It outlines the ABC approach for head trauma and emphasizes preventing secondary brain injury. It describes evaluating the Glasgow Coma Scale and pupillary responses. For spinal trauma, it stresses immobilization and protecting the spine during transport. Key factors include preventing further neurological injury and addressing airway, breathing, circulation issues.
1) The document provides an evidence-based approach to treating proximal femoral fractures, including classification, decision making, preoperative planning, and postoperative care.
2) Key aspects of preoperative planning discussed include thorough patient history, physical exam, imaging including x-rays and MRI, and consideration of patient comorbidities.
3) Postoperative guidelines recommend thromboprophylaxis including low molecular weight heparin, physical and occupational therapy, and treatment of osteoporosis to improve outcomes for hip fracture patients.
Vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure must be measured accurately. Factors like illness, emotions, exercise, medications, and time of day can influence vital signs. Changes in one vital sign will affect the others. Vital signs should be recorded promptly and any abnormalities reported.
This document provides information on measuring and assessing vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It describes how to take each vital sign measurement accurately using the proper techniques and equipment. Normal ranges for adults are provided for each vital sign. Factors that can influence vital sign measurements are also outlined. The importance of recording vital signs accurately and notifying the nurse of any abnormal readings is emphasized.
This document provides information on measuring and recording vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It discusses the normal ranges for each vital sign and factors that can affect them. Instructions are provided on properly taking each measurement using various types of equipment. It emphasizes the importance of measuring vital signs accurately and recording them according to facility policy.
VITAL SIGNS INCLUDE:
TEMPERATURE
PULSE
RESPIRATIONS
BLOOD PRESSURE
VITAL SIGNS MUST BE MEASURED, REPORTED, AND RECORDED ACCURATELY
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE OF A MEASUREMENT, RECHECK IT
This document provides information and guidelines regarding vital signs measurements. It discusses how to accurately measure and record a patient's temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. Key points include the normal ranges for each vital sign in adults, factors that can influence vital sign measurements, appropriate techniques and sites for obtaining each reading, and situations where certain measurement methods should not be used. Accuracy in vital signs assessment and documentation is emphasized.
This document provides information on how to properly take and record a patient's vital signs, which include temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It describes the normal ranges for each vital sign and factors that can influence them. Guidelines are provided on using different types of thermometers to take a temperature by various sites, how to count a pulse, respiratory rate, and measure blood pressure using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer. The importance of accurately recording vital signs and abnormal readings that should be reported to a nurse are also emphasized.
This document discusses vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It provides details on:
- How and where to measure each vital sign
- Normal ranges
- Factors that can influence measurements
- How to document readings
- When to notify the nurse of abnormal findings
The key messages are that vital signs must be measured accurately according to standard procedures, documented properly, and any abnormalities reported immediately to the nurse. Regular monitoring of vital signs is important for assessing patient health and detecting changes that may require medical intervention.
This document provides information on measuring and recording vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It discusses the normal ranges for adults, factors that can influence readings, techniques for taking measurements accurately, and guidelines for re-checking or reporting abnormal results. Vital signs are an important indicator of a person's general health and physical condition.
Vital signs including temperature, respiration, pulse, and blood pressure are important measurements that provide information about a person's general health and must be measured accurately. Normal vital signs can vary based on factors like age, sex, and activity level. Abnormal vital signs outside the normal range should be reported to a nurse. There are different methods for measuring each vital sign, including orally, rectally, via the ear, or on the wrist, with specific techniques for ensuring accurate results.
The document provides guidance on principles of trauma care. It discusses the primary and secondary surveys that should be conducted to assess and treat trauma patients. The primary survey involves assessing the patient's airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure to identify life-threatening injuries. This includes steps like ensuring an open airway, checking for adequate breathing, feeling for pulses, and conducting a brief neurological exam. The secondary survey involves a more thorough head-to-toe examination to identify and treat all injuries, as well as taking a medical history. Trauma scoring systems are also described to help determine if a patient requires transfer to a higher level trauma center.
The document summarizes key aspects of measuring and assessing pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines pulse as the expansion and recoiling of arteries, with a normal adult range of 60-100 beats per minute. Respiration is defined as one inhalation and exhalation, with a normal adult rate of 12-16 breaths per minute. Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls, recorded as systolic over diastolic pressure in mmHg, with normal ranges being 100-140/60-90 mmHg. Factors like age, exercise, and medications can impact all three vital signs. Proper techniques are outlined for taking each measurement.
