Environment topic of Community medicine - Air pollution

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3. Air Pollution
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Dr. Melbin James
Senior Resident
Department of Community Medicine
SLIMS

4. Definition of Air pollution & Air pollutants
Types of Air pollution – Outdoor and Indoor
Health effects of air pollution
 Indices of thermal comfort
Monitoring Indicators of pollution & AQI
Prevention & control of Air pollution

5. Life saving O2
 Hearing and smell function stimuli
 Disease agents spread
Exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter (PM)2·5 is the fifth leading risk factor for death
worldwide & 4.3 million deaths due to indoor pollution
 Household air pollution due to inefficient cooking practices
 Majority in low- and middle-income countries
 India has average of most 18 (13-20) polluted cities --- Rank 5 in the world
Rationale for the topic
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6. • Requirement of air = 10-20 m3 / day
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7. Air pollution – Any contamination ( physical/chemical /biological) by compounds in
air
Air pollutants – chemicals or compounds that lower the quality of air
Solid – eg. Particulate matter
Gaseous – eg. Sulphur dioxide, Carbon monoxide
Vulnerable groups – Women , Elderly , U5 , CLD/CHDs , pedastrians , traffic police
,construction workers

8. Air pollutants
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Primary Secondary
Directed emitted into air from a
source
• NO – diesel engines
• CO – burning of biomass fuels
• SO2 – mineral ores
• CFC and PM
Formed within the air by
physical or chemical alteration of
primary pollutants
• Ozone ( O3) , Smog
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) , SO3

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Form a pair and write down the Health effects of Air pollution

13. Respiratory system
 Risk of COPD (chronic obstructive
pulmonary disorder)
 Childhood pneumonias
 Asthma exacerbation
Cardiovascular system
 Hypertension
 Arrythmias
 Myocardial infarction
 Atherosclerosis
Pregnancy
 Impaired foetal growth
 Low birth weight
 Still births
Carcinogenic effect
 Lung
 Nasopharynx
 Larynx
 Bladder
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15. • Destruction to plants/animal life
• Corrosion of metals
• Damage to buildings
• School absenteeism
• Decreased Life expectancy
• Soil & damage clothing’s
• Poor visibility - RTA
Social & Economic Aspects
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16. • Climate change – famine /droughts
• Green house effect and acid rain
• Global warming - Thin ozone layer
• Increased UV radiation
• Minor – Eye , nose and throat irritation
Other Effects
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17. Smog = Smoke + Fog
 Common in urban areas
 Complex combination of primary and secondary
pollutants that cause the air to turn yellow or brown
 Associated with respiratory illness & poor visibility
 Temperature inversion – M/c in winters
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18. The Great Smog of London - 1952
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SO2 + NO2 --- H2SO4 + HNO3

20. BLACK HOLE OF CALCUTTA (20th June 1756)
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21. Indices of Thermal Comfort :
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S.No Parameter Measured by
1 Air temperature Thermometer ( Dry and wet / Minimum and max )
2 Air humidity ( RH) Hygrometer & Psychrometer (Sling / Assman)
3 Air Velocity / movement of air Anemometer
4 Cooling power of air ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) and
low air velocity ( now used)
Kata Thermometer (dry and wet )
5 Effective air temperature
( Cooling power of air + Sensation
of warmth / cold )
Heat stress index
6 Corrected effective temperature
( 5+ Mean radiant heat)
Globe thermometer
CET ------ Most reliable index of thermal comfort

22. • Predicted 4hr sweat rate – obtained from combination of air temperature ,
velocity and mean radiant air temperature under different work intensity
Mc Ardle’s Maximum Allowable Sweat Rate ( P4SR)
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ZONE OF COMFORT Litres / 4hr sweat rate
Very Comfort zone <1 Litres
Comfort zone 1-3 Litres
Just tolerable 3-4.5 Litres
Intolerable 4.5 Litres

23. NOMOGRAM
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CET ( In degree C0) CET( in F0) ZONE OF COMFORT
20 69 Pleasant & cool
20-25 69-76 Comfortable & cool
25-27 77-80 Comfortable
27-28 81-82 Hot & uncomfortable
28-30 83-86 Extremely hot
>30 >86 Intolerable hot
1. RH = 30-65%
2. Dry Kata > 6
3. Wet Kata > 20
4. P4SR = 1-3 Lts
5. CET =25-270
COMFORT
ZONE

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SLING PSYCHROMETER
DRY AND WET BULB
THERMOMETER
MIN & MAX
THERMOMETER

