Vehicle categories are essential for regulating the automotive industry internationally. There are several international organizations that classify vehicles for regulatory purposes, with the main ones being NHTSA in the US and UNECE (ECE) in Europe. ECE vehicle categories include M (passenger vehicles), N (goods vehicles), L (three-wheeled or smaller vehicles), T/R/S (agricultural vehicles), and O (trailers). Passenger vehicles are further broken down by size and use. The document then provides examples to illustrate the various vehicle types that fall under the different international classification systems.
The document provides an overview of the key components and systems of an automobile, including:
- The basic structure or chassis, which includes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires.
- The power unit, typically an internal combustion engine.
- The transmission system, which includes the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential.
- Auxiliary components like the controls and superstructure that are mounted on the chassis.
It also discusses different suspension types, powertrain configurations like front-engine rear-wheel drive, and ways that automobiles can be classified.
Mr. Kamble Sagar presented on the history, evolution, and future of automobiles. The document discussed the early history of automobiles from steam-powered vehicles in the 17th century to Karl Benz's gas-powered Motorwagen in 1885. It covered the types of engines used in cars from gasoline and diesel to future technologies like electric, hydrogen, and air-powered engines. The document concluded with a discussion of innovations in automobiles including hybrids, hypercars, ultra-light cars, and self-driving vehicles.
The document discusses different types of vehicle chassis. It defines a chassis as the framework that supports a vehicle's body and internal components. It then describes several common chassis configurations including conventional, semi-forward, and full-forward chassis based on where the engine is mounted. Additional classifications covered are based on the number of wheels, how the engine is fitted, and the type of frame used, such as ladder, monocoque, and space frames. Various materials for frames like steel, aluminum, and carbon fiber composites are also mentioned along with their relative advantages.
This document provides an overview of vehicle body engineering, including:
1. It defines key terms related to vehicle body design such as chassis, body, suspension system, and power train.
2. It describes the basic requirements for automobile body design including strength, stiffness, providing adequate space, minimizing air drag, and protecting occupants from weather, corrosion, and accidents.
3. It discusses important considerations for vehicle body design like visibility, terminology, and methods to improve space requirements. Diagrams are included to illustrate factors that influence visibility and space.
A seminar on automobiles with special reference to mechanical breaking systemRahul Dubey
The document is a presentation on automotive components with a special focus on mechanical braking systems. It discusses what an automobile is, provides an overview of the automobile industry and classifications of automobiles. It then describes the basic components of an automobile including the basic structure, power plant, transmission system, auxiliaries and controls. Finally, it focuses on the mechanical braking system, explaining drum brakes and disc brakes.
The document is a project report on modern trends in the automobile sector. It discusses four key trends: continuous variable transmission (CVT), amphibious vehicles, flying cars, and fuel cell drives. The report provides details on the history, working principles, advantages and disadvantages of each trend. It aims to analyze how these trends can boost the automobile sector and their potential effects on the global market. Survey results from industry professionals on these trends are also included.
This document discusses and defines different car body styles including 4x4, city car, coupe, estate, hatchback, MPV, saloon, and sports car. It provides details on each style such as 4x4 having all-wheel drive for rough terrain, city cars being compact for urban use, coupes having two doors and two or four seats, estates having additional cargo space, and hatchbacks having rear doors that open upward. MPVs are designed for multiple purposes like passenger and cargo transport, saloons have separate bonnets and boots, and sports cars prioritize handling and speed over comfort.
The document provides an overview of the key components and systems of an automobile, including:
- The basic structure or chassis, which includes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires.
- The power unit, typically an internal combustion engine.
- The transmission system, which includes the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential.
- Auxiliary components like the controls and superstructure that are mounted on the chassis.
It also discusses different suspension types, powertrain configurations like front-engine rear-wheel drive, and ways that automobiles can be classified.
Mr. Kamble Sagar presented on the history, evolution, and future of automobiles. The document discussed the early history of automobiles from steam-powered vehicles in the 17th century to Karl Benz's gas-powered Motorwagen in 1885. It covered the types of engines used in cars from gasoline and diesel to future technologies like electric, hydrogen, and air-powered engines. The document concluded with a discussion of innovations in automobiles including hybrids, hypercars, ultra-light cars, and self-driving vehicles.
The document discusses different types of vehicle chassis. It defines a chassis as the framework that supports a vehicle's body and internal components. It then describes several common chassis configurations including conventional, semi-forward, and full-forward chassis based on where the engine is mounted. Additional classifications covered are based on the number of wheels, how the engine is fitted, and the type of frame used, such as ladder, monocoque, and space frames. Various materials for frames like steel, aluminum, and carbon fiber composites are also mentioned along with their relative advantages.
This document provides an overview of vehicle body engineering, including:
1. It defines key terms related to vehicle body design such as chassis, body, suspension system, and power train.
2. It describes the basic requirements for automobile body design including strength, stiffness, providing adequate space, minimizing air drag, and protecting occupants from weather, corrosion, and accidents.
3. It discusses important considerations for vehicle body design like visibility, terminology, and methods to improve space requirements. Diagrams are included to illustrate factors that influence visibility and space.
A seminar on automobiles with special reference to mechanical breaking systemRahul Dubey
The document is a presentation on automotive components with a special focus on mechanical braking systems. It discusses what an automobile is, provides an overview of the automobile industry and classifications of automobiles. It then describes the basic components of an automobile including the basic structure, power plant, transmission system, auxiliaries and controls. Finally, it focuses on the mechanical braking system, explaining drum brakes and disc brakes.
The document is a project report on modern trends in the automobile sector. It discusses four key trends: continuous variable transmission (CVT), amphibious vehicles, flying cars, and fuel cell drives. The report provides details on the history, working principles, advantages and disadvantages of each trend. It aims to analyze how these trends can boost the automobile sector and their potential effects on the global market. Survey results from industry professionals on these trends are also included.
