This document provides information on measuring and recording vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It discusses the normal ranges for each vital sign and factors that can affect them. Instructions are provided on properly taking each measurement using various types of equipment. It emphasizes the importance of measuring vital signs accurately and recording them according to facility policy.
Vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure must be measured accurately. Factors like illness, emotions, exercise, medications, and time of day can influence vital signs. Changes in one vital sign will affect the others. Vital signs should be recorded promptly and any abnormalities reported.
This document provides information and guidelines regarding vital signs measurements. It discusses how to accurately measure and record a patient's temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. Key points include the normal ranges for each vital sign in adults, factors that can influence vital sign measurements, appropriate techniques and sites for obtaining each reading, and situations where certain measurement methods should not be used. Accuracy in vital signs assessment and documentation is emphasized.
This document provides information on how to properly take and record a patient's vital signs, which include temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It describes the normal ranges for each vital sign and factors that can influence them. Guidelines are provided on using different types of thermometers to take a temperature by various sites, how to count a pulse, respiratory rate, and measure blood pressure using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer. The importance of accurately recording vital signs and abnormal readings that should be reported to a nurse are also emphasized.
The document provides information on measuring and assessing vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It discusses normal ranges for vital signs and factors that can influence measurements. Proper technique for taking each vital sign is outlined, including use of equipment like thermometers and sphygmomanometers. Key signs of abnormalities are highlighted.
This document provides information on measuring and assessing vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It describes how to take each vital sign measurement accurately using the proper techniques and equipment. Normal ranges for adults are provided for each vital sign. Factors that can influence vital sign measurements are also outlined. The importance of recording vital signs accurately and notifying the nurse of any abnormal readings is emphasized.
This document discusses vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It provides details on:
- How and where to measure each vital sign
- Normal ranges
- Factors that can influence measurements
- How to document readings
- When to notify the nurse of abnormal findings
The key messages are that vital signs must be measured accurately according to standard procedures, documented properly, and any abnormalities reported immediately to the nurse. Regular monitoring of vital signs is important for assessing patient health and detecting changes that may require medical intervention.
This document provides information on measuring and recording vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It discusses the normal ranges for adults, factors that can influence readings, techniques for taking measurements accurately, and guidelines for re-checking or reporting abnormal results. Vital signs are an important indicator of a person's general health and physical condition.
Vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure must be measured accurately. Factors like illness, emotions, exercise, medications, and time of day can influence vital signs. Changes in one vital sign will affect the others. Vital signs should be recorded promptly and any abnormalities reported.
This document provides information and guidelines regarding vital signs measurements. It discusses how to accurately measure and record a patient's temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. Key points include the normal ranges for each vital sign in adults, factors that can influence vital sign measurements, appropriate techniques and sites for obtaining each reading, and situations where certain measurement methods should not be used. Accuracy in vital signs assessment and documentation is emphasized.
This document provides information on how to properly take and record a patient's vital signs, which include temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It describes the normal ranges for each vital sign and factors that can influence them. Guidelines are provided on using different types of thermometers to take a temperature by various sites, how to count a pulse, respiratory rate, and measure blood pressure using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer. The importance of accurately recording vital signs and abnormal readings that should be reported to a nurse are also emphasized.
The document provides information on measuring and assessing vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It discusses normal ranges for vital signs and factors that can influence measurements. Proper technique for taking each vital sign is outlined, including use of equipment like thermometers and sphygmomanometers. Key signs of abnormalities are highlighted.
This document provides information on measuring and assessing vital signs including temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. It describes how to take each vital sign measurement accurately using the proper techniques and equipment. Normal ranges for adults are provided for each vital sign. Factors that can influence vital sign measurements are also outlined. The importance of recording vital signs accurately and notifying the nurse of any abnormal readings is emphasized.
This document discusses vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It provides details on:
- How and where to measure each vital sign
- Normal ranges
- Factors that can influence measurements
- How to document readings
- When to notify the nurse of abnormal findings
The key messages are that vital signs must be measured accurately according to standard procedures, documented properly, and any abnormalities reported immediately to the nurse. Regular monitoring of vital signs is important for assessing patient health and detecting changes that may require medical intervention.
This document provides information on measuring and recording vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It discusses the normal ranges for adults, factors that can influence readings, techniques for taking measurements accurately, and guidelines for re-checking or reporting abnormal results. Vital signs are an important indicator of a person's general health and physical condition.
The document discusses how to assess various components of mental status and health. It defines key terms like mental status, mental health, and mental disorders. It also outlines the major components evaluated in a mental status examination, such as appearance, behavior, cognitive functions, thought processes, and perceptions. A mental status exam is used to evaluate a person's emotional, cognitive, and social functioning.
The document discusses vital signs, which are important indicators of a patient's health status. It describes the four main vital signs - temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. For each vital sign, it provides the normal ranges and explains how they are measured. It also discusses factors that can cause vital signs to increase or decrease outside of normal ranges. Pain is referred to as a fifth vital sign. Proper assessment and documentation of vital signs are important for monitoring changes in a patient's condition.
This document provides information on general principles of first aid. It discusses the history of organizations like St. John Ambulance Association and aims of first aid like saving lives and preventing deterioration. It outlines the scope of first aid including diagnosis, treatment and transportation. It describes causes of trauma-related deaths and emphasizes the importance of early treatment. Guidelines are provided for assessing airway, breathing and circulation. Specific instructions are given for conditions like bleeding, fractures, burns and more. Transportation techniques like carrying individuals with one or more people are illustrated.
