This document summarizes vehicular pollution in Indore City, India. It finds that vehicular pollution, especially from petrol and diesel vehicles, exceeds national air quality standards. Over 86% of suspended particulate matter readings in residential areas exceed the critical level. Traffic congestion is also a major issue, with actual traffic exceeding road capacity on major roads into and within the city. Public awareness campaigns have been initiated to educate citizens on air pollution issues from vehicles. Continued monitoring efforts are needed to study pollution trends and support policy action to reduce emissions.

1. Vehicular Pollution
at
Indore city
Dr. Gunwant Joshi
Scientist
M.P.Pollution Control Board
Indore

2. What is Pollution
Pollution is undesirable change in the quality of our
Environment (Land, Water & Air) that adversely affects
Human Life, Our Property, Trade & Commerce, Industries
and the Life of the Desired Species of Plants and Animals
Defines
Air Pollutants : Solids, Liquids, or Gas ( including Noise)
present in Atmosphere in such concentrations as may be,
or tend to be injurious to humans, other living creatures,
plants, property or the environment.
Air Pollution : Presence of Pollutants in Atmosphere

3. Vehicular Pollution is caused by
1.Emissions from Vehicle tail pipes
2. Crank Case emissions
3. Fugitive emissions from fuel tanks

4. Automobile Pollutants
Source / Pollutants SPM SO2 NOx CO HC Lead
Petrol Automobile - ++ ++ ++++ ++++ +++
Diesel Automobile +++ ++ ++++ - - -
++ ++ + ++ ++ -
Bio-Gas - - - + - -
LPG - - + - - -

5. Environmental Fact-Sheet of
Thermal Power Plant at
Talcher(200MW)
Oxygen:25,000 MT; Coal : 9,000 MT; Water: 1,10,000 M3
Carbon di Oxide : 50,000 MT, Nitrous Oxide : 9000 Kg
Sulfur di Oxide : 270 Kg, Fly Ash Slurry : 3500 MT
Lead : 208 Kg, Zinc : 56 Kg , Nickel : 56.5Kg, Cobalt :112 Kg
Cadmium : 51 Kg, Copper : 45 Kg, Chromium : 60.6 Kg
Uranium : 4.6 Kg, Thorium : 16.5 Kg

6. The Effects of Various Air Pollutants
The Effects of Various Air
The Cause Pollutants
The Effects
Suspended Particulate Adverse effect on the Respiratory System,
Matter [SPM and PM 10] Visibility & Standing Crops. Corrosion of
Metals, Inconvenience and Annoyance
Oxides of Sulfur Suffocation and Adverse effects on Upper
[ SO2 ] Respiratory Tract, Acute & Chronic injury to
Plants leaves, Corrosion of Metals,Acid Rains.
Hydrocarbons Carcinogenic, Adverse effect on plants,
Causes Smog [ PAN with NOx ]
Oxides of Nitrogen Irritation of Eyes and Nose, Damage to Plant
[ NOx ] leaves, Corrosion of Metals, Acid Rain, Smog
Carbon Monoxide Causes headache, Dizziness, Nausia,
[CO] Competes with Oxygen in Respiratory
Metabolism

7. The Effects of Various Air Pollutants
The Effects of Various Air
The Cause Pollutants
The Effects
Oxidants eg.[Ozone] Disturbs lung Function, Induces coughing.
Irritation of Eyes, Nose & Throat. Discolors
Leaves and Objects. Forms Smog.
Hydrogen Fluorides Respiratory diseases, General irritation.
[HF]
Hydrogen Sulfides Odor nuisance, Irritation of Respiratory
[H2s] system.
Chlorine Irritation of Eyes and Nose and respiratory
[ Cl2 ] system. Respiratory Diseases
Lead [Pb] Carcinogenic, Effects CNS, Causes
impotency. Causes Mental retardation.

8. Major Air Pollution Episodes
Major Air Pollution Episodes
World Over 1
Occurrence Time World Over Excess Deaths
Location
December,1930 Meuse Valley, Belgium 63 Humans
& Most Cattle
October,1948 Donora, Pennsylvania, USA >20
November,1950 Pozarica, Mexico >22
December,1952 London, United Kingdom 400
November,1953 New York, USA 220
January, 1956 London, United Kingdom 1,000
December, 1957 London, United Kingdom 750
December, 1962 London, United Kingdom 700
December, 1963 New York, USA 300
December, 1966 New York, USA >168

9. Major Air Pollution Episodes
Major Air Pollution Episodes
World Over 2
Occurrence World Over Excess Deaths
Location
Time
December,1984 Bhopal, India 3000+
1991 - 1992 Gulf War, Middle East Not Known
December, 1994 Cheng Quinn, China Not Known
November, 1997 Manila, Philippines >300+
December, 1998 Mexico City, Mexico >138+
September,2001 WTC Tower,New York 350+
November,2001 Afghanistan,War on Terrorism Not Known