This document discusses and defines different car body styles including 4x4, city car, coupe, estate, hatchback, MPV, saloon, and sports car. It provides details on each style such as 4x4 having all-wheel drive for rough terrain, city cars being compact for urban use, coupes having two doors and two or four seats, estates having additional cargo space, and hatchbacks having rear doors that open upward. MPVs are designed for multiple purposes like passenger and cargo transport, saloons have separate bonnets and boots, and sports cars prioritize handling and speed over comfort.
Compressed air vehicles provide a potential solution to air pollution problems caused by gasoline-powered vehicles. They use compressed air stored in high-pressure tanks as fuel instead of gasoline. The compressed air is released to power the vehicle's piston engine, which runs through only a power and exhaust stroke. While they produce zero emissions, compressed air vehicles currently have less power and require heating systems to improve efficiency. Research is ongoing to develop more practical compressed air vehicles and engines.
This document summarizes the key components and classification of automobile chassis. It discusses how a chassis consists of the engine, brakes, steering system, and wheels mounted on a frame along with other components like the transmission and controls. It then classifies automobiles based on factors like capacity, power source, number of wheels, and where the engine is located. Different types of frames are also outlined including conventional, integral, and semi-integral frames. The functions of various vehicle systems and forces acting on the chassis are summarized as well.
Google announced its first fully functional driverless car ready for testing on public roads, marking a breakthrough in automotive technology. Automakers are also developing automated manual transmissions, vehicle-to-vehicle communication technologies, and advanced driver assistance systems using sensors and automatic braking to increase safety and prevent collisions. Meanwhile, new infotainment systems are allowing smartphone-like interfaces in vehicles, and materials like aluminum are making cars lighter and more fuel efficient.
Active suspension System of Automobiles.Mayank khare
An active suspension system,has the capability to adjust itself continuously to changing road conditions. It "artificially" extends the design parameters of the system by constantly monitoring and adjusting itself, thereby changing its character on an ongoing basis. It's schizophrenic, if you will, but with a purpose. With advanced sensors and microprocessors feeding it information all the time, its identity remains fluid, contextual, amorphous. By changing its character to respond to varying road conditions, active suspension offers superior handling, road feel, responsiveness and safety.
The document provides an overview of power steering systems. It discusses the history of power steering from its invention in the early 1900s to its use in automobiles and agricultural vehicles. The key components of power steering systems are described including the reservoir, steering gearbox, rotary valve, and pump. The main types of power steering systems - hydraulic, electro-hydraulic, and electric - are outlined along with diagrams of how each system works. Advantages like reduced driver fatigue and continuous steering are balanced with potential disadvantages such as leakage and vibration.
An axle is a central shaft that supports rotating wheels. On vehicles, the axle can be fixed to the wheels and rotate with them, or fixed to the vehicle with the wheels rotating around it. Bearings are provided where the axle is mounted. The document discusses different types of rear axles like full floating, semi floating, and three quarter floating axles. It also discusses front axles, describing them as either dead or live axles. Finally, it lists four types of stub axles used to connect front wheels to front axles: Elliot, reversed Elliot, Lamoine, and reversed Lamoine.
This document provides training on automotive technology basics for dealer sales consultants. It aims to teach them the terminology and specifications used in sales materials so they can better explain vehicles to customers. The document covers systems in vehicles like the power train, running, and comfort systems. It also provides details on the anatomy of different automobile types. A large portion is dedicated to explaining the engine and its components, fuel system, intake system, and other supporting systems in depth. The goal is for sales consultants to have sufficient technical knowledge after the training.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of automobiles categorized based on the number of wheels. It discusses vehicles from single wheelers to four wheelers and beyond, including subcategories such as hatchbacks, sedans, SUVs, and more. Body styles, engine sizes, features, and common examples are outlined for each automobile type and segment.
There are different types of automobile bodies depending on usage and vehicle type. Bodies are divided into passenger and commercial bodies. Vehicle bodies must meet certain requirements like being light, having sufficient space, withstanding vibrations and providing good visibility. The chassis, frame, and body are the main components of a vehicle. The chassis carries the load and withstands forces from braking, acceleration, and road conditions. Chassis frames can be conventional, integral, or semi-integral depending on their design and construction.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on a compressed air car. It describes the key components of the vehicle, including compressed air tanks that store air at 300 bars of pressure, a fiber body, air filters to remove impurities from compressed air, and an aluminum chassis. The presentation explains that the car runs on compressed air stored in the tanks instead of gasoline, with two pistons that compress and expand air to power the engine. It concludes that compressed air cars could help reduce pollution by eliminating the use of non-renewable fuels.
This document summarizes different types of braking systems used in vehicles. It describes the basic requirements and components of braking systems. The main types discussed are drum brakes, disc brakes, and various power brakes such as hydraulic, vacuum, air, and electric brakes. It provides details on the construction and operation of these different braking methods. The purpose is to classify and explain the functioning of common braking technologies used to stop vehicle motion.
Vehicle Body Terminology, Visibility & SpaceRajat Seth
This document discusses key terms related to vehicle body engineering including tailfins, center consoles, fascias, and other exterior and interior body parts. It also covers requirements for automobile body design such as strength, stiffness, adequate interior space, minimizing air drag, weather protection, corrosion resistance, and safety in accidents. Finally, it addresses the importance of visibility and methods to improve frontal, downward, and rearward visibility for drivers through strategic window placement and sizing.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) systems for vehicles. It begins with background on road accidents globally and in India. It then covers the need for AEB to help avoid collisions. The presentation explains how AEB works using sensors like radar and cameras to detect obstacles and apply the brakes autonomously if a collision is detected. It discusses different AEB types and their applications in vehicles. Advantages are around reducing crashes, though disadvantages include cost and limiting driver control. The conclusion is that AEB can help avoid accidents and reduce road deaths and injuries.