The document provides information on various life support procedures including basic life support, advanced life support, and prolonged life support. It discusses the ABCs of assessing a victim in an emergency, which stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. It also covers CPR techniques, first aid procedures for wounds, bleeding, fractures, burns, and other injuries. The key steps of CPR involve checking for responsiveness, calling for help, providing chest compressions and rescue breaths in a repeated cycle until emergency help arrives.
This document provides an overview of chest pain for medical professionals. It discusses the most common causes of chest pain, important characteristics to assess, life-threatening conditions to consider, appropriate diagnostic tests and initial management strategies. Key points include that 20% of emergency visits for chest pain are due to acute coronary syndrome, a thorough history and physical exam are essential for diagnosis, and ECG, cardiac enzymes and CXR are commonly performed initial tests.
Chest discomfot and chest pain in adult aRezaOskui1
This document provides an overview of chest pain for medical professionals. It discusses the most common causes of chest pain, important characteristics to assess, life-threatening conditions to consider, appropriate diagnostic tests and initial management strategies. Key points include that 20% of emergency visits for chest pain are due to acute coronary syndrome, a thorough history and physical exam are essential for diagnosis, and ECG, cardiac enzymes and CXR are commonly performed initial tests.
The document discusses vital signs including body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It provides information on normal ranges, factors that affect vital signs, appropriate techniques for measuring each vital sign, and nursing responsibilities related to vital sign monitoring. Key points include the importance of accurately measuring and documenting vital signs to assess a patient's condition, understanding what factors can cause changes in vital signs, and knowing when to retake measurements if anything is abnormal.
This document provides information on vital signs such as pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature. It defines each vital sign and lists normal ranges for adults and children. The document describes procedures for measuring each vital sign accurately and identifies common factors that can affect vital sign readings.
This document provides information on first aid measures and principles. It defines first aid as initial assistance given to stabilize a victim before emergency help arrives. The aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. Key principles include assessing airway, breathing, circulation, and treating shock or other injuries while protecting from further harm. Vital signs like pulse, temperature, respiration are also discussed along with levels of consciousness and blood pressure measurements.
This document provides instructions for performing various clinical skills assessments including: resuscitation, assessing peripheral pulses, measuring blood pressure, examining the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, performing an electrocardiogram, assessing peak flow, and using a vitalograph machine. Key steps are outlined for each skill, such as procedures for opening an airway, performing chest compressions, locating and feeling different pulse points, correctly applying a blood pressure cuff, examining heart sounds and murmurs, and interpreting vital sign readings.
This document provides information on first aid. It introduces first aid and its objectives of preventing further injury, preserving life, and promoting recovery. It outlines golden rules of first aid and the philosophy of prioritizing airway, breathing, circulation, and bleeding control. It then discusses first aid for various emergencies like asphyxia, shock, hemorrhage, fractures, heat stroke, burns, eye injuries, electric shock, and heart attack. For each condition, it describes signs/symptoms and management steps. It also provides details on cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
The document provides information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and international resuscitation guidelines. It discusses the history of CPR and organizations that develop resuscitation guidelines. It covers topics like the basics of CPR, including chest compressions, rescue breathing, use of AEDs, as well as special considerations for drowning, foreign body airway obstruction, pregnancy and pediatric resuscitation. It provides statistics on cardiac arrest and factors that influence survival rates.
The document provides information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and international resuscitation guidelines. It discusses the history of CPR and organizations that develop resuscitation guidelines. It covers topics like the basics of CPR, including chest compressions, rescue breathing, use of AEDs, as well as special considerations for drowning, foreign body airway obstruction, pregnancy and pediatric resuscitation. It provides statistics on cardiac arrest and factors that influence the success and complications of CPR.
The document discusses guidelines from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) for basic and advanced life support (BLS and ALS). It provides:
1) An overview of ILCOR which involves multiple international resuscitation organizations that review resuscitation science and develop evidence-based guidelines.
2) A brief history of CPR and facts about cardiac arrest outcomes with and without early CPR intervention.
3) Guidelines for BLS including airway management, rescue breathing, chest compressions, use of AEDs, and treatment of foreign body airway obstructions.
The document provides guidance on principles of trauma care. It discusses the primary and secondary surveys that should be conducted to assess and treat trauma patients. The primary survey involves assessing the patient's airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure to identify life-threatening injuries. This includes steps like ensuring an open airway, checking for adequate breathing, feeling for pulses, and conducting a brief neurological exam. The secondary survey involves a more thorough head-to-toe examination to identify and treat all injuries, as well as taking a medical history. Trauma scoring systems are also described to help determine if a patient requires transfer to a higher level trauma center.
The document provides instructions for first aid and life support procedures, including assessing an injured casualty for response and dangers, checking their airway, breathing, and circulation. It describes giving 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths in a repeated cycle until help arrives. Instructions are also given for bleeding, nosebleeds, burns, anaphylaxis, and choking emergencies. The document stresses the importance of calling for emergency help and taking a practical first aid course if not competent in life support skills.
Vital signs including temperature, respiration, pulse, and blood pressure are important measurements that provide information about a person's general health and must be measured accurately. Normal vital signs can vary based on factors like age, sex, and activity level. Abnormal vital signs outside the normal range should be reported to a nurse. There are different methods for measuring each vital sign, including orally, rectally, via the ear, or on the wrist, with specific techniques for ensuring accurate results.
This document provides guidelines for assessing the gastrointestinal system. It describes how to take a patient history and examine the mouth, pharynx, abdomen, rectum, and anus. The abdominal examination involves inspecting, auscultating, percussing, and palpating the abdomen in its four quadrants and nine regions to evaluate for abnormalities. Assessment techniques are described for examining specific organs like the liver and spleen.
