The document provides an overview of the automotive industry including:
- A brief history of the industry from 1886 to present day with key developments.
- Statistics on global vehicle production trends from 2009-2019 with passenger cars accounting for the majority.
- The top 15 vehicle manufacturers by production volume in 2017 are listed, led by Toyota, Volkswagen, and Hyundai.
An automobile is a motor vehicle used for transportation that runs on roads. Most have seating for 1-8 people and four wheels. Automobiles have various controls for driving, safety, and passenger comfort. Over time, additional features like backup cameras and entertainment systems have been added. Electric vehicles are becoming more commercially available. While automobiles provide transportation benefits, they also have societal costs like road maintenance and pollution. There are over 1 billion vehicles globally. Automobiles can be classified by purpose, size, fuel source, transmission, wheels, and side of driver seat placement. Key components include the frame, engine, transmission, controls, and accessories. Braking and four-wheel drive systems are important safety systems.
Vehicle categories are essential for regulating the automotive industry internationally. There are several international organizations that classify vehicles for regulatory purposes, with the main ones being NHTSA in the US and UNECE (ECE) in Europe. ECE vehicle categories include M (passenger vehicles), N (goods vehicles), L (three-wheeled or smaller vehicles), T/R/S (agricultural vehicles), and O (trailers). Passenger vehicles are further broken down by size and use. The document then provides examples to illustrate the various vehicle types that fall under the different international classification systems.
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
1-AE-UNIT-I-Classification and Components of four wheeler automobile.pptxGuntur Rajesh
The document provides a history of the automobile from its origins in the late 18th century. Some of the key developments include:
- In 1769, Nicholas Carnot created the first self-propelled road vehicle powered by a steam engine.
- In the late 19th century, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz developed the first vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, paving the way for modern cars.
- Henry Ford later formed the Ford Motor Company in 1903, making cars more affordable for mass production.
- More recent automotive innovations include the introduction of anti-lock braking systems in 1978 and hybrid gas-electric engines by Honda and Toyota in 2002.
The document provides an overview of automobiles and several related topics:
- It defines an automobile platform as the key mechanical components that define a vehicle, including the chassis, suspension, steering, and drivetrain.
- It briefly outlines the history of automobiles from early steam-powered vehicles to modern innovations like hybrid engines and computer-controlled systems.
- It discusses trends in the automobile industry like connected cars, electric vehicles, autonomous driving, 3D printing applications, and how artificial intelligence and data science are influencing new automotive technologies.
- The future of mobility is said to include new transportation technologies and services that improve movement of people and goods.
The document provides an overview of automobiles and automobile power plants. It discusses the classification of automobiles based on use, capacity, make, fuel used, body style, wheels, drive, and transmission. The major components of an automobile including the frame, suspension, power plant, transmission system, electrical system, and control systems are described. Different automobile layouts such as front-engine rear-wheel drive, rear-engine rear-wheel drive, and front-engine front-wheel drive are summarized. Safety features in cars like seat belts, air bags, anti-lock brakes, and electronic stability control are highlighted. Different types of automobile power plants including internal combustion engines, electrical vehicles, fuel cells, and hybrid systems are
M.tech 1st sem automobile that useful for developmentBinayaBhusanPanda
This document provides an overview of an automobile engineering course. The course objectives are to understand the basic structure, construction, and systems of an automobile including the suspension, transmission, braking, steering, and electrical systems. The document outlines 5 units that make up the course which cover topics like vehicle structure, suspension systems, clutches, gearboxes, differentials, axles, brakes, steering, and electrical systems. The course aims to provide students with both theoretical and applied knowledge of automobile design and development to help identify and solve problems in automobile maintenance.
An automobile is a motor vehicle used for transportation that runs on roads. Most have seating for 1-8 people and four wheels. Automobiles have various controls for driving, safety, and passenger comfort. Over time, additional features like backup cameras and entertainment systems have been added. Electric vehicles are becoming more commercially available. While automobiles provide transportation benefits, they also have societal costs like road maintenance and pollution. There are over 1 billion vehicles globally. Automobiles can be classified by purpose, size, fuel source, transmission, wheels, and side of driver seat placement. Key components include the frame, engine, transmission, controls, and accessories. Braking and four-wheel drive systems are important safety systems.