The document discusses how to assess various components of mental status and health. It defines key terms like mental status, mental health, and mental disorders. It also outlines the major components evaluated in a mental status examination, such as appearance, behavior, cognitive functions, thought processes, and perceptions. A mental status exam is used to evaluate a person's emotional, cognitive, and social functioning.
The document provides information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and international resuscitation guidelines. It discusses the history of CPR and organizations that develop resuscitation guidelines. It covers topics like the basics of CPR, including chest compressions, rescue breathing, use of AEDs, as well as special considerations for drowning, foreign body airway obstruction, pregnancy and pediatric resuscitation. It provides statistics on cardiac arrest and factors that influence survival rates.
The document discusses guidelines from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) for basic and advanced life support (BLS and ALS). It provides:
1) An overview of ILCOR which involves multiple international resuscitation organizations that review resuscitation science and develop evidence-based guidelines.
2) A brief history of CPR and facts about cardiac arrest outcomes with and without early CPR intervention.
3) Guidelines for BLS including airway management, rescue breathing, chest compressions, use of AEDs, and treatment of foreign body airway obstructions.
The document provides information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and international resuscitation guidelines. It discusses the history of CPR and organizations that develop resuscitation guidelines. It covers topics like the basics of CPR, including chest compressions, rescue breathing, use of AEDs, as well as special considerations for drowning, foreign body airway obstruction, pregnancy and pediatric resuscitation. It provides statistics on cardiac arrest and factors that influence the success and complications of CPR.
This document provides information on first aid. It introduces first aid and its objectives of preventing further injury, preserving life, and promoting recovery. It outlines golden rules of first aid and the philosophy of prioritizing airway, breathing, circulation, and bleeding control. It then discusses first aid for various emergencies like asphyxia, shock, hemorrhage, fractures, heat stroke, burns, eye injuries, electric shock, and heart attack. For each condition, it describes signs/symptoms and management steps. It also provides details on cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
This document provides information on general principles of first aid. It discusses the history of organizations like St. John Ambulance Association and aims of first aid like saving lives and preventing deterioration. It outlines the scope of first aid including diagnosis, treatment and transportation. It describes causes of trauma-related deaths and emphasizes the importance of early treatment. Guidelines are provided for assessing airway, breathing and circulation. Specific instructions are given for conditions like bleeding, fractures, burns and more. Transportation techniques like carrying individuals with one or more people are illustrated.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
Digital Health in India_Health Informatics Trained Manpower _DrDevTaneja_15.0...DrDevTaneja1
Digital India will need a big trained army of Health Informatics educated & trained manpower in India.
Presently, generalist IT manpower does most of the work in the healthcare industry in India. Academic Health Informatics education is not readily available at school & health university level or IT education institutions in India.
We look into the evolution of health informatics and its applications in the healthcare industry.
HIMMS TIGER resources are available to assist Health Informatics education.
Indian Health universities, IT Education institutions, and the healthcare industry must proactively collaborate to start health informatics courses on a big scale. An advocacy push from various stakeholders is also needed for this goal.
Health informatics has huge employment potential and provides a big business opportunity for the healthcare industry. A big pool of trained health informatics manpower can lead to product & service innovations on a global scale in India.
End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) is the level of carbon dioxide that is released at the end of an exhaled breath. ETCO2 levels reflect the adequacy with which carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in the blood back to the lungs and exhaled.
Non-invasive methods for ETCO2 measurement include capnometry and capnography. Capnometry provides a numerical value for ETCO2. In contrast, capnography delivers a more comprehensive measurement that is displayed in both graphical (waveform) and numerical form.
Sidestream devices can monitor both intubated and non-intubated patients, while mainstream devices are most often limited to intubated patients.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
VEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdfVedanta A
Air Ambulance Services In Rewa works in close coordination with ground-based emergency services, including local Emergency Medical Services, fire departments, and law enforcement agencies.
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Sectional dentures for microstomia patients.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Microstomia, characterized by an abnormally small oral aperture, presents significant challenges in prosthodontic treatment, including limited access for examination, difficulties in impression making, and challenges with prosthesis insertion and removal. To manage these issues, customized impression techniques using sectional trays and elastomeric materials are employed. Prostheses may be designed in segments or with flexible materials to facilitate handling. Minimally invasive procedures and the use of digital technologies can enhance patient comfort. Education and training for patients on prosthesis care and maintenance are crucial for compliance. Regular follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other specialists, ensure comprehensive care and improved quality of life for microstomia patients.