The document provides information on using a partograph to monitor labor. A partograph is a composite chart used to graphically record observations of a woman in labor. It can serve as an early warning system to detect abnormal labor progress and help make timely decisions about interventions. Key components of the partograph include monitoring cervical dilation, fetal descent, contractions, and maternal condition. Deviations from normal labor progress such as a prolonged latent phase or active phase may indicate issues that require actions like transfer or augmentation of labor.
The document discusses how to assess various components of mental status and health. It defines key terms like mental status, mental health, and mental disorders. It also outlines the major components evaluated in a mental status examination, such as appearance, behavior, cognitive functions, thought processes, and perceptions. A mental status exam is used to evaluate a person's emotional, cognitive, and social functioning.
The document discusses vital signs, which are important indicators of a patient's health status. It describes the four main vital signs - temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. For each vital sign, it provides the normal ranges and explains how they are measured. It also discusses factors that can cause vital signs to increase or decrease outside of normal ranges. Pain is referred to as a fifth vital sign. Proper assessment and documentation of vital signs are important for monitoring changes in a patient's condition.
This document provides information on general principles of first aid. It discusses the history of organizations like St. John Ambulance Association and aims of first aid like saving lives and preventing deterioration. It outlines the scope of first aid including diagnosis, treatment and transportation. It describes causes of trauma-related deaths and emphasizes the importance of early treatment. Guidelines are provided for assessing airway, breathing and circulation. Specific instructions are given for conditions like bleeding, fractures, burns and more. Transportation techniques like carrying individuals with one or more people are illustrated.
The document provides information on various life support procedures including basic life support, advanced life support, and prolonged life support. It discusses the ABCs of assessing a victim in an emergency, which stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. It also covers CPR techniques, first aid procedures for wounds, bleeding, fractures, burns, and other injuries. The key steps of CPR involve checking for responsiveness, calling for help, providing chest compressions and rescue breaths in a repeated cycle until emergency help arrives.
This document provides an overview of chest pain for medical professionals. It discusses the most common causes of chest pain, important characteristics to assess, life-threatening conditions to consider, appropriate diagnostic tests and initial management strategies. Key points include that 20% of emergency visits for chest pain are due to acute coronary syndrome, a thorough history and physical exam are essential for diagnosis, and ECG, cardiac enzymes and CXR are commonly performed initial tests.
Chest discomfot and chest pain in adult aRezaOskui1
This document provides an overview of chest pain for medical professionals. It discusses the most common causes of chest pain, important characteristics to assess, life-threatening conditions to consider, appropriate diagnostic tests and initial management strategies. Key points include that 20% of emergency visits for chest pain are due to acute coronary syndrome, a thorough history and physical exam are essential for diagnosis, and ECG, cardiac enzymes and CXR are commonly performed initial tests.
The document discusses vital signs including body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It provides information on normal ranges, factors that affect vital signs, appropriate techniques for measuring each vital sign, and nursing responsibilities related to vital sign monitoring. Key points include the importance of accurately measuring and documenting vital signs to assess a patient's condition, understanding what factors can cause changes in vital signs, and knowing when to retake measurements if anything is abnormal.
This document provides information on vital signs such as pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature. It defines each vital sign and lists normal ranges for adults and children. The document describes procedures for measuring each vital sign accurately and identifies common factors that can affect vital sign readings.
This document provides information on first aid measures and principles. It defines first aid as initial assistance given to stabilize a victim before emergency help arrives. The aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. Key principles include assessing airway, breathing, circulation, and treating shock or other injuries while protecting from further harm. Vital signs like pulse, temperature, respiration are also discussed along with levels of consciousness and blood pressure measurements.
This document provides instructions for performing various clinical skills assessments including: resuscitation, assessing peripheral pulses, measuring blood pressure, examining the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, performing an electrocardiogram, assessing peak flow, and using a vitalograph machine. Key steps are outlined for each skill, such as procedures for opening an airway, performing chest compressions, locating and feeling different pulse points, correctly applying a blood pressure cuff, examining heart sounds and murmurs, and interpreting vital sign readings.
This document provides information on first aid. It introduces first aid and its objectives of preventing further injury, preserving life, and promoting recovery. It outlines golden rules of first aid and the philosophy of prioritizing airway, breathing, circulation, and bleeding control. It then discusses first aid for various emergencies like asphyxia, shock, hemorrhage, fractures, heat stroke, burns, eye injuries, electric shock, and heart attack. For each condition, it describes signs/symptoms and management steps. It also provides details on cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
The document provides information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and international resuscitation guidelines. It discusses the history of CPR and organizations that develop resuscitation guidelines. It covers topics like the basics of CPR, including chest compressions, rescue breathing, use of AEDs, as well as special considerations for drowning, foreign body airway obstruction, pregnancy and pediatric resuscitation. It provides statistics on cardiac arrest and factors that influence survival rates.
The document provides information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and international resuscitation guidelines. It discusses the history of CPR and organizations that develop resuscitation guidelines. It covers topics like the basics of CPR, including chest compressions, rescue breathing, use of AEDs, as well as special considerations for drowning, foreign body airway obstruction, pregnancy and pediatric resuscitation. It provides statistics on cardiac arrest and factors that influence the success and complications of CPR.
The document discusses guidelines from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) for basic and advanced life support (BLS and ALS). It provides:
1) An overview of ILCOR which involves multiple international resuscitation organizations that review resuscitation science and develop evidence-based guidelines.
2) A brief history of CPR and facts about cardiac arrest outcomes with and without early CPR intervention.
3) Guidelines for BLS including airway management, rescue breathing, chest compressions, use of AEDs, and treatment of foreign body airway obstructions.
