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2. Background
to the War
z France controlled “Indochina” since
the late 19th century
z Japan took control during World
War II
z With U.S. aid, France attempted
re-colonization in the postwar
period
3. Background
to the War
z The French lost control to
Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh
forces in 1954 at Dien Bien
Phu
z President Eisenhower declined to
intervene on behalf of France.
4. Background to
the War
z International Conference at Geneva
n Vietnam was divided at 17th parallel
O Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist
forces controlled the North
O Ngo Dinh Diem, a French-
educated, Roman Catholic
claimed control of the
South, supported by the U.S.
5. Background to
the War
z A date was set for democratic
elections to reunify Vietnam
z Diem backed out of the
elections, leading to military
conflict between North and
South
6. U.S. Military
Involvement
z
Begins Diem
Repressive dictatorial rule by
t Diem’s family holds all power
l Wealth is hoarded by the elite
d Buddhist majority persecuted
y Torture, lack of political freedom prevail
z The U.S. aided Diem’s government
i Ike sent financial and military aid
a 675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 1960.
8. U.S. Military
Involvement
Begins
z Kennedy elected 1960
z Increases military “advisors” to
16,000
z 1963: JFK supports a
Vietnamese military coup d’etat –
Diem and his brother are
murdered (Nov. 2)
z Kennedy was assassinated just
weeks later (Nov. 22)
9. Johnson Sends
Ground Forces
z Remembers Truman’s “loss”
of China Domino Theory
revived
I’m not going to be
the president who
saw Southeast Asia
go the way China
went.
10. Johnson Sends
Ground Forces
z Advised to rout the communists by
Secretary of State, Robert S.
McNamara
z Tonkin Gulf Incident 1964
(acc. to Johnson, the attacks were
unprovoked)
z Tonkin Gulf Resolution
l “The Blank Check” *
Gave the President, Lyndon B. Johnson, the power to "take
all necessary measures" to prevent "aggression" in
Southeast Asia
11. U.S. Troop
Deployments
in Vietnam
600,000
500,000
400,000
U.S. Troops 300,000
200,000
100,000
0
1961 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
12. The Ground
War
z 1965-1968
No territorial goals
z Body counts on TV every night
(first “living room” war)
z Viet Cong supplies over the
Ho Chi Minh Trail
13.
14. The Air War
1965-1968
z 1965: Sustained bombing of North Vietnam
z Operation Rolling Thunder (March 2, 1965)
z 1966-68: Ongoing bombing of Hanoi
nonstop for 3 years! Esp. targets the
Ho Chi Minh Trail.
z Downed Pilots: P.O.W.s
z Carpet Bombing – napalm
16. Who Is the
Enemy?
z Vietcong:
Vietcong
9 Farmers by day; guerillas at
night.
g Very patient people willing to
accept many casualties.
a The US grossly underestimated
their resolve and their
resourcefulness.
The guerilla wins if he does not lose, the
conventional army loses if it does not
win. -- Mao Zedong
18. The Ground
War
z General1965-1968 late
Westmoreland,
Westmoreland
1967:
We can see the
“light at the end of the tunnel.”
19. The Tet
Offensive,
z January 1968
N. Vietnamese Army + Viet Cong
attack South simultaneously (67,000
attack 100 cities, bases, and the US
embassy in Saigon)
z Take every major southern city
z U.S. + ARVN beat back the offensive
z Viet Cong destroyed
z N. Vietnamese army debilitated
z BUT…it’s seen as an American defeat
by the media
21. Impact of the
z
Tet Offensive
Domestic U.S. Reaction:
Disbelief, Anger, Distrust of
Johnson Administration
z Hey, Hey LBJ! How
many kids did you
kill today?
24. Impact of the
Vietnam War
Johnson announces (March, 1968):
…I shall not
seek, and I will
not accept, the
nomination of my
party for another
term as your
President.
25. American
Morale Begins
z to Dip
Disproportionate representation of
poor people and minorities.
z Severe racial problems.
z Major drug
problems.
z Officers in combat
6 mo.; in rear
6 mo. Enlisted
men in combat for 12 mo.