Get Covid Testing at Fit to Fly PCR TestNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
3. o WHEN A PERSON IS ADMITTED TO A HEALTH CARE
FACILITY
o SEVERAL TIMES A DAY FOR HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS
o BEFORE AND AFTER SURGERY
o AFTER SOME NURSING PROCEDURES
o BEFORE MEDICATIONS ARE GIVEN THAT AFFECT THE
RESPIRATORY OR CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
o WHENEVER THE PERSON COMPLAINS OF PAIN,
SHORTNESS OF BREATH, RAPID HEART RATE, OR NOT
FEELING WELL
o WITH THE PERSON AT REST IN A LYING OR SITTING
POSITION
4. o ILLNESS
o EMOTIONS – ANGER, FEAR, ANXIETY, PAIN
o EXERCISE AND ACTIVITY
o AGE
o SEX
o ENVIRONMENT - WEATHER
o FOOD AND FLUID INTAKE
o MEDICATIONS
o TIME OF DAY – ↓ IN THE MORNING, ↑ IN THE AFTERNOON/EVENING
o NOISE
A CHANGE IN ONE VITAL SIGN WILL CAUSE A CHANGE IN
THE OTHERS
5. o ANY VITAL SIGN IS CHANGED FROM A PREVIOUS
MEASUREMENT
o VITAL SIGNS ARE ABOVE THE NORMAL RANGE
o VITAL SIGNS ARE BELOW THE NORMAL RANGE
6. CARRY A SMALL NOTEBOOK IN YOUR POCKET SO YOU
CAN RECORD THEM AS YOU TAKE THEM
ABBREVIATIONS
TEMPERATURE – T
PULSE – P
RESPIRATIONS – R
BLOOD PRESSURE - BP
7. BODY TEMPERATURE IS THE AMOUNT OF HEAT IN THE
BODY
IT IS A BALANCE BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF HEAT
PRODUCED AND THE AMOUNT OF HEAT LOST
HEAT IS PRODUCED BY :
THE CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES DURING EXERCISE
THE BREAKDOWN OF FOOD DURING DIGESTION
THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
HEAT IS LOST THROUGH :
URINE FECES
RESPIRATIONS PERSPIRATION
8. BODY TEMPERATURE IS MEASURED IN ONE OF FOUR
AREAS OF THE BODY
THE MOUTH – ORAL
THE RECTUM – RECTAL
THE AXILLA (UNDERARM) – AXILLARY
THE EAR – TYMPANIC
WE NOW ALSO HAVE THE TEMPORAL SITE - FOREHEAD
MOST TEMPERATURES ARE TAKEN ORALLY
RECTAL TEMPERATURES ARE THE MOST ACCURATE
AXILLARY TEMPERATURES ARE THE LEAST ACCURATE
9.
10. A SMALL HOLLOW GLASS TUBE THAT CONTAINS
MERCURY OR A MERCURY-FREE SUBSTANCE IN A BULB
AT ONE END.WHEN HEATED THE MERCURY RISES IN
THE TUBE.
Pear – shaped tip
11. o THE SCALE IS MARKED FROM 94° TO 108°
o THE LONG LINES REPRESENT ONE DEGREE
o THE SHORT LINES REPRESENT TWO TENTHS OF A DEGREE
o ONLY EVERY OTHER DEGREE IS MARKED WITH A NUMBER
12. o BATTERY OPERATED
o HAVE AN ORAL PROBE AND A RECTAL PROBE
o DISPOSABLE PROBE COVER IS PLACED ON THE PROBE
o THE TEMPERATURE REGISTERS IN ABOUT 30 SECONDS
14. o MEASURES THE TEMPERATURE IN THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (EARDRUM)
o FAST AND ACCURATE - 1 TO 3 SECONDS
INFANTS – PULL
THE EAR
STRAIGHT BACK
ADULTS AND
CHILDREN OVER
ONE YEAR –
PULL THE EAR UP
AND BACK
15. GLASS
THERMOMETER
o RINSE WITH COLD WATER
o CHECK THE THERMOMETER
FOR BREAKS AND CHIPS
o SHAKE DOWN THE
THERMOMETER SO THE
MERCURY IS BELOW THE LINES
AND NUMBERS
o PLACE A DISPOSABLE COVER
ON THE THERMOMETER
o PLACE THE THERMOMETER
UNDER THE PERSON’S TONGUE
o LEAVE THE THERMOMETER IN
PLACE FOR 2 – 3 MINUTES
o IF THE PERSON HAS BEEN
EATING, DRINKING, OR
SMOKING, WAIT 15 MINUTES
BEFORE TAKING TEMPERATURE