Vehicle categories are essential for regulating the automotive industry internationally. There are several international organizations that classify vehicles for regulatory purposes, with the main ones being NHTSA in the US and UNECE (ECE) in Europe. ECE vehicle categories include M (passenger vehicles), N (goods vehicles), L (three-wheeled or smaller vehicles), T/R/S (agricultural vehicles), and O (trailers). Passenger vehicles are further broken down by size and use. The document then provides examples to illustrate the various vehicle types that fall under the different international classification systems.
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
1-AE-UNIT-I-Classification and Components of four wheeler automobile.pptxGuntur Rajesh
The document provides a history of the automobile from its origins in the late 18th century. Some of the key developments include:
- In 1769, Nicholas Carnot created the first self-propelled road vehicle powered by a steam engine.
- In the late 19th century, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz developed the first vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, paving the way for modern cars.
- Henry Ford later formed the Ford Motor Company in 1903, making cars more affordable for mass production.
- More recent automotive innovations include the introduction of anti-lock braking systems in 1978 and hybrid gas-electric engines by Honda and Toyota in 2002.
The document provides an overview of automobiles and several related topics:
- It defines an automobile platform as the key mechanical components that define a vehicle, including the chassis, suspension, steering, and drivetrain.
- It briefly outlines the history of automobiles from early steam-powered vehicles to modern innovations like hybrid engines and computer-controlled systems.
- It discusses trends in the automobile industry like connected cars, electric vehicles, autonomous driving, 3D printing applications, and how artificial intelligence and data science are influencing new automotive technologies.
- The future of mobility is said to include new transportation technologies and services that improve movement of people and goods.
The document provides an overview of automobiles and automobile power plants. It discusses the classification of automobiles based on use, capacity, make, fuel used, body style, wheels, drive, and transmission. The major components of an automobile including the frame, suspension, power plant, transmission system, electrical system, and control systems are described. Different automobile layouts such as front-engine rear-wheel drive, rear-engine rear-wheel drive, and front-engine front-wheel drive are summarized. Safety features in cars like seat belts, air bags, anti-lock brakes, and electronic stability control are highlighted. Different types of automobile power plants including internal combustion engines, electrical vehicles, fuel cells, and hybrid systems are
M.tech 1st sem automobile that useful for developmentBinayaBhusanPanda
This document provides an overview of an automobile engineering course. The course objectives are to understand the basic structure, construction, and systems of an automobile including the suspension, transmission, braking, steering, and electrical systems. The document outlines 5 units that make up the course which cover topics like vehicle structure, suspension systems, clutches, gearboxes, differentials, axles, brakes, steering, and electrical systems. The course aims to provide students with both theoretical and applied knowledge of automobile design and development to help identify and solve problems in automobile maintenance.
This document provides information about the Automobile Engineering elective course at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It includes the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. It then outlines the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, course outcomes, teaching scheme, and units to be covered for the Automobile Engineering theory course. Key topics covered in the course include chassis and frames, power plants, clutches, gearboxes, braking systems, steering, suspension, electrical systems, and modern automotive developments.
The document provides an overview of automobile platforms and the future of mobility. It discusses the history of automobiles and their evolution. Key points include:
- An automobile platform includes common components like the chassis, suspension, steering, and drivetrain that can be shared between vehicles.
- Connected cars that communicate with each other and infrastructure are a growing trend, improving safety and reducing traffic.
- Electric vehicles sales are increasing rapidly and many predict they will soon surpass gasoline vehicles.
- Artificial intelligence and machine learning are being applied to areas like autonomous vehicles, predictive maintenance, and traffic optimization.
