Vietnam
The
Consensus
Unravels
America’s Longest War
1950 - 1975
Why?
Why?
despite the expenditure of
more than $150 billion,
Why?
despite the application of its
great technical expertise,
Why?
despite the employment of
a huge military arsenal,
“Why did the world’s most powerful
nation fail to achieve its objectives
and suffer its first defeat in war, a
humiliating and deeply frustrating
experience for a people accustomed
to success?”
George C. Herring
Author, America’s Longest War
John Olson, ©1968
~58,000 ~millions
Ho Chi Minh
Vietminh + OSS
Office of Strategic Services
1941-42
1941-42
“Your statesmen
make eloquent
speeches about
helping those
with self-
determination.
WE are self-
determined.
Why not help us?
Am I any
different from...
even your George
Washington?”
September, 1945
INDEPENDENCE
“We hold these
truths to be
self-evident.
That all men are
created equal.”
March, 1946
“French…troops are
making active
preparations for a
coup…. I therefore
most earnestly appeal
to you…and to the
American people
to…support…our
independence…”
TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
President Harry S Truman
The United States could not
“afford to assume that Ho is
anything but Moscow-directed.”
US State Department, 1947
“Fall” of China
1949
“domino theory”
Bao Dai
(SOUTH)
$50 million >
1950-51
$152 million >
1952
“New Look”
$385 million >
1953
Dienbienphu
1954
Dienbienphu
1954
Dienbienphu
1954
“No more
Koreas”
Geneva Accords
1954
“[The USA]
has not been
party to or is
not bound by
the decisions
taken by the
conference.”
17th
parallel
Elections
1956
CIA
(formerly, OSS)
Ngo Dinh Diem
98%
patronage
abolished elections
shut down
dissenters
A two-part Civil War
Ho
Diem
vs.
Ho
Diem
vs.
NLF vs.
NLF: National Liberation Front
> Vietcong (VC)
Understanding Vietnam
vs.
Consensus Assumptions
JFK
“Project Beef-up”
16,000 “Advisers”
489 killed
Strategic Hamlet program
Thich Quang Duc burns himself to death on a Saigon street.
“I feel that we must bear a good deal of the responsibility for it…”
“Why do the leaves fall?....
<pause> I was shocked by…”
Dallas, TX: 11/22/63
LBJ
“I’m not going down in history as the first
American President who lost a war.”
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
August 7, 1964
“take all necessary measures to repel any
armed attack against the forces of the United
States and to prevent further aggression.”
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
416-0 (House)
88-2 (Senate)
On Kawara, Title ©1965
Tet Offensive
January, 1968
My Lai: March 16, 1968
Above and Beyond © 2016
“I feel like a hitchhiker caught in a
hailstorm on a Texas highway.
I can’t run, I can’t hide,
and I can’t make it stop.”
Nixon
Kent State: May 4, 1970
“Vietnamization”
The
Consensus
Unravels
“The United States’ involvement in
Vietnam was not primarily the
result of errors of judgment of the
personality quirks of the
policymakers, although these
things existed in abundance.
“It was the logical, if not
inevitable, outgrowth of a world
view and a policy; the policy of
containment which Americans in
and out of government accepted
without serious question for more
than two decades.”
George C. Herring
May, 1979
We must act to stop
Communism and we have the
right to do this, everywhere.
DEFEAT
April 29, 1975
We have faith in our leaders
and our [superior] political
institutions.
End of the Great Society
America can solve or is already
solving all of its problems.
Vietnamese “boat people”
Vietnam: the Consensus Unravels

Vietnam: the Consensus Unravels