Vehicle Body Engineering Bus Body DetailsRajat Seth
This document discusses different types and classifications of bus bodies. It describes mini buses, town/city buses, suburban buses, and luxury coaches based on their passenger capacity and key features. The document also provides a table comparing passenger capacities for different bus types. Finally, it classifies buses based on body shape, such as classic, single deck, double deck, two level single decker, and articulated buses.
This document discusses the classification and layout of automobiles. It categorizes vehicles based on factors such as load, number of wheels, fuel used, body style, transmission, drive, suspension system, engine position, and chassis type. Common passenger vehicle layouts include front-engine/front-wheel drive, front-engine/rear-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive. Components like the engine, drivetrain, and suspension are described along with their functions and materials. Methods of forced induction like turbocharging and supercharging are also introduced.
Cast iron is extensively used as the material for manufacturing disc brakes. This is much heavier and thus reduces initial acceleration and causes more fuel consumption. For reducing these effects, we use ceramic brakes.
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
An automobile is a motor vehicle used for transportation that runs on roads. Most have seating for 1-8 people and four wheels. Automobiles have various controls for driving, safety, and passenger comfort. Over time, additional features like backup cameras and entertainment systems have been added. Electric vehicles are becoming more commercially available. While automobiles provide transportation benefits, they also have societal costs like road maintenance and pollution. There are over 1 billion vehicles globally. Automobiles can be classified by purpose, size, fuel source, transmission, wheels, and side of driver seat placement. Key components include the frame, engine, transmission, controls, and accessories. Braking and four-wheel drive systems are important safety systems.
Compressed air vehicles provide a potential solution to air pollution problems caused by gasoline-powered vehicles. They use compressed air stored in high-pressure tanks as fuel instead of gasoline. The compressed air is released to power the vehicle's piston engine, which runs through only a power and exhaust stroke. While they produce zero emissions, compressed air vehicles currently have less power and require heating systems to improve efficiency. Research is ongoing to develop more practical compressed air vehicles and engines.
This document summarizes the key components and classification of automobile chassis. It discusses how a chassis consists of the engine, brakes, steering system, and wheels mounted on a frame along with other components like the transmission and controls. It then classifies automobiles based on factors like capacity, power source, number of wheels, and where the engine is located. Different types of frames are also outlined including conventional, integral, and semi-integral frames. The functions of various vehicle systems and forces acting on the chassis are summarized as well.
Google announced its first fully functional driverless car ready for testing on public roads, marking a breakthrough in automotive technology. Automakers are also developing automated manual transmissions, vehicle-to-vehicle communication technologies, and advanced driver assistance systems using sensors and automatic braking to increase safety and prevent collisions. Meanwhile, new infotainment systems are allowing smartphone-like interfaces in vehicles, and materials like aluminum are making cars lighter and more fuel efficient.
Active suspension System of Automobiles.Mayank khare
An active suspension system,has the capability to adjust itself continuously to changing road conditions. It "artificially" extends the design parameters of the system by constantly monitoring and adjusting itself, thereby changing its character on an ongoing basis. It's schizophrenic, if you will, but with a purpose. With advanced sensors and microprocessors feeding it information all the time, its identity remains fluid, contextual, amorphous. By changing its character to respond to varying road conditions, active suspension offers superior handling, road feel, responsiveness and safety.
The document provides an overview of power steering systems. It discusses the history of power steering from its invention in the early 1900s to its use in automobiles and agricultural vehicles. The key components of power steering systems are described including the reservoir, steering gearbox, rotary valve, and pump. The main types of power steering systems - hydraulic, electro-hydraulic, and electric - are outlined along with diagrams of how each system works. Advantages like reduced driver fatigue and continuous steering are balanced with potential disadvantages such as leakage and vibration.
An axle is a central shaft that supports rotating wheels. On vehicles, the axle can be fixed to the wheels and rotate with them, or fixed to the vehicle with the wheels rotating around it. Bearings are provided where the axle is mounted. The document discusses different types of rear axles like full floating, semi floating, and three quarter floating axles. It also discusses front axles, describing them as either dead or live axles. Finally, it lists four types of stub axles used to connect front wheels to front axles: Elliot, reversed Elliot, Lamoine, and reversed Lamoine.
This document provides training on automotive technology basics for dealer sales consultants. It aims to teach them the terminology and specifications used in sales materials so they can better explain vehicles to customers. The document covers systems in vehicles like the power train, running, and comfort systems. It also provides details on the anatomy of different automobile types. A large portion is dedicated to explaining the engine and its components, fuel system, intake system, and other supporting systems in depth. The goal is for sales consultants to have sufficient technical knowledge after the training.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of automobiles categorized based on the number of wheels. It discusses vehicles from single wheelers to four wheelers and beyond, including subcategories such as hatchbacks, sedans, SUVs, and more. Body styles, engine sizes, features, and common examples are outlined for each automobile type and segment.
There are different types of automobile bodies depending on usage and vehicle type. Bodies are divided into passenger and commercial bodies. Vehicle bodies must meet certain requirements like being light, having sufficient space, withstanding vibrations and providing good visibility. The chassis, frame, and body are the main components of a vehicle. The chassis carries the load and withstands forces from braking, acceleration, and road conditions. Chassis frames can be conventional, integral, or semi-integral depending on their design and construction.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on a compressed air car. It describes the key components of the vehicle, including compressed air tanks that store air at 300 bars of pressure, a fiber body, air filters to remove impurities from compressed air, and an aluminum chassis. The presentation explains that the car runs on compressed air stored in the tanks instead of gasoline, with two pistons that compress and expand air to power the engine. It concludes that compressed air cars could help reduce pollution by eliminating the use of non-renewable fuels.