- The future of mobility involves new shared, electric, and autonomous transportation models that could significantly change transportation systems
The document summarizes a summer training project on studying the quantity of diesel remaining in pipes after engine testing. It provides background on the automobile industry trends and Ashok Leyland company. It then describes the engine testing process, including rigging, parameter running, and derigging. Data collected from three test cells shows the average quantity of diesel remaining in pipes after testing varies from 86ml to 131ml depending on the test cell.
A Journal on “Design and Optimization of Vehicle Chassis for Harsh Road Condi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a journal article about designing and optimizing vehicle chassis for harsh road conditions. It discusses how chassis are subjected to high loads that can lead to cracking or failure. The goal of the study is to analyze the static and dynamic properties of a prototype utility vehicle ladder frame chassis. The chassis is modeled in Autodesk Fusion 360 and analyzed for stress, displacement, and structural properties. Key factors considered in the design include material selection, strength, stiffness, weight, and providing adequate space for components while ensuring the chassis can withstand loads from driving forces.
The document provides an introduction to automobiles, including their purpose, classification, components, and chassis types. It defines an automobile as a self-propelled vehicle that produces its own power. Automobiles are classified based on requirements, load capacity, body type, drive type, fuel used, number of wheels/seats, model/make, piston displacement, and control type. The main components are the chassis, body, engine, suspension, lubrication system, transmission system, steering system, electrical system, and fuel supply system. Chassis types include ladder frame, tubular space frame, monocoque, and backbone. The document also describes functions and layouts of the chassis as well as requirements for automobile bodies.
The document discusses vehicle body engineering and provides details about different types of vehicle bodies. It begins with introducing basic features of an automobile including its chassis, body, power unit, and other sub-systems. It then outlines the course topics which include car body details, vehicle aerodynamics, bus body details, and commercial vehicle details. Next, it classifies automobiles based on use, capacity, make, model, fuel type, drive type, and construction type. Finally, it provides specifics about different car body styles including saloon, hatchback, coupe, convertible, limousine, estate car, pickup, station wagon, and sports car.
This document provides an overview of automobile engineering as taught in a university course. It discusses various topics that will be covered in the unit on vehicle structure and engines, including types of automobiles, vehicle construction and layouts, chassis components and functions, different types of frames, and classifications of automobiles. It also provides brief histories of the early developments of automobiles and defines key terms like chassis, subframe, and different car body styles.
This document provides an overview of the contents of a textbook on automobile chassis and body engineering. The textbook covers topics such as chassis frames, steering systems, braking systems, suspension systems, and more. It is intended for vocational and diploma students studying mechanical engineering. The document includes the table of contents which lists the chapters and subsections covered in the textbook.
This document provides an overview of the contents of a textbook on automobile chassis and body engineering. The textbook covers topics such as chassis frames, steering systems, braking systems, suspension systems, and seats, doors and windows. It also addresses legal aspects of motor vehicles, automobile pollution, and painting of automobiles. The textbook is intended for vocational and diploma students of mechanical engineering. It includes chapters on chassis frames and bodies, steering systems, braking systems, and suspension systems. Each chapter provides explanations of the components, functions, requirements and types within each system.
This document provides an overview of automobile engineering and the history of the Indian automobile industry. It discusses that automobile engineering deals with vehicles, their transmission systems and applications. It then outlines the history of the automobile industry in India from the 1800s through post-liberalization in 1991. Key events included the first car import in 1898, assembly of trucks and cars starting in the 1920s-1930s, and the establishment of major automobile companies from the 1940s-1960s. The document also provides classifications of vehicles and describes functions of major automobile components.
This document provides an introduction to automotive technology. It discusses the basics of automobile construction including frames, bodies, engines and the four-stroke cycle. The major systems of a vehicle like the fuel, electrical and cooling systems are identified. Different automotive body types such as sedans, hatchbacks and sport utility vehicles are also described. The purpose of this section is to give readers foundational knowledge of automotive parts and systems to pursue entry-level jobs or study more advanced automotive topics.
This document provides information about automobile engineering at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It outlines the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. It also describes the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, and course outcomes related to automobile engineering. Key topics covered include types of engines, chassis components, classifications of automobiles, and history of automobile development.