The document provides guidance on principles of trauma care. It discusses the primary and secondary surveys that should be conducted to assess and treat trauma patients. The primary survey involves assessing the patient's airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure to identify life-threatening injuries. This includes steps like ensuring an open airway, checking for adequate breathing, feeling for pulses, and conducting a brief neurological exam. The secondary survey involves a more thorough head-to-toe examination to identify and treat all injuries, as well as taking a medical history. Trauma scoring systems are also described to help determine if a patient requires transfer to a higher level trauma center.
The document provides instructions for first aid and life support procedures, including assessing an injured casualty for response and dangers, checking their airway, breathing, and circulation. It describes giving 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths in a repeated cycle until help arrives. Instructions are also given for bleeding, nosebleeds, burns, anaphylaxis, and choking emergencies. The document stresses the importance of calling for emergency help and taking a practical first aid course if not competent in life support skills.
Vital signs including temperature, respiration, pulse, and blood pressure are important measurements that provide information about a person's general health and must be measured accurately. Normal vital signs can vary based on factors like age, sex, and activity level. Abnormal vital signs outside the normal range should be reported to a nurse. There are different methods for measuring each vital sign, including orally, rectally, via the ear, or on the wrist, with specific techniques for ensuring accurate results.
This document provides guidelines for assessing the gastrointestinal system. It describes how to take a patient history and examine the mouth, pharynx, abdomen, rectum, and anus. The abdominal examination involves inspecting, auscultating, percussing, and palpating the abdomen in its four quadrants and nine regions to evaluate for abnormalities. Assessment techniques are described for examining specific organs like the liver and spleen.
The document provides information on using a partograph to monitor labor. A partograph is a composite chart used to graphically record observations of a woman in labor. It can serve as an early warning system to detect abnormal labor progress and help make timely decisions about interventions. Key components of the partograph include monitoring cervical dilation, fetal descent, contractions, and maternal condition. Deviations from normal labor progress such as a prolonged latent phase or active phase may indicate issues that require actions like transfer or augmentation of labor.
The document discusses the thoracic vertebrae and their functions. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae numbered T1 to T12 that make up the middle back. Each vertebrae corresponds to nerves in the spinal cord, with T1-T5 affecting muscles in the upper chest, mid-back, and abdomen. The thoracic spine supports the rib cage which stabilizes the spine, and together they protect the heart and lungs.
The lumbar spine consists of the five vertebrae in the lower back, designated L1 to L5. It provides support for the weight of the body, protects the spinal cord, and allows for body movement. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest in the spine, located below the thoracic vertebrae and above the sacrum bone. They are thicker and more block-like than other vertebrae, providing stability to the spinal column while permitting attachment of muscles and ligaments. The lumbar spine supports most of the body's weight and is essential for walking, running, sitting, lifting and body movement.
This document outlines the antenatal care contact schedule in Rwanda. It includes 8 scheduled contacts during pregnancy, with details on assessments, investigations, counseling, and preventive measures provided at each contact. It also describes general procedures for history taking, maternal and fetal assessments, common investigations and tests, and preventive measures like tetanus toxoid vaccination and iron/folic acid supplementation. The group assignment topic is on antenatal care schedules in Rwanda and stages of labor and management. It lists the group members and their identification numbers assigned to work on this topic.
This document discusses various menstrual disorders including amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, oligomenorrhea/hypomenorrhea, metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. It defines each disorder, discusses their causes and symptoms, and outlines treatment options which may include counseling, medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes. Management is tailored to the underlying cause and aims to control symptoms, address anatomical issues, and prevent future complications.
This document discusses endometrial and ovarian cancers. It covers the risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, stages/types, and treatment options for each cancer. For endometrial cancer, it describes how it often affects postmenopausal women and can be caused by obesity, infertility and other factors. Symptoms include abnormal bleeding and diagnosis involves scans and biopsies. Treatment involves surgery along with possible chemotherapy, radiation or hormone therapy. For ovarian cancer, it identifies risk factors like family history and notes vague symptoms. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging and biopsy. Treatment may involve surgery and chemotherapy, with the goal of removing all cancer if possible. Nursing care focuses on education, symptom relief and support.
The document discusses sexual dysfunction and menopause. It defines sexual dysfunction as problems during the sexual response cycle that prevent satisfaction. There are four main types: desire disorders, arousal disorders, orgasm disorders, and pain disorders. Menopause is when periods stop due to lower hormone levels, usually between ages 45-55. It can cause physical and mental health symptoms. Treatment options for sexual dysfunction and menopause symptoms include lifestyle changes, hormone therapy, and medications.
There are 7 cervical vertebrae labeled C1 to C7 that form the cervical spine from the base of the skull to the top of the shoulders. C1 and C2 have unique structures that allow for mobility of the skull and rotation of the head from side to side. C3 to C7 are more classic vertebrae that along with C1 and C2 provide support to the head and allow for movement of the head forward, backward, and side to side through connections between the vertebrae.
The glossopharyngeal nerve is the 9th cranial nerve. It originates in the medulla oblongata and terminates in the pharynx. It has sensory, motor and parasympathetic functions. It carries sensation from the back of the tongue, middle ear, carotid sinus and pharynx. It also controls saliva production and muscles of the throat involved in swallowing. Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve can cause difficulty swallowing, impaired taste, and fainting with severe pain.
The sacrum is a large triangular bone located at the base of the spine between the two hip bones that forms the back of the pelvis. It is composed of 5 fused vertebrae. The top of the sacrum joins the fifth lumbar vertebra to form the lumbosacral spine. Below the sacrum is the coccyx, composed of 3 to 5 small fused bones that provides weight bearing support when sitting and can cause tailbone pain if injured. Nerves from the spinal cord pass through the sacrum and coccyx, with the sciatic nerve being the largest nerve originating from the lumbar and sacral regions.