This document summarizes different types of braking systems used in vehicles. It describes the basic requirements and components of braking systems. The main types discussed are drum brakes, disc brakes, and various power brakes such as hydraulic, vacuum, air, and electric brakes. It provides details on the construction and operation of these different braking methods. The purpose is to classify and explain the functioning of common braking technologies used to stop vehicle motion.
Vehicle Body Terminology, Visibility & SpaceRajat Seth
This document discusses key terms related to vehicle body engineering including tailfins, center consoles, fascias, and other exterior and interior body parts. It also covers requirements for automobile body design such as strength, stiffness, adequate interior space, minimizing air drag, weather protection, corrosion resistance, and safety in accidents. Finally, it addresses the importance of visibility and methods to improve frontal, downward, and rearward visibility for drivers through strategic window placement and sizing.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) systems for vehicles. It begins with background on road accidents globally and in India. It then covers the need for AEB to help avoid collisions. The presentation explains how AEB works using sensors like radar and cameras to detect obstacles and apply the brakes autonomously if a collision is detected. It discusses different AEB types and their applications in vehicles. Advantages are around reducing crashes, though disadvantages include cost and limiting driver control. The conclusion is that AEB can help avoid accidents and reduce road deaths and injuries.
Vehicle Body Engineering Bus Body DetailsRajat Seth
This document discusses different types and classifications of bus bodies. It describes mini buses, town/city buses, suburban buses, and luxury coaches based on their passenger capacity and key features. The document also provides a table comparing passenger capacities for different bus types. Finally, it classifies buses based on body shape, such as classic, single deck, double deck, two level single decker, and articulated buses.
This document discusses the classification and layout of automobiles. It categorizes vehicles based on factors such as load, number of wheels, fuel used, body style, transmission, drive, suspension system, engine position, and chassis type. Common passenger vehicle layouts include front-engine/front-wheel drive, front-engine/rear-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive. Components like the engine, drivetrain, and suspension are described along with their functions and materials. Methods of forced induction like turbocharging and supercharging are also introduced.
Cast iron is extensively used as the material for manufacturing disc brakes. This is much heavier and thus reduces initial acceleration and causes more fuel consumption. For reducing these effects, we use ceramic brakes.
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
An automobile is a motor vehicle used for transportation that runs on roads. Most have seating for 1-8 people and four wheels. Automobiles have various controls for driving, safety, and passenger comfort. Over time, additional features like backup cameras and entertainment systems have been added. Electric vehicles are becoming more commercially available. While automobiles provide transportation benefits, they also have societal costs like road maintenance and pollution. There are over 1 billion vehicles globally. Automobiles can be classified by purpose, size, fuel source, transmission, wheels, and side of driver seat placement. Key components include the frame, engine, transmission, controls, and accessories. Braking and four-wheel drive systems are important safety systems.
The document provides an overview of the automotive industry including:
- A brief history of the industry from 1886 to present day with key developments.
- Statistics on global vehicle production trends from 2009-2019 with passenger cars accounting for the majority.
- The top 15 vehicle manufacturers by production volume in 2017 are listed, led by Toyota, Volkswagen, and Hyundai.
This document provides an overview of automotive technology basics including vehicle body shapes, dimensions, weight classifications, and identification numbers. It defines key terms related to vehicle types including passenger cars, goods carriers, trailers, and three-wheelers. Various vehicle production processes are also summarized such as body-in-white assembly, spot welding, and sheet metal forming techniques like shearing, bending, bulging, and deep drawing.
This document discusses various opportunities in the electric vehicle market in India. It outlines advantages of developing an EV business in India, potential value chain opportunities, and market barriers. It also analyzes strategies to improve EV cost competitiveness and the need to develop charging infrastructure. The document provides an overview of the EV component manufacturing industry in India and research areas such as battery technology, charging solutions, and vehicle controllers. It examines government policies supporting EVs and highlights growth projections for electric vehicle sales in India.
A motor vehicle is a self-propelled land vehicle that is used for the transportation of people or cargo 1. It is commonly wheeled and does not operate on rails (such as trains or trams). The vehicle propulsion is provided by an engine or motor, usually an internal combustion engine or an electric motor, or some combination of the two, such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids 1. Motor vehicles are often identified within a number of vehicle classes including cars, buses, motorcycles, off-road vehicles, light trucks and regular trucks 1. ISO 3833:1977 is the standard for road vehicle types, terms and definitions
This document provides information about the automobile engineering subject code EME-702 at AKGEC, Gzb. It includes:
- The evaluation scheme for the subject which includes exams, class tests, and total credits.
- An index that outlines the topics covered in each unit.
- An overview of unit 1 which defines automobiles and provides a classification of automobiles based on various criteria such as purpose, capacity, fuel source, transmission type, number of wheels, and side of drive. It also describes integrated frame and body construction.
1-AE-UNIT-I-Classification and Components of four wheeler automobile.pptxGuntur Rajesh
The document provides a history of the automobile from its origins in the late 18th century. Some of the key developments include:
- In 1769, Nicholas Carnot created the first self-propelled road vehicle powered by a steam engine.
- In the late 19th century, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz developed the first vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, paving the way for modern cars.
- Henry Ford later formed the Ford Motor Company in 1903, making cars more affordable for mass production.
- More recent automotive innovations include the introduction of anti-lock braking systems in 1978 and hybrid gas-electric engines by Honda and Toyota in 2002.