10. The Ambient Air Various Air
The Effects of Pollution and
Related Unnatural Deaths in Cities
Pollutants
CITY TSPM [ µg/m3] CONDITION UNNATURAL DEATHS STATUS
1991-93 1995
Kolkata 344 Critical 5,726 10,646 +
Delhi 410 Critical 7,491 9,359 +
Mumbai 246 Critical 4,477 7,043 +
Chennai 241 High 863 1,299 +
Kanpur 470 Critical 1,894 3,639 +
Ahmedabad 268 Critical 2,979 3,006 +
Hyderabad 179 High 768 1,961 +
Patana 330 Critical 725 1,182 +
Moderate = 71 to 140, High = 141 to 210, and Critical = >210

11. The Ambient AirVarious Air
The Effects of Pollution and
Related Unnatural Deaths in Cities
Pollutants
CITY TSPM [ µg/m3] CONDITION UNNATURAL DEATHS STATUS
1991-93 1995
Nagpur 186 High 506 607 +
Shimla 142 High 32 25 +
Banglore 147 High 254 254 +/-
Kota 241 Critical 209 364 +
Kochhi 113 Moderate 146 146 +/-
Bhopal 263 Critical 663 653 -
Indore 388 Critical 1341 1527 +
Jamshedpur 118 Moderate 118 158 +
Moderate = 71 to 140, High = 141 to 210, and Critical = >210

12. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Sites
Air QualityIndore City Sites at
at Monitoring
Indore City

13. Percentage Exceedence of Observed values
Percentage exceedence of
at Indore City Over the Prescribed Limits
observed values at Indore city
Locality [Limits] TSPM PM10 SO2 & Nox
Over the Prescribed values
[ mean range ] [ mean range] [ mean range]
Telephone Nagar [Residential] 88.6 98.0 Well
[ TSPM : 200 µg/m3] within
[253 - 406] [177 - 347]
[ PM10 : 100 µg/m3]
[ SO2 and NoX : 80 µg/m3 ]
Limits
Kothari Market [Commercial] 95.0 98.5 Well
[ TSPM : 200 µg/m3] within
[327 - 579] [308 - 492]
[ PM10 : 100 µg/m3]
[ SO2 and NoX : 80 µg/m3 ]
Limits
Pologround [Industrial] 56.4 97.0 Well
[ TSPM : 500 µg/m3] within
[458 - 635] [360 - 529]
[ PM10 : 150 µg/m3]
[ SO2 and NoX : 120 µg/m3 ]
Limits

14. Pollution Status of Suspended
Pollution Status of Suspended
Particulates in Residential Area
Particulates in Residential Area
Status Concentration Percentage of
Parameter [ in µg/m3 ]
the Values
[Limits] Observed
Total Suspended Low 00 to 70 0.31 Percent
Particulate Moderate 71 to 140 3.39 Percent
High 141 to 210 9.70 Percent
Matter
Critical >210 86.6 Percent
[ TSPM : 200 µg/m3]
Respirable Dust Low 00 to 30 0.02 Percent
or PM10 Moderate 31 to 60 0.32 Percent
[ PM10 : 100 µg/m3] High 61 to 90 0.56 Percent
Critical >91 99.1 Percent

15. Pulse Milling Areas at Indore City
Pulse Milling Areas at Indore
City

16. Emission Monitoring Activity
Air Quality Monitoring Sites at
Indore City

17. Public Awareness Campaign
Public Awareness Campaign

18. Public Awareness Campaign
public Awareness Campaign

19. Traffic on some important City Roads
Traffic on some important City
Name of Roads
Place Road Capacity Actual Road
Width (P.C.U.) Traffic(PCU)
Road DIG Banglow
A.B. Road 12 (m) 4,000 7,200
Sanwer Road Banganga 07 (m) 2,000 3,300
M.G. Road High-Court 10 (m) 3,000 5,200
Jawahar Mrg. Gurudwara 07 (m) 2,000 5,100
Subhash Mrg. Smruti Cinema 07 (m) 2,000 4,900
Sawarkar Mrg. University 07 (m) 2,000 4,500
Khandwa Road Rajbada 07 (m) 2,000 7,300
Bhanwar Kua Sindhi Colony 10 (m) 3,000 8,000
Imli Bazar Road Shiv Vilas Place 07 (m) 2,000 4,600

20. Road Side Ambient Air Quality (µg/m ) 3
1997,Road Side Ambient Air TSPM
Locality Time
M/N/E
Time
PM
(minuets)
TSPM 10
OBSERVED EQUATED24Hrs
M Quality
.
Palasia Square 110 369.88 1425.88 621.5
Palasia Square N 106 225.49 1281.83 608.5
Palasia Square E 85 150.70 1207.04 588.78
Gandhi Pratima M 224 709.19 4531.47 886.7
Palika Square M 178 193.78 962.14 605.32
Kothari Market E 71 1496.3 5021.08 775.2
Nagar Nigam Square E 51 1472.1 766.66 806.87
Rajbada E 148 3783.4 5394.75 789.07
Subhash Pratima E 139 2476.2 3584.3 847.41
Patel Pratima M 100 824.83 2091.43 661.69
Bambai Bazar E 129 596.49 1868.41 672.65