The optic nerve transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain. It contains over one million nerve fibers and is divided into extracranial and intracranial parts. In the extracranial part, the optic nerves converge to form the optic chiasm where some fibers cross over. In the intracranial part, the left optic tract contains fibers from the left temporal retina and right nasal retina, and vice versa for the right optic tract. Common optic nerve disorders include glaucoma, optic neuritis, and optic nerve atrophy.
The vagus nerves are the longest cranial nerves, running from the brain down through the neck and trunk. They exit from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and pass through or connect with structures in the neck, chest, heart, lungs, and abdomen. The vagus nerves are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and play important roles in regulating involuntary functions like digestion, heart rate, breathing, immune system responses, mood, and production of mucus and saliva.
The accessory nerve has both a spinal and cranial component. The spinal component arises from cervical spinal nerve roots C1-C6 and innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. It exits the skull through the foramen magnum and jugular foramen. The cranial component originates in the medulla and joins the vagus nerve after exiting the skull. The spinal component is responsible for motor function to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasite has a complex life cycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts. In humans, it causes symptoms in the blood stage of infection which can be severe and life threatening in P. falciparum cases. Several classes of antimalarial drugs act on different stages of the parasite life cycle, including aminoquinolines, antifolates, and artemisinin derivatives. Artemisinin compounds like artesunate, artemether and artesunate are now first-line therapies for P. falciparum malaria due to their rapid action and effectiveness against multi-drug resistant strains.
This document outlines the course structure and content for an Advanced Community Health Nursing course. The course is divided into 4 units that cover fundamentals of community health nursing, health education and promotion, community needs assessment and diagnosis, and a community health project. The document also lists 7 conceptual models and theories used in community health nursing and provides assignments on disease prevention, health determinants, disaster management, and the PRECEDE-PROCEDE and Health Belief Models.
The document defines family and discusses new forms of families such as cohabiting or single parent families. It describes the functions of families, including socialization, economic support, and emotional support for members. Family health is defined as the interaction between family members that allows for optimal physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being. The health of individual family members can impact the entire family unit. Determinants of family health include the physical and psycho-social environment, education, economic factors, and cultural practices. Dysfunctional families can negatively impact the health of family members through issues like abuse, poor parenting, and domestic violence.
This document defines social determinants of health as the conditions people are born into and live in, shaped by money, power, and resources. It lists key determinants like income, education, employment, social/physical environments, and personal health practices. Determinants are categorized as social/environmental, behavioral/individual, and clinical/physiological, all impacting health outcomes. The document explains that understanding determinants through systematic analysis can inform prevention strategies applied at every level, and emphasizes that social determinants have a large direct impact on health and interact to structure behaviors and predict health status variance.
Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) involves HIV counseling and testing where a person chooses to learn their HIV status. There are typically two counseling sessions - one before the test to make an informed decision about testing, and one after receiving the results. The government is encouraging testing to reduce stigma and help people learn their status earlier to stay healthy. Testing involves a blood draw and results within 1-3 weeks, while rapid tests provide results within 15 minutes. Counseling focuses on understanding HIV/AIDS, coping with results, and positive living strategies like stress management, nutrition, and treatment.
This presentation provides an overview of hospice and palliative care. It defines hospice care as support for those in the last phases of life-limiting illness that focuses on quality of life. An interdisciplinary team provides services like pain management, emotional support, and caregiver training. Palliative care also focuses on comfort but may be provided alongside curative treatment. The presentation outlines services offered by hospices, who pays for care, and admission criteria for hospice care.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. o WHEN A PERSON IS ADMITTED TO A HEALTH CARE
FACILITY
o SEVERAL TIMES A DAY FOR HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS
o BEFORE AND AFTER SURGERY
o AFTER SOME NURSING PROCEDURES
o BEFORE MEDICATIONS ARE GIVEN THAT AFFECT THE
RESPIRATORY OR CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
o WHENEVER THE PERSON COMPLAINS OF PAIN,
SHORTNESS OF BREATH, RAPID HEART RATE, OR NOT
FEELING WELL
o WITH THE PERSON AT REST IN A LYING OR SITTING
POSITION
4. o ILLNESS
o EMOTIONS – ANGER, FEAR, ANXIETY, PAIN
o EXERCISE AND ACTIVITY
o AGE
o SEX
o ENVIRONMENT - WEATHER
o FOOD AND FLUID INTAKE
o MEDICATIONS
o TIME OF DAY – ↓ IN THE MORNING, ↑ IN THE AFTERNOON/EVENING
o NOISE
A CHANGE IN ONE VITAL SIGN WILL CAUSE A CHANGE IN
THE OTHERS
5. o ANY VITAL SIGN IS CHANGED FROM A PREVIOUS
MEASUREMENT
o VITAL SIGNS ARE ABOVE THE NORMAL RANGE
o VITAL SIGNS ARE BELOW THE NORMAL RANGE
6. MANY AGENCIES HAVE TEMP BOARDS OR TPR BOOKS
RECORD VITAL SIGN MEASUREMENTS AS SOON AS
POSSIBLE
CARRY A SMALL NOTEBOOK IN YOUR POCKET SO YOU
CAN RECORD THEM AS YOU TAKE THEM
ABBREVIATIONS
TEMPERATURE – T
PULSE – P
RESPIRATIONS – R
BLOOD PRESSURE - BP
7. RESPOND TO PATIENT OR VISITOR
QUESTIONS ABOUT VITAL SIGNS
ACCORDING TO FACILITY POLICY
REFER THEIR QUESTIONS TO THE
NURSE
8. BODY TEMPERATURE IS THE AMOUNT OF HEAT IN THE
BODY
IT IS A BALANCE BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF HEAT
PRODUCED AND THE AMOUNT OF HEAT LOST
HEAT IS PRODUCED BY :
THE CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES DURING EXERCISE
THE BREAKDOWN OF FOOD DURING DIGESTION
THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
HEAT IS LOST THROUGH :
URINE FECES
RESPIRATIONS PERSPIRATION
9. BODY TEMPERATURE IS MEASURED IN ONE OF FOUR
AREAS OF THE BODY
THE MOUTH – ORAL
THE RECTUM – RECTAL
THE AXILLA (UNDERARM) – AXILLARY
THE EAR – TYMPANIC
WE NOW ALSO HAVE THE TEMPORAL SITE - FOREHEAD
MOST TEMPERATURES ARE TAKEN ORALLY
RECTAL TEMPERATURES ARE THE MOST ACCURATE
AXILLARY TEMPERATURES ARE THE LEAST ACCURATE
10. SITE NORMAL RANGE
ORAL 98.6 ° 97.6 ° TO 99.6 °
RECTAL 99.6 ° 98.6 ° TO 100.6 °
AXILLARY 97.6 ° 96.6 ° TO 98.6 °
TYMPANIC 98.6 ° 98.6 °
TEMPORAL 98.6° 98.6°
11. A SMALL HOLLOW GLASS TUBE THAT CONTAINS
MERCURY OR A MERCURY-FREE SUBSTANCE IN A BULB
AT ONE END.WHEN HEATED THE MERCURY RISES IN
THE TUBE.