16. DO NOT TAKE AN ORAL TEMPERATURE ON:
o AN INFANT OR YOUNG CHILD ( UNDER AGE 6)
o AN UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT
o A PATIENT THAT HAS HAD ORAL SURGERY OR AN INJURY TO THE FACE,
NECK, NOSE, OR MOUTH
o A PERSON RECEIVING OXYGEN
o A PATIENT WITH A NASOGASTRIC TUBE IN PLACE
o A PATIENT WHO IS CONFUSED OR RESTLESS
o A PATIENT WHO IS PARALYZED ON ONE SIDE OF THE BODY
o HAS A HISTORY OF SEIZURES
o A PATIENT WHO BREATHES THROUGH THE MOUTH
17. o LUBRICATE THE THERMOMETER BEFORE INSERTING INTO THE RECTUM
o PLACE THE PERSON IN A SIDE-LYING POSITION
o INSERT THE THERMOMETER 1 INCH INTO THE RECTUM
o HOLD THE THERMOMETER IN PLACE FOR 2 MINUTES
o REMOVE THE DISPOSABLE COVER AND READ THE THERMOMETER
18. DO NOT TAKE A RECTAL TEMPERATURE ON:
o A PERSON WHO HAS HAD RECTAL SURGERY OR RECTAL INJURY
o IF THE PERSON HAS DIARRHEA
o IF THE PERSON IS CONFUSED OR AGITATED
o IF THE PERSON HAS HEART DISEASE ( STIMULATES THE VAGUS NERVE
WHICH SLOWS THE HEART RATE )
19. o TAKEN ONLY WHEN NO OTHER SITE CAN
BE USED
o MAKE SURE THE UNDERARM IS CLEAN
AND DRY
o THE ARM IS HELD CLOSE TO THE BODY
o YOU NEED TO HOLD THE THERMOMETER
IN PLACE WHILE THE TEMPERATURE IS
BEING TAKEN
o THE THERMOMETER IS LEFT IN PLACE
FOR 10 MINUTES
20. THE PULSE IS:
o THE BEAT OF THE HEART FELT AT AN ARTERY AS A WAVE OF BLOOD PASSES
THROUGH THE ARTERY
o A PULSE IS FELT EVERY TIME THE HEART BEATS
o MORE EASILY FELT IN ARTERIES THAT COME CLOSE TO THE SKIN AND CAN
BE GENTLY PRESSED AGAINST A BONE
o THE PULSE SHOULD BE THE SAME IN ALL PULSE SITES ON THE BODY
o THE PULSE IS AN INDICATION OF HOW THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IS
MEETING THE BODY’S NEEDS
o THE PULSE RATE IS AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS – AGE, FEVER,
EXERCISE, FEAR. ANGER, ANXIETY, EXCITEMENT, HEAT, POSITION, AND PAIN.
o MEDICATIONS CAN BE TAKEN THAT EITHER INCREASE OR DECREASE A
PERSON’S PULSE RATE.
21.
22. WE USUALLY COUNT A PULSE FOR A FULL MINUTE
WE NOTE THE RHYTHM (PATTERN)
OF THE HEART BEAT – IF THE HEART
BEAT IS IRREGULAR WE COUNT THE
PULSE FOR A FULL MINUTE
WE ALSO OBSERVE THE FORCE
(STRENGTH) OF THE HEARTBEAT.
DOES THE PULSE FEEL :
STRONG FULL BOUNDING
WEAK THREADY FEEBLE
23. o MOST COMMON SITE USED FOR
TAKING A PULSE
o CAN BE TAKEN WITHOUT
DISTURBING OR EXPOSING THE
PERSON
o PLACE THE FIRST TWO OR THREE
FINGERS OF ONE HAND AGAINST THE
RADIAL ARTERY
o THE RADIAL ARTERY IS ON THE
THUMB SIDE OF THE WRIST
o DO NOT USE YOUR THUMB TO TAKE
A PERSON’S PULSE
o USE GENTLE PRESSURE
o COUNT THE PULSE FOR A FULL
MINUTE
24. ALWAYS CLEAN THE
EARPIECES OF THE
STETHOSCOPE WITH
ALCOHOL BEFORE AND AFTER
USE
WARM THE DIAPHRAGM IN
YOUR HAND BEFORE
PLACING IT ON THE PERSON
HOLD THE DIAPHRAGM IN
PLACE OVER THE ARTERY
DO NOT LET THE TUBING
STRIKE AGAINST ANYTHING
WHILE THE STETHOSCOPE IS
BEING USED
25. o TAKEN WITH A STETHOSCOPE
o COUNTED BY PLACING THE STETHOSCOPE
OVER THE HEART
o COUNTED FOR ONE FULL MINUTE
o THE HEART BEAT NORMALLY SOUNDS LIKE A
LUB-DUB. EACH LUB-DUB IS COUNTED AS ONE
HEARTBEAT.