The document provides information on the components and workings of an automobile engine. It begins with defining key terms like bore, stroke, top dead center, and compression ratio. It then lists and describes the major engine components, including the cylinder block, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft, valves, manifolds, and flywheel. It explains their functions and how they work together to convert fuel energy into usable mechanical power through the combustion process in the cylinders.
This document provides information about an elective course in Automobile Engineering offered at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It includes the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. It then outlines the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, course outcomes, syllabus, and textbooks for the Automobile Engineering elective course. The course is designed to help students understand the basic concepts and components of automobiles, including chassis, engines, transmissions, brakes, steering, suspension, electrical systems, and modern developments in automobiles.
This document provides information about an elective course in automobile engineering offered at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It includes the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. The document outlines the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, course outcomes, syllabus, and textbook references for the automobile engineering elective course. The course is designed to provide understanding of fundamental automobile concepts and components, including different chassis types, engines, transmissions, brakes, steering, suspension, electrical systems, and modern developments in automobiles.
This document discusses different types of automobiles and their classification. It describes vehicles classified by purpose (passenger, goods), weight (heavy, light, medium), fuel type (petrol, diesel, gas, electric), capacity (heavy transport, light transport), number of wheels (two, four, three, six), and driver seat location (left, right hand drive). It also describes the chassis of vehicles, including its main parts and classifications based on engine fitting and number/driving wheels. Aerodynamic forces on vehicles like drag, lift, and crosswind forces are explained.
This document discusses the classification and layout of automobiles. It categorizes vehicles based on factors such as load, number of wheels, fuel used, body style, transmission, drive, suspension system, engine position, and chassis type. Common passenger vehicle layouts include front-engine/front-wheel drive, front-engine/rear-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive. Components like the engine, drivetrain, and suspension are described along with their functions and materials. Methods of forced induction like turbocharging and supercharging are also introduced.
The document discusses future advancements in automobile technology. It describes several types of cars that may become more prevalent such as electric cars, which use electric motors and batteries; hybrid cars, which combine gas and electric power; and hydrogen cars, which use hydrogen fuel instead of gas. Flying cars and autonomous cars are also mentioned as potential future technologies. The document outlines some of the sensor and computer systems that could enable autonomous driving capabilities and hands-free operation. It provides examples of companies currently testing self-driving car prototypes like Google. In conclusion, the document presents visions for the future of driving from BMW and Mercedes that envision more personalized in-car experiences and advanced electric vehicle designs.
The document provides an overview of automobile engineering and the history of automobile development. It discusses:
- Automobile engineering as an applied science that includes elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering.
- The evolution of automobiles from horse-drawn carriages in the late 19th century.
- Key developments in Europe including early steam vehicles in the 1770s and gas-powered engines in the 1860s. Mass production methods in the US in the early 1900s helped popularize automobile use.
- Indian automobile development beginning in the late 1940s with companies producing cars and other vehicles often through foreign collaborations.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
This document provides information about the Automobile Engineering elective course at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It includes the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. It then outlines the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, course outcomes, teaching scheme, and units to be covered for the Automobile Engineering theory course. Key topics covered in the course include chassis and frames, power plants, clutches, gearboxes, braking systems, steering, suspension, electrical systems, and modern automotive developments.
The document provides an overview of automobile platforms and the future of mobility. It discusses the history of automobiles and their evolution. Key points include:
- An automobile platform includes common components like the chassis, suspension, steering, and drivetrain that can be shared between vehicles.
- Connected cars that communicate with each other and infrastructure are a growing trend, improving safety and reducing traffic.
- Electric vehicles sales are increasing rapidly and many predict they will soon surpass gasoline vehicles.
- Artificial intelligence and machine learning are being applied to areas like autonomous vehicles, predictive maintenance, and traffic optimization.