Pear – shaped tip
12. o THE SCALE IS MARKED FROM 94° TO 108°
o THE LONG LINES REPRESENT ONE DEGREE
o THE SHORT LINES REPRESENT TWO TENTHS OF A DEGREE
o ONLY EVERY OTHER DEGREE IS MARKED WITH A NUMBER
13. o BATTERY OPERATED
o HAVE AN ORAL PROBE AND A RECTAL PROBE
o DISPOSABLE PROBE COVER IS PLACED ON THE PROBE
o THE TEMPERATURE REGISTERS IN ABOUT 30 SECONDS
15. o MEASURES THE TEMPERATURE IN THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (EARDRUM)
o FAST AND ACCURATE - 1 TO 3 SECONDS
INFANTS – PULL
THE EAR
STRAIGHT BACK
ADULTS AND
CHILDREN OVER
ONE YEAR –
PULL THE EAR UP
AND BACK
16. GLASS
THERMOMETER
o RINSE WITH COLD WATER
o CHECK THE THERMOMETER
FOR BREAKS AND CHIPS
o SHAKE DOWN THE
THERMOMETER SO THE
MERCURY IS BELOW THE LINES
AND NUMBERS
o PLACE A DISPOSABLE COVER
ON THE THERMOMETER
o PLACE THE THERMOMETER
UNDER THE PERSON’S TONGUE
o LEAVE THE THERMOMETER IN
PLACE FOR 2 – 3 MINUTES
o IF THE PERSON HAS BEEN
EATING, DRINKING, OR
SMOKING, WAIT 15 MINUTES
BEFORE TAKING TEMPERATURE
17. DO NOT TAKE AN ORAL TEMPERATURE ON:
o AN INFANT OR YOUNG CHILD ( UNDER AGE 6)
o AN UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT
o A PATIENT THAT HAS HAD ORAL SURGERY OR AN INJURY TO THE FACE,
NECK, NOSE, OR MOUTH
o A PERSON RECEIVING OXYGEN
o A PATIENT WITH A NASOGASTRIC TUBE IN PLACE
o A PATIENT WHO IS CONFUSED OR RESTLESS
o A PATIENT WHO IS PARALYZED ON ONE SIDE OF THE BODY
o HAS A HISTORY OF SEIZURES
o A PATIENT WHO BREATHES THROUGH THE MOUTH
18. o LUBRICATE THE THERMOMETER BEFORE INSERTING INTO THE RECTUM
o PLACE THE PERSON IN A SIDE-LYING POSITION
o INSERT THE THERMOMETER 1 INCH INTO THE RECTUM
o HOLD THE THERMOMETER IN PLACE FOR 2 MINUTES
o REMOVE THE DISPOSABLE COVER AND READ THE THERMOMETER
19. DO NOT TAKE A RECTAL TEMPERATURE ON:
o A PERSON WHO HAS HAD RECTAL SURGERY OR RECTAL INJURY
o IF THE PERSON HAS DIARRHEA
o IF THE PERSON IS CONFUSED OR AGITATED
o IF THE PERSON HAS HEART DISEASE ( STIMULATES THE VAGUS NERVE
WHICH SLOWS THE HEART RATE )
20. o TAKEN ONLY WHEN NO OTHER SITE CAN
BE USED
o MAKE SURE THE UNDERARM IS CLEAN
AND DRY
o THE ARM IS HELD CLOSE TO THE BODY
o YOU NEED TO HOLD THE THERMOMETER
IN PLACE WHILE THE TEMPERATURE IS
BEING TAKEN
o THE THERMOMETER IS LEFT IN PLACE
FOR 10 MINUTES
21. THE PULSE IS:
o THE BEAT OF THE HEART FELT AT AN ARTERY AS A WAVE OF BLOOD PASSES
THROUGH THE ARTERY
o A PULSE IS FELT EVERY TIME THE HEART BEATS
o MORE EASILY FELT IN ARTERIES THAT COME CLOSE TO THE SKIN AND CAN
BE GENTLY PRESSED AGAINST A BONE
o THE PULSE SHOULD BE THE SAME IN ALL PULSE SITES ON THE BODY
o THE PULSE IS AN INDICATION OF HOW THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IS
MEETING THE BODY’S NEEDS
o THE PULSE RATE IS AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS – AGE, FEVER,
EXERCISE, FEAR. ANGER, ANXIETY, EXCITEMENT, HEAT, POSITION, AND PAIN.
o MEDICATIONS CAN BE TAKEN THAT EITHER INCREASE OR DECREASE A
PERSON’S PULSE RATE.