The automotive industry is made up of companies that design, develop, manufacture, market and sell motor vehicles. It is one of the world's largest economic sectors by revenue. China has been the world's largest producer of motor vehicles since 2009, producing over 25% of vehicles globally in 2013. Other major producers include the United States, Japan, Germany, India and South Korea. The top automotive companies are Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen, Hyundai, Ford, and Nissan. Safety, fuel efficiency and limiting environmental impact are major concerns in the industry.
Classification of Automobile and chassis in AutomobileSwapnilDahake2
The document discusses different types of automobile chassis and classifications of vehicles. It describes various chassis types including ladder, backbone, monocoque, and exoskeleton chassis. Vehicles are classified based on purpose, load capacity, fuel used, number of wheels, transmission, and suspension system. Common chassis include car, bus, motorcycle, and four or six wheel configurations. The chassis forms the framework that supports automotive components and gives shape and strength to the vehicle.
This document provides an overview of automobile engineering and the history of the Indian automobile industry. It discusses that automobile engineering deals with vehicles, their transmission systems and applications. It then outlines the history of the automobile industry in India from the 1800s through post-liberalization in 1991. Key events included the first car import in 1898, assembly of trucks and cars starting in the 1920s-1930s, and the establishment of major automobile companies from the 1940s-1960s. The document also provides classifications of vehicles and describes functions of major automobile components.
The document provides information on the components and workings of an automobile engine. It begins with defining key terms like bore, stroke, top dead center, and compression ratio. It then lists and describes the major engine components, including the cylinder block, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft, valves, manifolds, and flywheel. It explains their functions and how they work together to convert fuel energy into usable mechanical power through the combustion process in the cylinders.
The document discusses vehicle body engineering and provides details about different types of vehicle bodies. It begins with introducing basic features of an automobile including its chassis, body, power unit, and other sub-systems. It then outlines the course topics which include car body details, vehicle aerodynamics, bus body details, and commercial vehicle details. Next, it classifies automobiles based on use, capacity, make, model, fuel type, drive type, and construction type. Finally, it provides specifics about different car body styles including saloon, hatchback, coupe, convertible, limousine, estate car, pickup, station wagon, and sports car.
The document discusses future advancements in automobile technology. It describes several types of cars that may become more prevalent such as electric cars, which use electric motors and batteries; hybrid cars, which combine gas and electric power; and hydrogen cars, which use hydrogen fuel instead of gas. Flying cars and autonomous cars are also mentioned as potential future technologies. The document outlines some of the sensor and computer systems that could enable autonomous driving capabilities and hands-free operation. It provides examples of companies currently testing self-driving car prototypes like Google. In conclusion, the document presents visions for the future of driving from BMW and Mercedes that envision more personalized in-car experiences and advanced electric vehicle designs.
The document discusses vehicle classification, chassis, and body components. It covers:
- Three main vehicle classifications: single unit, articulated, and heavy tractor vehicles.
- Vehicle layout is defined by power plant location, steering position, and drivetrain. The chassis includes frames, dimensions, and materials.
- Body construction details integrated body designs and interior systems like dashboards and seating.
- Vehicle types are further broken down into passenger, goods, buses, and lorries/trucks categories.
- Key chassis components like engines, drivetrains, suspensions, steering and fuel systems are also outlined.
Chassis and body engineering by shubhesh ranjan(mtech automobile)Shubhesh Ranjan
This presentation summarizes the rise of the automobile sector in India. It covers the definition of an automobile, the present scenario of the sector, important locations of the industry, and the evolution and segmentation of automobiles in India. Some key points include:
- India has one of the largest automobile industries in the world, with annual growth of 16% from 2013-2017.
- Important locations for the industry include Chennai, Pune, Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore.
- The automobile industry in India has evolved from the first car in 1897 to becoming a major production and export hub globally.
- Vehicles are segmented based on length and body type, with categories like A1-A
Automobile Engineering different types of vehicles IntroductionSHITALUDAGAVE2
Automobiles are the different types of vehicles used for transportation of passengers, goods, etc. Basically all the types of vehicles works on the principle of internal combustion processes or some times the engines are called as internal combustion engines. Different types of fuels are burnt inside the cylinder at higher temperature to get the transmission motion in the vehicles. Most of the automobiles are internal combustion engines vehicles only. Therefore, every mechanical and automobile engineer should have the knowledge of automobile engineering its mechanism and its various applications.
The document provides an introduction to automobiles, including their purpose, classification, components, and chassis types. It defines an automobile as a self-propelled vehicle that produces its own power. Automobiles are classified based on requirements, load capacity, body type, drive type, fuel used, number of wheels/seats, model/make, piston displacement, and control type. The main components are the chassis, body, engine, suspension, lubrication system, transmission system, steering system, electrical system, and fuel supply system. Chassis types include ladder frame, tubular space frame, monocoque, and backbone. The document also describes functions and layouts of the chassis as well as requirements for automobile bodies.
The document provides information on the basic fundamentals of automobiles. It defines an automobile as a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine that is used for transporting passengers and goods on ground. Automobiles can be classified based on load, number of wheels, fuel used, body, and body style. The key systems of an automobile include the power train system, running system, and comfort system. The power train system includes the engine, fuel system, intake system, exhaust system, cooling system, drive line, clutch, gearbox and other components. The document then provides details on various engine parameters, components, and support systems like the fuel system.
car rentals in nassau bahamas | atv rental nassau bahamasjustinwilson0857
At Dash Auto Sales & Car Rentals, we take pride in providing top-notch automotive services to residents and visitors alike in Nassau, Bahamas. Whether you're looking to purchase a vehicle, rent a car for your vacation, or embark on an exciting ATV adventure, we have you covered with our wide range of options and exceptional customer service.