- The future of mobility involves new shared, electric, and autonomous transportation models that could significantly change transportation systems
The document summarizes a summer training project on studying the quantity of diesel remaining in pipes after engine testing. It provides background on the automobile industry trends and Ashok Leyland company. It then describes the engine testing process, including rigging, parameter running, and derigging. Data collected from three test cells shows the average quantity of diesel remaining in pipes after testing varies from 86ml to 131ml depending on the test cell.
A Journal on “Design and Optimization of Vehicle Chassis for Harsh Road Condi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a journal article about designing and optimizing vehicle chassis for harsh road conditions. It discusses how chassis are subjected to high loads that can lead to cracking or failure. The goal of the study is to analyze the static and dynamic properties of a prototype utility vehicle ladder frame chassis. The chassis is modeled in Autodesk Fusion 360 and analyzed for stress, displacement, and structural properties. Key factors considered in the design include material selection, strength, stiffness, weight, and providing adequate space for components while ensuring the chassis can withstand loads from driving forces.
The document provides an introduction to automobiles, including their purpose, classification, components, and chassis types. It defines an automobile as a self-propelled vehicle that produces its own power. Automobiles are classified based on requirements, load capacity, body type, drive type, fuel used, number of wheels/seats, model/make, piston displacement, and control type. The main components are the chassis, body, engine, suspension, lubrication system, transmission system, steering system, electrical system, and fuel supply system. Chassis types include ladder frame, tubular space frame, monocoque, and backbone. The document also describes functions and layouts of the chassis as well as requirements for automobile bodies.
The document discusses vehicle body engineering and provides details about different types of vehicle bodies. It begins with introducing basic features of an automobile including its chassis, body, power unit, and other sub-systems. It then outlines the course topics which include car body details, vehicle aerodynamics, bus body details, and commercial vehicle details. Next, it classifies automobiles based on use, capacity, make, model, fuel type, drive type, and construction type. Finally, it provides specifics about different car body styles including saloon, hatchback, coupe, convertible, limousine, estate car, pickup, station wagon, and sports car.
This document provides an overview of automobile engineering as taught in a university course. It discusses various topics that will be covered in the unit on vehicle structure and engines, including types of automobiles, vehicle construction and layouts, chassis components and functions, different types of frames, and classifications of automobiles. It also provides brief histories of the early developments of automobiles and defines key terms like chassis, subframe, and different car body styles.
This document provides an overview of the contents of a textbook on automobile chassis and body engineering. The textbook covers topics such as chassis frames, steering systems, braking systems, suspension systems, and more. It is intended for vocational and diploma students studying mechanical engineering. The document includes the table of contents which lists the chapters and subsections covered in the textbook.
This document provides an overview of the contents of a textbook on automobile chassis and body engineering. The textbook covers topics such as chassis frames, steering systems, braking systems, suspension systems, and seats, doors and windows. It also addresses legal aspects of motor vehicles, automobile pollution, and painting of automobiles. The textbook is intended for vocational and diploma students of mechanical engineering. It includes chapters on chassis frames and bodies, steering systems, braking systems, and suspension systems. Each chapter provides explanations of the components, functions, requirements and types within each system.
This document provides an overview of automobile engineering and the history of the Indian automobile industry. It discusses that automobile engineering deals with vehicles, their transmission systems and applications. It then outlines the history of the automobile industry in India from the 1800s through post-liberalization in 1991. Key events included the first car import in 1898, assembly of trucks and cars starting in the 1920s-1930s, and the establishment of major automobile companies from the 1940s-1960s. The document also provides classifications of vehicles and describes functions of major automobile components.
This document provides an introduction to automotive technology. It discusses the basics of automobile construction including frames, bodies, engines and the four-stroke cycle. The major systems of a vehicle like the fuel, electrical and cooling systems are identified. Different automotive body types such as sedans, hatchbacks and sport utility vehicles are also described. The purpose of this section is to give readers foundational knowledge of automotive parts and systems to pursue entry-level jobs or study more advanced automotive topics.
This document provides information about automobile engineering at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It outlines the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. It also describes the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, and course outcomes related to automobile engineering. Key topics covered include types of engines, chassis components, classifications of automobiles, and history of automobile development.