22.
23. WE USUALLY COUNT A PULSE FOR 30 SECONDS AND
MULTIPLY THE NUMBER TIMES 2 TO GET THE PULSE
RATE FOR 1 MINUTE
WE NOTE THE RHYTHM (PATTERN)
OF THE HEART BEAT – IF THE HEART
BEAT IS IRREGULAR WE COUNT THE
PULSE FOR A FULL MINUTE
WE ALSO OBSERVE THE FORCE
(STRENGTH) OF THE HEARTBEAT.
DOES THE PULSE FEEL :
STRONG FULL BOUNDING
WEAK THREADY FEEBLE
24. o MOST COMMON SITE USED FOR
TAKING A PULSE
o CAN BE TAKEN WITHOUT
DISTURBING OR EXPOSING THE
PERSON
o PLACE THE FIRST TWO OR THREE
FINGERS OF ONE HAND AGAINST THE
RADIAL ARTERY
o THE RADIAL ARTERY IS ON THE
THUMB SIDE OF THE WRIST
o DO NOT USE YOUR THUMB TO TAKE
A PERSON’S PULSE
o USE GENTLE PRESSURE
o COUNT THE PULSE FOR 30 SECONDS
AND MULTIPLY BY TWO
25. ALWAYS CLEAN THE
EARPIECES OF THE
STETHOSCOPE WITH
ALCOHOL BEFORE AND AFTER
USE
WARM THE DIAPHRAGM IN
YOUR HAND BEFORE
PLACING IT ON THE PERSON
HOLD THE DIAPHRAGM IN
PLACE OVER THE ARTERY
DO NOT LET THE TUBING
STRIKE AGAINST ANYTHING
WHILE THE STETHOSCOPE IS
BEING USED
26. o TAKEN WITH A STETHOSCOPE
o COUNTED BY PLACING THE STETHOSCOPE
OVER THE HEART
o COUNTED FOR ONE FULL MINUTE
o THE HEART BEAT NORMALLY SOUNDS LIKE A
LUB-DUB. EACH LUB-DUB IS COUNTED AS ONE
HEARTBEAT.
o DO NOT COUNT THE LUB AS ONE HEARTBEAT
AND THE DUB AS ANOTHER.
o THE APICAL PULSE IS TAKEN ON PATIENTS
WHO HAVE HEART DISEASE , AN IRREGULAR
PULSE RATE, OR TAKE MEDICATIONS THAT CAN
AFFECT THE HEART.
27. THE APICAL AND RADIAL PULSE RATES SHOULD BE EQUAL
SOMETIMES THE HEART BEAT IS NOT STRONG ENOUGH TO CREATE A PULSE IN
THE RADIAL ARTERY
THIS WOULD CAUSE THE RADIAL PULSE TO BE LESS THAN THE APICAL PULSE
ONE PERSON COUNTS THE APICAL WHILE THE OTHER PERSON COUNTS THE
RADIAL
THE DIFFERENCE IN PULSES IS CALLED THE PULSE DEFICIT
28. NORMAL ADULT PULSE RATE IS – 60 TO 100 BEATS PER MIN.
TACHYCARDIA – HEART RATE OVER 100
BRADYCARDIA – HEART RATE BELOW 60
REPORT ABNORMAL HEART RATES TO THE NURSE
IMMEDIATELY
29. ONE RESPIRATION CONSISTS OF ONE INSPIRATION AND
ONE EXPIRATION
o THE CHEST RISES DURING INSPIRATION (BREATHING
IN) AND FALLS DURING EXPIRATION (BREATHING OUT)
o COUNT EACH TIME THE CHEST RISES
o COUNT FOR 30 SECONDS AND MULTIPLY X 2
o DO NOT LET THE PERSON KNOW YOU ARE COUNTING
THEIR RESPIRATIONS
o COUNT AFTER TAKING THE PULSE – KEEP YOUR
FINGERS ON THE PULSE SITE
o NORMAL RESPIRATORY RATE FOR ADULT IS 12 – 20
BREATHS PER MIN.
30. TACHYPNEA – RESPIRATORY RATE OVER 20
BRADYPNEA – RESPIRATORY RATE BELOW 12
DYSPNEA – SHORTNESS OF BREATH – DIFFICULTY IN
BREATHING
APNEA – NO BREATHING
HYPERVENTILATION – FAST AND DEEP RESPIRATIONS
HYPOVENTILATION – SLOW AND SHALLOW
RESPIRATIONS
31. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE AMOUNT OF FORCE THE
BLOOD EXERTS AGAINST THE ARTERY WALLS
o SYSTOLIC PRESSURE – PRESSURE EXERTED WHEN THE
HEART MUSCLE IS CONTRACTING
o DIASTOLIC PRESSURE – PRESSURE EXERTED WHEN THE
HEART MUSCLE IS RELAXING BETWEEN BEATS
BLOOD PRESSURE IS RECORDED AS A FRACTION WITH THE
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE ON TOP AND THE DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
ON THE BOTTOM
SYSTOLIC SYSTOLIC /DIASTOLIC
DIASTOLIC 120/80
BP IS MEASURED IN MM (MILLIMETERS) OF HG (MERCURY)
32. AVERAGE ADULT SYSTOLIC RANGE – 100 TO 140
AVERAGE ADULT DIASTOLIC RANGE – 60 TO 90
HYPERTENSION – MEASUREMENTS ABOVE THE NORMAL
SYSTOLIC OR DIASTOLIC PRESSURES
HYPOTENSION – MEASUREMENTS BELOW THE NORMAL
SYSTOLIC OR DIASTOLIC PRESSURES
33. o AGE – BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASES AS A PERSON GROWS OLDER.