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Dahua provides a comprehensive guide on how to install their security camera systems. Learn about the different types of cameras and system components, as well as the installation process.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program Resources by Cat PleinForth
Cat Plein, Development & Communications Director of Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Charging and Fueling Infrastructure Grant: Round 2 by Brandt HertensteinForth
Brandt Hertenstein, Program Manager of the Electrification Coalition gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Top-Quality AC Service for Mini Cooper Optimal Cooling PerformanceMotor Haus
Ensure your Mini Cooper stays cool and comfortable with our top-quality AC service. Our expert technicians provide comprehensive maintenance, repairs, and performance optimization, guaranteeing reliable cooling and peak efficiency. Trust us for quick, professional service that keeps your Mini Cooper's air conditioning system in top condition, ensuring a pleasant driving experience year-round.
Top-Quality AC Service for Mini Cooper Optimal Cooling Performance
Vehicle classification
1. 0
NAME KAREEM AYMAN ABDEL HAMID MOHAMED
SECTION 3
DEPARTMENT AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING DEP. 3RD
SQUAD
REPORT ON VEHICLES CLASSIFICATION
COURSE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING 1
Lecturer Professor / WALID ABDUL HADY
YEAR 2016-2017
2. 1
Contents
2 . Abstract
3. Definition of vehicles
4. Importance of vehicle categories
5. Types of Categories
5.Vehicle categories in ECE
6,7. L category
8. M category
9. N category and O category
10. Economy Cars
11. Family Cars
12. Saloon Cars
13. crossover cars
14. Luxury cars
15. Super Cars and sport cars
16. Power to weight Ratio
16. References
3. 2
Vehicle classification
Abstract:
Vehicle classification according to standard regulation Clearly defined vehicle categories
are essential for the competitiveness of the automotive industry. The categories
classify vehicles for regulatory purposes, enable manufacturers to benefit .
" There are many international Organizations that classify vehicle on manufacturing "
They are Vehicle regulations are requirements that automobiles must satisfy in order to be
sold in a particular country. They are usually mandated by legislation, and administered by
a government body.
Such as :
NHTSA
National Highway
Traffic Safety
Administration
UNECE
The United
Nations Economic
Commission
for Europe
GB
Guobiao
Standards for
Chaina
KMVSS
South Korea
Standards
AIS
Indian
Standards
In this report we will focus on ECE and NHTSA
NHTSA :
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration
Headquarters : Washington, D.C., U.S.
Formed :1970
Jurisdiction :U.S. motor vehicles
As part of its activities, NHTSA is charged with writing and enforcing Federal Motor
Vehicle Safety Standards as well as regulations for motor vehicle theft resistance
and fuel economy, the latter under the rubric of the Corporate Average Fuel
Economy (CAFE) system. NHTSA also licenses vehicle manufacturers and importers,
allows or blocks the import of vehicles and safety-regulated vehicle parts, administers
the vehicle identification number (VIN) system, develops
the anthropomorphic dummies used in safety testing, as well as the test protocols
themselves, and provides vehicle insurance cost information. The agency has asserted
preemptive regulatory authority over greenhouse gas emissions, but this has been
disputed by such state regulatory agencies as the California Air Resources Board.
4. 3
UNECE | ECE :
The United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe
Headquarters : Washington, D.C., U.S.
Formed : 1947
Jurisdiction : Commission for Europe
members
www.unece.org
The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE or ECE) was established
in 1947 to encourage economic cooperation among its member states. It is one of five
regional commissions under the administrative direction of United Nations headquarters.
It has 56 member states, and reports to the United Nations Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC). Besides countries in Europe.
A- Definitions of vehicles :
1- "Power-driven vehicle" means any self-
propelled road vehicle, other than a moped in the
territories of Contracting Parties which do not treat
mopeds as motor cycles, and other than a rail-
borne vehicle.
2- "Motor vehicle" means any power-driven
vehicle which is normally used Motor for carrying
persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the
road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or
goods. This term embraces trolley-buses, that is to
say, vehicles connected to an electric conductor
and not rail-borne. It does not cover vehicles such
as agricultural tractors, which are only incidentally
used for carrying persons or goods by road or for
drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the
carriage of persons or goods.
3- " Motor cycle " means any two-wheeled vehicle,
with or without side-car, which is equipped with a
propelling engine. Contracting Parties may also
treat as motor cycles in their domestic legislation
three-wheeled vehicles whose unlading mass does
not-exceed400-kg.
4- "Moped" means any two-wheeled or three-
wheeled vehicle which is fitted with an internal
combustion engine having a cylinder capacity not
exceeding 50 cm3
and a maximum design speed not
exceeding 50 km per hour.
5. 4
5- "Trailer" means any non-self propelled vehicle,
which is designed and constructed to be towed by a
power driven vehicle and includes semi–trailers.
6- " Combination of vehicles " means coupled
vehicles which travel on the road as a unit.
7- " Articulated vehicle " means a combination of
vehicles comprising a motor vehicle and semi–
trailer coupled to the motor vehicle
8- "Road tractor" means road motor vehicle designed,
exclusively or primarily, to haul other road vehicles which
are not power-driven (mainly semi–trailers).
9- "Agricultural tractor" means a vehicle specifically
designed to deliver a high tractive effort at slow speeds, for
the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery.
10- "Equipment" means a heavy vehicle specifically designed
to make special duties , it usually cannot classified as vehicle
because it doesn’t use for transport or carrying goods or
passengers but can use it as robot .
B- Importance of vehicle categories
Vehicle categories are a crucial part of a well-functioning type-approval system. While
the EU type-approval system allows manufacturers to benefit from the opportunities
offered by the internal market, worldwide technical harmonization in the context of the
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) offers them a market extending
beyond European borders.
Total technical harmonization has already been achieved in light and heavy-duty vehicles,
motorcycles, and some agricultural and forestry tractors.