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HYGROMETER
GLOBE THERMOMETER KATA THERMOMETER

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ASSMAN
PSYCHROMETER
ANEROID BAROMETER
WIND WANE

27. • 1. Grit index – Measures dust / suspended particles
• 2. Soiling index – measures smoke concentration ( hang clothpiece or white filter paper
in city and deposit measured using photo electric meter )
• 3. Coefficient of haze : Assess the amount of smoke /aerosol in air
• 4. Air pollution index : arbitary
BEST BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR ------- LICHENS ( sensitive indicator)
BEST CHEMICAL INDICATOR ------- SO2 > Smoke > suspended particles
AIR POLLUTION MONITORING INDICATORS :
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28. LICHENS
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29. Air Quality Monitoring Agencies
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1990

30.  8 parameters – PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, Pb to monitor air pollution
( weighted average of all ) – monitoring done twice a week
 Ranking of states and trend analysis
 Enforcing legislative actions
 Public awareness tool and Research purpose
National Air Quality Index (AQI) -2014-15
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33.  Air quality and stack monitoring in industries
 Monitoring of industrial effluent
 Noise monitoring
 Lake and River water quality monitoring
 Ground water quality monitoring
 Monitoring on festival occasions such as Deepavali, Bhogi
 Analysis of water and air samples
Local Administration Department (
SITES :, Puducherry
 Anna nagar, Nellithope, Puducherry
 PIPDIC Industrial area,
 Mettupalayam, Puducherry
DSTE - PONDICHERRY

34.  Individual level
Containment
Replacement
Dilution/Zoning
Legislative actions
International actions
Prevention & Control of Air Pollution
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35. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL MEASURES:
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UJJWALA SCHEME

36. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL MEASURES:
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37. CONTAINMENT
Prevention of escape of toxic gas into the atmosphere
Engineering measures – enclosure, cross ventilation and air cleaning
Arresters – removal of contaminants
 Environmental audit
 Zonning and mapping of industries (GIS)
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38.  REPLACEMENT
Use of electricity, solar power, natural gas in the place of coal
Unleaded petrol usage
 Phasing out 15yr old vehicles and BS4 vehicles ( Only BS6 allowed since 2020)
 FAME India ( faster adoption and manufacturing of EV)
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40. DILUTION
Removal of pollutants by vegetations – afforestation ( absorbs GHG)
Establishment of green belts – industrial & residential areas
Applicable for limited range of release of pollutants
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41.  LEGISLATIONS
The Air act (Prevention & control of pollution) 1981
Authorities carry out investigations, research & education concerning air pollution
Creation of smokeless zones & enforcement of standard of ambient air quality
 Strengthening of existing CPCB and SPCB – Regulation of AQI
 Clean energy initiatives ----reduces emissions
Imprisonment – 1 year to 6 years with fine
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42.  INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS
WHO established an international network of laboratories (20) for monitoring the
pollution on world wide scale
Five international centres at London, Washington, Moscow, Nagpur, Tokyo
 R & D
 Kyoto protocol (2005)
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43. Poverty
Quality of Housing
-Inadequate ventilation
-Crowded, Unsanitary
conditions
Simple Fuels
-Inefficient Stoves
-Restricts
opportunities
Health Effects
-ARI
-COPD
-Tuberculosis
-Lung Cancer
-Asthma
-LBW
-Cataract
Secondary Effects
-Burns
-Quality of Life
-Injuries
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45. 1. How many parameters are monitored under National Air Quality Index?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 8
D. 6
2. Which Particulate matter can causes cardiac abnormalities?
A. PM 10
B. PM 5
C. PM 20
D. PM 2.5
MCQ
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46. 3. Establishment of green belt comes under which type of control measure?
A. Dilution
B. Containment
C. Zoning
D. Legislation
4. All of the following are primary pollutants except
A. CO
B. NO
C. Ozone
D. Sulphur dioxide
MCQ
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47. 5. Best indicator of air pollution
A. SO2
B. Smoke
C. Suspended particles
D. Grit index
6. AQI of 250 indicates ?
A. Very poor
B. Severe
C. Poor
D. Moderate
MCQ
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48. 1. What is the recent AQI of Delhi and Puducherry ?
2. What are the initiatives adopted by the Delhi government for control of air
pollution?
3. What is Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan ?
4. What is PRANA under National clean air programme ?
Assignment
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49. Thank You!!!
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50. s
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