The document provides information on the components and workings of an automobile engine. It begins with defining key terms like bore, stroke, top dead center, and compression ratio. It then lists and describes the major engine components, including the cylinder block, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft, valves, manifolds, and flywheel. It explains their functions and how they work together to convert fuel energy into usable mechanical power through the combustion process in the cylinders.
This document provides information about an elective course in Automobile Engineering offered at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It includes the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. It then outlines the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, course outcomes, syllabus, and textbooks for the Automobile Engineering elective course. The course is designed to help students understand the basic concepts and components of automobiles, including chassis, engines, transmissions, brakes, steering, suspension, electrical systems, and modern developments in automobiles.
This document provides information about an elective course in automobile engineering offered at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It includes the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. The document outlines the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, course outcomes, syllabus, and textbook references for the automobile engineering elective course. The course is designed to provide understanding of fundamental automobile concepts and components, including different chassis types, engines, transmissions, brakes, steering, suspension, electrical systems, and modern developments in automobiles.
This document discusses different types of automobiles and their classification. It describes vehicles classified by purpose (passenger, goods), weight (heavy, light, medium), fuel type (petrol, diesel, gas, electric), capacity (heavy transport, light transport), number of wheels (two, four, three, six), and driver seat location (left, right hand drive). It also describes the chassis of vehicles, including its main parts and classifications based on engine fitting and number/driving wheels. Aerodynamic forces on vehicles like drag, lift, and crosswind forces are explained.
This document discusses the classification and layout of automobiles. It categorizes vehicles based on factors such as load, number of wheels, fuel used, body style, transmission, drive, suspension system, engine position, and chassis type. Common passenger vehicle layouts include front-engine/front-wheel drive, front-engine/rear-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive. Components like the engine, drivetrain, and suspension are described along with their functions and materials. Methods of forced induction like turbocharging and supercharging are also introduced.
The document discusses future advancements in automobile technology. It describes several types of cars that may become more prevalent such as electric cars, which use electric motors and batteries; hybrid cars, which combine gas and electric power; and hydrogen cars, which use hydrogen fuel instead of gas. Flying cars and autonomous cars are also mentioned as potential future technologies. The document outlines some of the sensor and computer systems that could enable autonomous driving capabilities and hands-free operation. It provides examples of companies currently testing self-driving car prototypes like Google. In conclusion, the document presents visions for the future of driving from BMW and Mercedes that envision more personalized in-car experiences and advanced electric vehicle designs.
The document provides an overview of automobile engineering and the history of automobile development. It discusses:
- Automobile engineering as an applied science that includes elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering.
- The evolution of automobiles from horse-drawn carriages in the late 19th century.
- Key developments in Europe including early steam vehicles in the 1770s and gas-powered engines in the 1860s. Mass production methods in the US in the early 1900s helped popularize automobile use.
- Indian automobile development beginning in the late 1940s with companies producing cars and other vehicles often through foreign collaborations.
Similar to Chapter 1 Overview of automobile.pptx (20)