6. 5
C- Types of Categories :
We can classify vehicle on many categories like ( Functions , Usage , Dimensions , Weight ,
number of tires and engines ,… etc)
All of these called military vehicles ( Off road vehicles SA )
“This make us looking for method to make classification easy to identify different systems
and various manufacturing of vehicles.”
D- Vehicle categories in ECE :
The main categories of vehicles are:
Category M: vehicles carrying passengers;
Category N: vehicles carrying goods;
Category L: vehicles with less than four wheels;
Category T , R , S : agricultural and forestry tractors and their trailers.
Vehicles that belong to category M or N are classified as:
light-duty vehicles (passenger cars and vans) or;
heavy-duty vehicles (trucks, buses, and coaches).
Category O: Trailers (including semi-trailers).
Category G : off-road vehicles.
Category SA : Armored fighting vehicle.
7. 6
LCategory
L1 : A two-wheeled vehicle with an engine cylinder capacity in the case of a thermic
engine not exceeding 50 cm³ and whatever the means of propulsion a maximum
design speed not exceeding 50 km/h.
Example :
Manufacturer Honda Manufacturer Peugeot
Motorcycles
Production 1976-1991 (UK
& Europe)
Production 2000-2004
Assembly Belgium Assembly China
Class Moped Class Scooter
Engine 49 cm3 (3.0 cu
in), air-cooled,
two-stroke,
single
Engine 49 cm3 (3.0 cu in),
air-cooled, two-
stroke, single
Hobbit naza flash
L2 :A three-wheeled vehicle of any wheel arrangement with an engine cylinder capacity in
the case of a thermic engine not exceeding 50 cm³ and whatever the means of propulsion a
maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h.
Manufacturer Ice bear
Production 2005-2008
Assembly China
Class Moped
Engine 49cm3, Air Cooled,
Single Cylinder, 4-
strokes, Automatic
Ice bear tribike
8. 7
L3 : A two-wheeled vehicle with an engine cylinder capacity in the case of a thermic engine
exceeding 50 cm
3
or whatever the means of propulsion a maximum design speed exceeding
50 km/h.
Manufacturer Honda
Production 2002-2014
Assembly Japan
Class Scotter
Honda scoopy Engine 50 cm3
L4 : A vehicle with three wheels asymmetrically arranged in relation to the longitudinal median plane
with an engine cylinder capacity in the case of a thermic engine exceeding 50 cm3 or whatever the means
of propulsion a maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h (motor cycles with sidecars).
L5 : A vehicle with three wheels symmetrically arranged in relation to the longitudinal median plane
with an engine cylinder capacity in the case of a thermic engine exceeding 50 cm
3
or whatever the means
of propulsion a maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h.
L6 :A vehicle with four wheels whose unlading mass is not more than 350 kg, not including the mass of
the batteries in case of electric vehicles, whose maximum design speed is not more than 45 km/h, and
whose engine cylinder capacity does not exceed 50 cm
3
for spark (positive) ignition engines, or whose
maximum net power output does not exceed 4 kW in the case of other internal combustion engines, or
whose maximum continuous rated power does not exceed 4 kW in the case of electric engines
9. 8
L7 : A vehicle with four wheels, other than that classified for the category L6, whose unladen mass is
not more than 400 kg (550 kg for vehicles intended for carrying goods), not including the mass of batteries
in the case of electric vehicles and whose maximum continuous rated power does not exceed 15 kW
MCategory
M1 : Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and comprising not more than eight seats in addition
to the driver's seat.
M2 : Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the
driver's seat, and having a maximum mass not exceeding 5 tones
M3 : Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the
driver's seat, and having a maximum mass exceeding 5 tones.
Vehicles of categories M2 and M3 belong to:
For vehicles having a capacity exceeding 22 passengers in addition to the driver, there are three classes of
vehicles:
"Class I": Vehicles constructed with areas for standing passengers, to allow frequent passenger movement.
"Class II": Vehicles constructed principally for the carriage of seated passengers, and designed to allow the
carriage of standing passengers in the gangway and/or in an area which does not exceed the space
provided for two double seats.
"Class III": Vehicles constructed exclusively for the carriage of seated passengers.
A vehicle may be regarded as belonging in more than one class. In such a case it may be approved for each
class to which it corresponds.
For vehicles having a capacity not exceeding 22 passengers in addition to the driver, there are two classes
of vehicles:
"Class A": Vehicles designed to carry standing passengers; a vehicle of this class has seats and shall have
provisions for standing passengers.
10. 9
"Class B": Vehicles not designed to carry standing passengers; a vehicle of this class has no provision for
standing passengers.
NCategory
N1: Vehicles used for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tons.
N2: Vehicles used for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tones but not
exceeding 12 tones.
N3: Vehicles used for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 12 tons.
OCategory
O1: Trailers with a maximum mass not exceeding 0.75 tons.
O2: Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 0.75 tones, but not exceeding 3.5 tons.
O3: Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tones, but not exceeding 10 tons.
O4: Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 10 tons.