o DO NOT COUNT THE LUB AS ONE HEARTBEAT
AND THE DUB AS ANOTHER.
26.
27. THE APICAL AND RADIAL PULSE RATES SHOULD BE EQUAL
SOMETIMES THE HEART BEAT IS NOT STRONG ENOUGH TO CREATE A PULSE IN
THE RADIAL ARTERY
THIS WOULD CAUSE THE RADIAL PULSE TO BE LESS THAN THE APICAL PULSE
ONE PERSON COUNTS THE APICAL WHILE THE OTHER PERSON COUNTS THE
RADIAL
THE DIFFERENCE IN PULSES IS CALLED THE PULSE DEFICIT
28. NORMAL ADULT PULSE RATE IS – 60 TO 100 BEATS PER MIN.
TACHYCARDIA – HEART RATE OVER 100
BRADYCARDIA – HEART RATE BELOW 60
REPORT ABNORMAL HEART RATES TO THE NURSE
IMMEDIATELY
29. ONE RESPIRATION CONSISTS OF ONE INSPIRATION AND
ONE EXPIRATION
o THE CHEST RISES DURING INSPIRATION (BREATHING
IN) AND FALLS DURING EXPIRATION (BREATHING OUT)
o COUNT EACH TIME THE CHEST RISES
oDO NOT LET THE PERSON KNOW YOU ARE COUNTING
THEIR RESPIRATIONS
o COUNT AFTER TAKING THE PULSE – KEEP YOUR
FINGERS ON THE PULSE SITE
o NORMAL RESPIRATORY RATE FOR ADULT IS 12 – 20
BREATHS PER MIN.
30. TACHYPNEA – RESPIRATORY RATE OVER 20
BRADYPNEA – RESPIRATORY RATE BELOW 12
DYSPNEA – SHORTNESS OF BREATH – DIFFICULTY IN
BREATHING
APNEA – NO BREATHING
HYPERVENTILATION – FAST AND DEEP RESPIRATIONS
HYPOVENTILATION – SLOW AND SHALLOW
RESPIRATIONS
31. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE AMOUNT OF FORCE THE
BLOOD EXERTS AGAINST THE ARTERY WALLS
o SYSTOLIC PRESSURE – PRESSURE EXERTED WHEN THE
HEART MUSCLE IS CONTRACTING
o DIASTOLIC PRESSURE – PRESSURE EXERTED WHEN THE
HEART MUSCLE IS RELAXING BETWEEN BEATS
BLOOD PRESSURE IS RECORDED AS A FRACTION WITH THE
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE ON TOP AND THE DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
ON THE BOTTOM
SYSTOLIC SYSTOLIC /DIASTOLIC
DIASTOLIC 120/80
BP IS MEASURED IN MM (MILLIMETERS) OF HG (MERCURY)
32. AVERAGE ADULT SYSTOLIC RANGE – 100 TO 140
AVERAGE ADULT DIASTOLIC RANGE – 60 TO 90
HYPERTENSION – MEASUREMENTS ABOVE THE NORMAL
SYSTOLIC OR DIASTOLIC PRESSURES
HYPOTENSION – MEASUREMENTS BELOW THE NORMAL
SYSTOLIC OR DIASTOLIC PRESSURES
33. o AGE – BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASES AS A PERSON GROWS OLDER.
o GENDER – WOMEN USUALLY HAVE LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE THAN MEN
o BLOOD VOLUME – SEVERE BLEEDING LOWERS THE BLOOD PRESSURE
o STRESS – HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASE AS PART OF THE
BODY’S RESPONSE TO STRESS
o PAIN – INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE
o EXERCISE – INCREASES HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
o WEIGHT – BLOOD PRESSURE IS HIGHER IN OVERWEIGHT PERSONS
o RACE – BLACK PERSONS GENERALLY HAVE HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE
THAN WHITE PERSONS DO
o DIET – A HIGH-SODIUM DIET INCREASES THE FLUID VOLUME IN THE BODY
WHICH INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE
o MEDICATIONS – CAN BE TAKEN TO RAISE OR LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE
o POSITION – BLOOD PRESSURE IS LOWER WHEN LYING DOWN
34. THE PROPER NAME FOR A BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF IS
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
MERCURY ANEROID
35.