21. Road Side Ambient Air Quality
1998-99,Road Side AmbientPM
Locality TSPM Air 10
Quality
[TSPM : 200 µg/m3] [ PM10 : 100 µg/m3]
Khajrana Chauki 529.9 95.06
Vijay Nagar Chauki 610.13 90.65
Palasia Square 907.50 401.72
Chhavani 1157.60 322.34
University Campus 698.51 164.26
Marimata Square 992.18 130.87
Laxmibai Nagar 1470.14 249.99
Kalani Nagar 1187.79 194.28
Sethi Gate 916.42 115.9
Cancan Nagar 1493.05 649.92
CAT Campus 953.45 39.78

22. National Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Ambient Concentrations in mg/m
Name of the Time Air Quality 3
weighted Industrial Residential,Rural Sensitive
Pollutant AverageStandards & Other Areas Area
Areas
Sulfur di Annual Avg.* 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3
Oxide (SO2) 24 hrs. 100 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3
Avg.**
Oxides of Annual Avg.* 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3
Nitrogen (NOx) 24 hrs. 100 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3
Avg.**
Total Suspended Annual Avg.* 360 µg/m3 140 µg/m3 70 µg/m3
Particulate 24 hrs. 500 µg/m3 200 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
matter Avg.**
(TSPM)
Respirable Dust Annual Avg.* 120 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 50 µg/m3
( RPM or PM10 ) 24 hrs. 150 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 75 µg/m3
Avg.**
Lead (Pb) Annual Avg.* 1.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3 0.5 µg/m3
24 hrs. 1.5 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3
Carbon Monoxide Avg.** Avg.*
Annual 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
(CO) 24 hrs. 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
Avg.**
etic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in year twice a week, 24 hourly
8 hourly values shall be met 98 % time in year. Only 2 % of time it may
scribed values but not on two consecutive days

23. Vehicular emission status status at City
at Indore
Vehicular & Petrol Vehicles]
emission
[Diesel
Indore City [Diesel&Petrol
Vehicles]

24. Vehicular Pollution status at Indore
Vehicular PollutionVehicles]at
City [Diesel & Petrol status
Parameter Indore City [Diesel&Petrol 1998
1970 1980 1990 1995 1996 1997
2 & 3 Wheel
(Petrol Driven) 3,350
Vehicles] 2,49,847 2,75,847 3,39,325
26,256 1,52,211 2,26,486
4 Wheel (Petrol
and Diesel Driven) 3,200 9,222 23,220 40,719 49,700 42,498 43,577
LMV
4 Wheel+ (Diesel 1,350 8,237 16,152 26,593 30,827 56,988 57,913
Driven ) M M V
and H M V
Total Number of 7,900 43,715 1,91,583 3,00,738 3,37,314 3,75,046 4,44,815
Automobiles
Number Checked --- --- 320 1,680 2,042 3,176 2,034
Polluting Vehicles --- % --- % 63 % 58 % 53 % 42 % 35 %
Emission Load 6.72 13.05 137.17 228.90 259.73 291.46 331.9

25. Vehicular emission status at Indore City
[Diesel Vehicles]
Vehicular emission status at
Indore City [Diesel Vehicles]
Smoke – density test Results [H.S.U.]
Category Sample <60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-95 >95
Private 846 163 122 357 189 12 03
(100%) (19.3%) (14.5%) (42.1%) (22.3%) (1.4%) (0.35%)
Govt. 122 22 00 12 22 12 54
(100%) (18.0%) (0.0%) (9.83%) (22.0%) (9.83%) (44.3%)

26. Vehicular emission status at Indore City
[Petrol Vehicles]
Vehicular emission status at
Indore City [Diesel Vehicles]
CO Emission Test Results
Category Sample <3.0% 4-5 % 5-6 % 6-7 % 7-8 % 8-10 %
Private 339 163 28 64 38 07 09
(100%) (48.1%) (8.2%) (18.8%) (11.2%) (2.1%) (2.65%)
Govt. 055 29 03 03 04 07 09
(100%) (52.7%) (5.45%) (5.45%) (7.2%) (12.7%) (16.4%)

27. in µg/m3

28. 80
70
60
50 2 Wheel
Auto
40
L. Auto
30 4 Wheel
20
10
0

30. 80
70
60
50
Tempo
40 4 Wheel
30 L. Metadore
20 Mini Bus
10
0
Petrol
Vehicles

31. Seasonal Changes in SPM Concentration
SPM in microgram/m3
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81
Rain Winter Summer Rain Winter Summer
Telephone Ngr. Kothari Market Pologround

32. Seasonal Changes in SPM Concentration
2500
2000
1500 Pologround
Kothari Market
1000 Telephone Ngr.
500
0
25
49
1
9
17
33
41
57
65
73
81
89