This document provides an overview of visual principles for educational technology, including different types of instructional images, the importance of visual literacy, and elements of visual syntax and semantics. It discusses line drawings, illustrated drawings, sequenced drawings, comparative drawings, cartoons, caricatures, maps, posters, charts, flowcharts, and photographs. It also covers framing, angle, lighting, contrast, and other visual elements; defining and enhancing visual literacy; and using images to teach critical thinking skills.

1. TECH3008 Introduction to Educational Technology Dr. Alaa Sadik Department of Instructional & Learning Technologies www.alaasadik.net [email_address]

2. TECH3008 Introduction to Educational Technology Presentation Two: Visual Principles

3. Part One Types of Instructional Images

4. A simple representation of forms or objects by means of lines, curves and indicators to explain idea or show relationship. Line Drawing

5. A simple and attractive artwork that helps simplify concept or make an idea or relationship simple and clear. Illustrated Drawing

6. A simple drawing uses symbols, directions, keys and icons t o simplify an actual location or situation. Kroki

7. A group of pictures in a specified sequence that tell a story or illustrate a phenomena with titles and captions. Sequenced Drawing

8. A complex picture aims to explain the similarities and differences between two or more objects. Comparative Drawing

9. A simple comic drawing designed to tell a story and evoke emotions and consists of one or more frames with captions. Cartoon

10. A simple-lined humorous or satirical drawing that simplifies or exaggerates a person or event. Caricatures

11. A map is a simplified depiction of a space or specific region, which highlights relations between objects within that space with navigational aids and appropriate scale. Maps

12. A poster is a graphic advertisement aims to post a specific message quickly and simply in a public place. Posters

13. A chart is a visual representation of data ( using lines, bars, pies… ) that displays the relationship among variables, usually cast along x and y axes. Charts

14. Flowcharts A flowchart is a diagram consisting of a set of specified symbols ( rectangles, diamonds, circle.. ) and connecting arrows that shows step-by-step progression through a procedure, process or system.

15. Hierarchical Diagrams A way to organize or categorize data, people or things using levels of organization, moving from broader general categories to narrow specific ones.

16. Geometrical Figures A two- or three-dimensional drawing illustrates a geometrical concept or relationship using accurate measures.

17. Screenshots A screenshot is an image captured by the computer to record the visible items on the monitor or another visual output device.

18. A visual representation captured using ordinary or special optical or digital camera. Photographs

19. Line Drawing Illustrated Drawing Kroki Sequenced Drawing Comparative Drawing Cartoon Caricatures Maps Posters Charts Flowchart Hierarchical Drawing Geometrical Figures Screenshots Photographs Types of Instructional Images

20. Using optical & digital images in education: Why? How?

21. Using optical & digital images in education: Why? Learner preferences and styles can more effectively be addressed. Enhanced learning and retention take place through the use of visual material. Bring deeper understanding to complex subject matter. Help students focus attention. Improve the decision-making process. Speed adoption of major change. Motivate learners.

22. Using optical & digital images in education: How? Print format Books Portrait Newsletters Presentations TV screen Image CD The Web

23. Part Two Visual Literacy

24. Visual Literacy (VL) 1. Defining Visual Literacy “ Visual Literacy means being able to read and compose images”. “ The ability to discriminate and interpret visual actions, objects and other images, while gaining meaning from them ”.

25. Visual Literacy (VL 1. Defining Visual Literacy “ Visual literacy skills are required for effective learning and teaching via images”.

26. Visual Literacy (VL) 2. The importance of Visual Literacy VL uses images to teach critical and creative thinking, communication and visual literacy. VL increases student competence in constructing meaning from images that incorporate various curriculum-based subjects. VL helps students sharpen their powers of observation.

27. Visual Literacy (VL) 2. The importance of Visual Literacy VL increases ability to locate information, analyze, reason and form conclusions about the photograph. VL opens up new worlds for students and engages them to write in more meaningful ways. VL helps students to think more consciously about the details they see.

28. Visual Literacy (VL) 3. Enhancing student’s visual literacy: How? By asking your students the right questions, they can learn to read photographs and discovering the story behind the image.

29. Visual Literacy (VL) 3. Enhancing student’s visual literacy: How? For Example: What information is conveyed by: gesture? expression? the clothing worn in the photograph? the background? the use of props?

30. Visual Literacy (VL) 3. Enhancing student’s visual literacy: How? For Example: - Who created the image? - Who is the audience of the image? - For what purpose was the image created? - What is the message of the image? - Why was the image arranged that way?

31. Visual Literacy (VL) 4. Student objectives/roles Practice the skills of observing and interpreting photographs. Transform visual information into strong descriptive language. Find/create images that describe/illustrate a specific point of view or issue.

32. Part Three Visual Elements Syntax and Semantics

33. Visual Elements: Syntax and Semantics The Language of Visual Literacy Visuals are a language that allow us to produce and communicate thoughts and images about reality. The symbols used in visual communication are not a fixed vocabulary (dictionary) .

34. Visual Elements: Syntax and Semantics The Language of Visual Literacy Visual communication is made up of symbols whose meaning results from their context . A visual meaning is formed by seeing and thinking .

35. Visual Elements: Syntax and Semantics Visual Semantics Semantic is the study of language meaning . Visual semantics are the structural, cultural, communicative and social signs relate to meaning. Examples of visual semantics signs includes: purpose, photo creator, date & time of shooting, purpose, context, audience, relationships…

36. Visual Elements: Syntax and Semantics Visual Syntax Syntax is the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences . VL syntax is the form of building of blocks of an image. These blocks are called visual elements . Examples of visual elements includes: scale, dimension, arrangements, framing, motion, colour, light, shadow, juxtaposition, relative size, foreground, background…

37. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Framing Angle Lighting Timing Contrast Scale

38. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Framing A technique used to bring the focus and depth to the subject and objects. What is included and excluded in an individual shot. The photographer’s determination of what the edges of a photograph will be.

39. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Framing A wonderful scene, framed by a window frame

40. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Framing A party attender, framed by her friends

41. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Framing A beautiful sunset, naturally framed by the clouds

42. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Angle The direction from which the artist photographs the subject . A technique used to change/improve the look of objects by using different camera directions. Angles are used to convey different information and feelings about the same subject.

43. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Angle If you like to sell your car, capture a good photos from an appropriate angle.

44. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Angle Looks great

45. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Angle Looks great

46. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Angle Looks young but ambitious

47. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Angle Looks more beautiful

48. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Angle Looks bright

49. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Angle Looks great

50. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Angle

51. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Angle

52. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Lighting Lighting is a technique used to imply a mood/emotion. Very contrasting lighting (dark shadows, bright highlights) is more dramatic than a soft gentle light. Lighting and shadows also provide clues to the figuring out the larger setting and time of day the shot was taken.

53. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Lighting

54. Visual Elements Main Visual Elements Lighting

55. Activities A. Find images. B. Define and describe images. C. Content & image analysis (various student books) . D. Using Images to create a visual story.

56. Discussions & Conclusions