36. o DO NOT TAKE A BLOOD PRESSURE ON AN ARM WITH AN IV, A CAST, OR A
DIALYSIS SHUNT.
o DO NOT TAKE A BLOOD PRESSURE ON THE SIDE THAT A PERSON HAS HAD
BREAST SURGERY ON.
o MEASURE BLOOD PRESSURE WITH THE PERSON SITTING OR LYING.
o APPLY THE CUFF TO THE BARE UPPER ARM. DO NOT APPLY THE CUFF
OVER CLOTHING.
o MAKE SURE THE CUFF IS SNUG.
o USE A LARGE CUFF IF NECESSARY.
o MAKE SURE THE ROOM IS QUIET.
o IF YOU DO NOT HEAR THE BLOOD PRESSURE, WAIT 30 TO 60 SECONDS
AND TRY AGAIN. IF YOU STILL CAN NOT HEAR IT OR ARE UNSURE OF
YOUR READINGS, HAVE THE NURSE CHECK YOUR MEASUREMENTS.
37. 1. CLEAN THE STETHOSCOPE EARPIECES AND DIAPHRAGM WITH ALCOHOL.
2. LOCATE THE BRACHIAL PULSE. THIS IS WHERE THE STETOSCOPE WILL BE PLACED.
3. WRAP THE CUFF ABOVE THE ELBOW WITH THE ARROW POINTING TO THE BRACHIAL
ARTERY. FASTEN THE CUFF SO IT FITS SNUGLY.
4. PLACE THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE STETHOSCOPE FLAT ON THE PULSE SITE, HOLDING IT
IN PLACE WITH THE INDEX AND MIDDLE FINGERS OF ONE HAND.
5. LOCATE THE RADIAL PULSE.
6. CLOSE THE VALVE ON THE BP CUFF BY TURNING IT TO THE RIGHT (CLOCKWISE).
7. INFLATE THE CUFF UNTIL YOU CAN NO LONGER FEEL THE RADIAL PULSE. ,THEN
INFLATE THE CUFF 30 MM HG BEYOND THIS POINT.
8. DEFLATE THE CUFF SLOWLY BY OPENING THE VALVE SLIGHTLY AND TURNING IT
COUNTERCLOCKWISE (TO THE LEFT) WITH YOUR THUMB AND INDEX FINGER. ALLOW
THE AIR TO ESCAPE SLOWLY WHILE LISTENING FOR A PULSE SOUND.
9. NOTE THE READING AT WHICH YOU HEAR THE FIRST CLEAR, REGULAR PULSE SOUND.
THIS NUMBER IS THE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE.
10. CONTINUE LISTENING UNTIL THE SOUND DISAPPEARS. THIS IS THE DIASTOLIC
PRESSURE. NOTE THIS READING.
11. OPEN THE VALVE COMPLETELY TO DEFLATE THE CUFF. REMOVE THE CUFF FROM THE
PATIENT.
38. MEASURING WEIGHT AND HEIGHT
• Standing, chair, and lift scales are used.
• Measuring weight and height
– The person only wears a gown or pajamas.
– The person voids before being weighed.
– Weigh the person at the same time of day.
– Use the same scale.
– Balance the scale at zero before weighing the
person.
39. PAIN
• Pain means to ache, hurt, or be sore.
• Pain is a warning from the body.
• Pain is personal.
• Types of pain
– Acute pain – felt suddenly from an injury,
disease, trauma, or surgery
– Chronic pain – lasts longer than 6 months. Pain
can be constant or occur on and off.
– Radiating pain – felt at the site of tissue damage
and in nearby areas.
– Phantom pain – felt in a body part that is no
longer there.
40. • Signs and symptoms
– Location – Where is the pain?
– Onset and duration – When did the pain start?
– Intensity – Rate the pain on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 as
the most severe
– Description – Can you use words to describe the pain?
– Factors causing pain – What were you doing when the pain
started?
– Vital signs – Take the person’s vital signs when they
complain of pain.
– Other signs and symptom
• Body responses - ↑ vital signs, nausea, pale skin,
sweating, vomiting
• Behaviors – crying, groaning, holding affected body
part, irritability, restlessness