So , all defined passenger cars are classified in (M) category that we will classify as functions
Vehicles can be categorized in numerous ways. For example, by means of the body style and
the "level of commonality in vehicle construction as defined by number of doors and roof
treatment (e.g., sedan, convertible, fastback, hatchback) and number of seats" that
require seat belts to meet safety regulations
Highway Loss Data Institute
classification
Definition
Sports Cars with significant high performance features
Luxury Higher-end cars that are not classified as sports
Large Length more than 495.3 cm (195 in) and wheelbase more than 279.4 cm (110 in)
Midsize Length 457.3 to 495.3 cm (180–195 in) and wheelbase 266.8 to 279.4 cm (105–110 in)
Small Length less than 457.2 cm (180 in) and wheelbase less than 266.7 cm (105 in)
11. 10
MICRO CAR
2-door microcar body type
RWD (rear-wheel drive),
continuously variable -speed
gearbox
diesel fuel engine with
displacement: 440 cm3 / 27
cui, advertised power: 4 kW / 5
hp / 5 PS ( net ), torque: 21 Nm
/ 15 lb-ft
characteristic dimensions:
outside length: 3148 mm /
123.9 in, wheelbase: mm / in
reference weights: base curb
weight: 400 kg / 882 lbs
2012 Ligier Ixo
A hatchback is a car body configuration with a rear door that swings upward to provide access to
a cargo area. Hatchbacks may feature fold-down second row seating, where the interior can be flexibly
reconfigured to prioritize passenger vs. cargo volume. Hatchbacks may feature two- or three-box design
• subcompact car
Power 90 hp/5250 rpm
Maximum speed 180 (180)
km/h
Acceleration 0 - 100 km/h
Fuel tank volume
production 2006 year
Seats 5
Length 4030 mm.
Width 1720 mm.
Peugeot - 207
Economy Car
Hatchbacks
Ultracompact
car
subcompact
car
City carMicrocar
12. 11
• City Car
city car is a small
automobile intended
for use in urban areas.
Unlike microcars, a
city car's greater
speed, capacity and
(in perception at least)
occupant protection
are safer in mixed
traffic environments
and weather
conditions.
chevrolet spark 2016
Small
Transmission5-speed manual
6-speed manual
6-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,620 mm (103.1
in)
Length 4,253 mm (167.4
in)
4,580 mm (180.3 in) for SW
Width 1,815 mm (71.5 in)
Height 1,460 mm (57.5 in)
Peugeot 308 2007
Family Car
Large / mid
small
13. 12
Large
Max power output ISO
(kW/rpm) 1 149kW @
5400rpm
Max torque ISO (Nm/rpm) 2
345 @ 2700-3500rpm
Engine type 2.0L EcoBoost
GTDi petrol engine
ford mondeo
FULL SIZE
4.6 i V8 LX Sport (238 Hp)
4cy
238 hp
Sedan
6 seats
1999 2003 Ford - Crown Victoria
SaloonCar
Crossover
SUV
Minivans /
MPVs
Full size /
large
14. 13
Minivan
engine3.3 L 3MZ-FE V6 (MY2004–
2006)
3.5 L 2GR-FE V6 (MY2007–2010)
Transmission5-speed U151E
automatic (FWD)
5-speed U151F automatic (AWD)
Length 200 in (5,080 mm) (2004–05)
201 in (5,105 mm) (2006–2010)
Width 77.4 in (1,966 mm)
Height 68.9 in (1,750 mm))
Toyota Sienna
• Crossover SUV
Engine 2.0 L 3Y I4
(1984–1989)
2.4 L 22R/22R-E I4 (1984–1989)
2.4 L 22R-TE turbo I4 (1986–
1988)
3.0 L 3VZ-E V6 (1988–1989)
2.4 L 2L diesel I4 (1984–1989)
2.4 L 2L-T turbodiesel I4
(1985–1989)
Transmission4-speed
automatic
5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase 103.0 in (2,616
mm)
Length 174.6 in (4,435
mm)
Width 66.5 in (1,689 mm)
Height 66.1 in (1,679 mm)
Toyota 4Runner
15. 14
Audi A4 - BMW 3 Series – Mercedes S CLASS - Jaguar XF -
BMW 7-Series – Mercedes CLS
SPORTS CARS :
The term "sports car" does not appear to have a clear definition. It is commonly used to
describe vehicles which prioritize acceleration and handling; however, some people
claim it is also defined as a vehicle with two seats.
A Sports car (sports car or sport car) is a small, usually two-seat, two-door automobile
designed for spirited performance and nimble handling.
Example : Ferrari 612 Scaglietti - Porsche 911
Luxury vehicle
Compact
executive
Executive/mid-
luxury
Full-size luxury
Estate cars
16. 15
Super cars :
Supercar is a term generally used for ultra-high-end exotic cars, whose
performance is superior to that of its contemporaries. The proper application
of the term is subjective and disputed, especially among enthusiast
Koenigsegg Agera R
Bugatti Veyron 16.4
17. 16
Power to weight ratio :
You can have all the power in the world under the hood but unless its used efficiently, it may
as well not be there. A car’s horsepower only tells one side of the story when it comes to a
car’s speed. A better way to gauge how fast a car is to check out its power to weight ratio.
Power to weight ratio is used as a measurement of a car’s performance, with the power
output divided by the mass of the car to give a metric that is independent of a car’s size.
Why the need to include mass (or weight) in the calculation? Revisiting Newtonian’s Kinetic
Energy Equation, Ek=½mv
2
, by reducing the mass, less energy is needed for a car to move at
the same speed. Hence it is important to take into account the horsepower along with the
weight when measuring a vehicle’s performance.
In short, cars with lower horsepower may not necessarily be slower than cars with higher
horsepower. With this in mind, we have compiled a list of cars with the highest power to
weight ratio in their respective price range.
Position Year Model
Price
(RM)
Horsepower
Weight
(Tonne)
Power to
Weight Ratio
(HP/Tonne)
1 2013 SUZUKI SWIFT SPORT 97,788 134.10 1.07 125.33
2 2015 HONDA HR-V S 95,729 140.81 1.24 113.65
3 2014 HONDA JAZZ S 69,566 118.01 1.07 110.60
References :
ECE/TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.4 (Document)
http://innosonmotors.com
www.unece.org
http//ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/automotive/vehicle-categories_en
https://www.gov.uk/ride-motorcycle-moped/bike-categories-ages-and-licence-
requirements
International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 3833:1977 Road vehicles
– Types – Terms and definitions
"General Motors 2009 Data Book"