26. Are We
Becoming the
Enemy? Infantry
Charlie Company, 1 Battalion, 20
st th
z Mylai Massacre, 1968
z 200-500 unarmed villagers
z Lt. William Calley,
Platoon Leader
35. Anti-War
Demonstrations
z May 4, 1970
z 4 students
shot dead.
z 11 students
wounded
z Jackson State
University
z May 10, 1970
z 2 dead; 12
Kent State University wounded
36.
37. Nixon on
Vietnam
z Nixon’s 1968 Campaign promised an
end to the war: Peace with Honor
p Appealed to the great
“Silent Majority”
z Vietnamization
z Expansion of the
conflict The “Secret War”
” Cambodia
” Laos
z Agent Orange
(chemical defoliant)
38. “Pentagon Papers,”
1971
z Former defense analyst Daniel Ellsberg
leaked govt. docs. regarding war efforts
during Johnson’s administration to the
New York Times.
z Docs. Govt. misled Congress & Amer.
People regarding its intentions in Vietnam
during mid-1960s.
. Primary reason for fighting not to
eliminate communism, but to avoid
humiliating defeat.
a New York Times v. United States (1971) *
39. The Ceasefire,
1973
z Peace is at hand Kissinger, 1972
9 North Vietnam attacks South
t Most Massive U.S. bombing commences
z 1973: Ceasefire signed between
s U.S., South Vietnam, & North Vietnam
z Peace with honor (President Nixon)
40. Peace
Negotiations
z US &
Vietnamese
argue for
5 months
over the
size of the
conference
table!
Dr. Henry Kissinger & Le Duc Tho
41. The Ceasefire,
1973
z Conditions:
1. U.S. to remove all troops
2. North Vietnam could leave troops
already in S.V.
3. North Vietnam would resume war
4. No provision for POWs or MIAs
z Last American troops left South
Vietnam on March 29, 1973
z 1975: North Vietnam defeats South
Vietnam
z Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City
42. The Fall of Saigon
South Vietnamese
Attempt to Flee the Country
43. The Fall of
Saigon
April 30, 1975
America Abandons Its Embassy
44. The Fall of
Saigon
North Vietnamese
at the Presidential Palace
46. The Costs
1. 3,000,000 Vietnamese killed
2. 58,000 Americans killed;
300,000 wounded
3. Under-funding of Great Society
programs
4. $150,000,000,000 in U.S.
spending
5. U.S. morale, self-confidence,
trust of government, decimated
47. The Impact
z 26th Amendment: 18-year-olds vote
z Nixon abolished the draft
all-volunteer army
z War Powers Act, 1973 ٭
D President must notify Congress within 48
hours of deploying military force
n President must withdraw forces unless he
gains Congressional approval within 90
days
z Disregard for Veterans seen as
“baby killers”
z POW/MIA issue lingered
48. Some American POWs
Returned from the
“Hanoi Hilton”
Senator John McCain
(R-AZ)
50. And
in the End….
Ho Chi Minh:
If we have to fight, we
will fight. You will kill
ten of our men and we will
kill one of yours, and in the end it
will be you who tires of it.
51. Lessons
for Future
American
1.
Presidents
Wars must be of short duration.
2. Wars must yield few American
casualties.
3. Restrict media access to
battlefields.
4. Develop and maintain Congressional
and public support.
5. Set clear, winnable goals.
6. Set deadline for troop withdrawals.
58. AND TODAY…..
The “Light” at the
End of This Tunnel?
2003 to ?: “Operation Iraqi Freedom”
2400+ American dead and counting…?
59. Another
Vietnam?
OR
A transformation of the
Middle East?
Only time & history can
tell!
60. Bibliograp
hy
z Nash, Gary, et al. The American
People, Harper & Row, 1986
z Compton’s Encyclopedia 2000
Deluxe, Broderbund, 1999.
z The Americans, McDougal Littell,
1998
z A myriad of web sites on the
internet