o GENDER – WOMEN USUALLY HAVE LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE THAN MEN
o BLOOD VOLUME – SEVERE BLEEDING LOWERS THE BLOOD PRESSURE
o STRESS – HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASE AS PART OF THE
BODY’S RESPONSE TO STRESS
o PAIN – INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE
o EXERCISE – INCREASES HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
o WEIGHT – BLOOD PRESSURE IS HIGHER IN OVERWEIGHT PERSONS
o RACE – BLACK PERSONS GENERALLY HAVE HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE
THAN WHITE PERSONS DO
o DIET – A HIGH-SODIUM DIET INCREASES THE FLUID VOLUME IN THE BODY
WHICH INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE
o MEDICATIONS – CAN BE TAKEN TO RAISE OR LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE
o POSITION – BLOOD PRESSURE IS LOWER WHEN LYING DOWN
34. THE PROPER NAME FOR A BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF IS
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
MERCURY ANEROID
35.
36. o DO NOT TAKE A BLOOD PRESSURE ON AN ARM WITH AN IV, A CAST, OR A
DIALYSIS SHUNT.
o DO NOT TAKE A BLOOD PRESSURE ON THE SIDE THAT A PERSON HAS HAD
BREAST SURGERY ON.
o MEASURE BLOOD PRESSURE WITH THE PERSON SITTING OR LYING.
o APPLY THE CUFF TO THE BARE UPPER ARM. DO NOT APPLY THE CUFF
OVER CLOTHING.
o MAKE SURE THE CUFF IS SNUG.
o USE A LARGE CUFF IF NECESSARY.
o MAKE SURE THE ROOM IS QUIET.
o IF YOU DO NOT HEAR THE BLOOD PRESSURE, WAIT 30 TO 60 SECONDS
AND TRY AGAIN. IF YOU STILL CAN NOT HEAR IT OR ARE UNSURE OF
YOUR READINGS, HAVE THE NURSE CHECK YOUR MEASUREMENTS.
37. 1. CLEAN THE STETHOSCOPE EARPIECES AND DIAPHRAGM WITH ALCOHOL.
2. LOCATE THE BRACHIAL PULSE. THIS IS WHERE THE STETOSCOPE WILL BE PLACED.
3. WRAP THE CUFF ABOVE THE ELBOW WITH THE ARROW POINTING TO THE BRACHIAL
ARTERY. FASTEN THE CUFF SO IT FITS SNUGLY.
4. PLACE THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE STETHOSCOPE FLAT ON THE PULSE SITE, HOLDING IT
IN PLACE WITH THE INDEX AND MIDDLE FINGERS OF ONE HAND.
5. LOCATE THE RADIAL PULSE.
6. CLOSE THE VALVE ON THE BP CUFF BY TURNING IT TO THE RIGHT (CLOCKWISE).
7. INFLATE THE CUFF UNTIL YOU CAN NO LONGER FEEL THE RADIAL PULSE. ,THEN
INFLATE THE CUFF 30 MM HG BEYOND THIS POINT.
8. DEFLATE THE CUFF SLOWLY BY OPENING THE VALVE SLIGHTLY AND TURNING IT
COUNTERCLOCKWISE (TO THE LEFT) WITH YOUR THUMB AND INDEX FINGER. ALLOW
THE AIR TO ESCAPE SLOWLY WHILE LISTENING FOR A PULSE SOUND.
9. NOTE THE READING AT WHICH YOU HEAR THE FIRST CLEAR, REGULAR PULSE SOUND.
THIS NUMBER IS THE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE.
10. CONTINUE LISTENING UNTIL THE SOUND DISAPPEARS. THIS IS THE DIASTOLIC
PRESSURE. NOTE THIS READING.
11. OPEN THE VALVE COMPLETELY TO DEFLATE THE CUFF. REMOVE THE CUFF FROM THE
PATIENT.
38.
39.
40.
41. MEASURING WEIGHT AND HEIGHT
• Standing, chair, and lift scales are used.
• Measuring weight and height
– The person only wears a gown or pajamas.
– The person voids before being weighed.
– Weigh the person at the same time of day.
– Use the same scale.
– Balance the scale at zero before weighing the
person.
42. PAIN
• Pain means to ache, hurt, or be sore.
• Pain is a warning from the body.
• Pain is personal.
• Types of pain
– Acute pain – felt suddenly from an injury,
disease, trauma, or surgery
– Chronic pain – lasts longer than 6 months. Pain
can be constant or occur on and off.
– Radiating pain – felt at the site of tissue damage
and in nearby areas.
– Phantom pain – felt in a body part that is no
longer there.
43. • Signs and symptoms
– Location – Where is the pain?
– Onset and duration – When did the pain start?
– Intensity – Rate the pain on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 as
the most severe
– Description – Can you use words to describe the pain?
– Factors causing pain – What were you doing when the pain
started?
– Vital signs – Take the person’s vital signs when they
complain of pain.
– Other signs and symptom
• Body responses - ↑ vital signs, nausea, pale skin,
sweating, vomiting
• Behaviors – crying, groaning, holding affected body
part, irritability, restlessness