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
2. What is the automobile?
1.1. History of the automotive industry development
1.1.1. Definition of the automobile
3. What do you know about the automotive industry?
World automotive industry production volume
Source OICA
1.1.2. Some statistics on the automotive industry
Year
Passenger
cars
Light
commercial
vehicles
Heavy trucks
Buses and
coaches
Total %PC
2009 47.772.598 10.652.855 3.039.428 297.443 61.762.324 77%
2010 58.239.494 14.767.988 4.216.112 359.925 77.583.519 75%
2011 59.929.016 15.784.655 4.007.500 349.699 80.070.870 75%
2012 63.070.002 17.069.886 3.749.158 350.335 84.239.381 75%
2013 65.462.496 17.728.042 3.818.186 345.279 87.354.003 75%
2014 67.530.621 18.084.557 3.805.991 313.059 89.734.228 75%
2015 68.539.516 18.490.519 3.429.026 321.522 90.780.583 76%
2016 72.291.747 19.135.852 3.507.604 337.594 95.272.797 76%
2017 73.456.531 19.387.815 4.141.930 316.258 97.302.534 75%
2018 70.567.581 21.072.296 4.227.815 275.098 96.142.790 73%
2019 67.149.196 20.223.655 4.142.806 271.204 91.786.861 73%
1.1. History of the automotive industry development
4. 15 largest manufactures by production volume in 2017:
Source OICA
Rank Group Country Vehicles %
1 Toyota Japan 10466051 11%
2 Volkswagen Group Germany 10382334 11%
3 Hyundai South Korea 7218391 7%
4 General Motors United States 6856880 7%
5 Ford United States 6386818 7%
6 Nissan Japan 5769277 6%
7 Honda Japan 5236842 5%
8 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy / United States 4600847 5%
9 Renault France 4153589 4%
10 PSA France 3649742 4%
11 Suzuki Japan 3302336 3%
12 SAIC China 2866913 3%
13 Daimler Germany 2549142 3%
14 BMW Germany 2505741 3%
15 Geely China 1950382 2%
15 largest manufactures 77895285 80%
World total 97302534 100%
What do you know about the automotive industry?
1.1.2. Some statistics on the automotive industry
1.1. History of the automotive industry development
5. - Today, the automotive industry is one of the biggest industry in the
world. Countries with developed automotive industry include: USA,
Japan, Germany, Korea, China ...
- In the US, nearly 12 million person work in the automotive industry,
nearly 1 million person work in car services. On average, it take 20
person to assembly 1 car.
- In Japan, there are nearly 5 million person work in the automotive
industry.
- In Vietnam, there are many universities, colleges, vocational schools
teaching and training automotive engineering.
How do you think about Vietnam automotive industry now and in the future?
What do you know about the automotive industry?
1.1.2. Some statistics on the automotive industry
1.1. History of the automotive industry development
6. - The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern
car when German inventor Karl Benz patented his Benz
Patent-Motorwagen.
1.1.3. Overview of the automotive industry history
1.1. History of the automotive industry development
7. - 1888: Tire was invented
The structure of the automobiles have been developed to
improve technical features and use as speed, comfort,
safety...
- 1934: AT
- 1971: ABS
- 1973: EFI
1.1. History of the automotive industry development
1.1.3. Overview of the automotive industry history
8. 1.1. History of the automotive industry development
1.1.3. Overview of the automotive industry history
9. 1.1. History of the automotive industry development
1.1.3. Overview of the automotive industry history
10. 1.1. History of the automotive industry development
1.1.3. Overview of the automotive industry history
11. - 1970s: Airbag
- 1980s: VVT
- 1986: New generation 4WS
- 1995: ESP
- 1997: Supersonic car
- Future car:?
Today, the terms like Active system, By-wire control, Driver
assists are becoming popular.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile
http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/Car_History.
htm
http://www.vama.org.vn/
http://vsae.org.vn/
1.1. History of the automotive industry development
1.1.3. Overview of the automotive industry history
12. 1.1. History of the automotive industry development
1.1.3. Overview of the automotive industry history
13. 1.2. Basic functions of vehicle
An auto vehicle has 3 basic functions:
- Run
- Stop
- Turn
14. - Passenger cars
- Trucks
- Buses and coaches
- Special vehicles
Passenger cars
a) Saloon/Sedan;
b) Coupe;
c) Station wagon;
d) Cabriolet;
e) Roadster;
f) MPV;
g) Big station wagon;
h) Pick-up
1.3. Vehicle classification
1.3.1. Vehicle classification by usage
15. 1.3. Vehicle classification
1.3.1. Vehicle classification by usage
Trucks
a) Vans;
b) Light trucks;
c) Heavy trucks;
d) Special trucks;
e) Refrigerated vans;
f) Semi trailers
16. 1.3. Vehicle classification
1.3.1. Vehicle classification by usage
Buses and coaches
a) Mini buses; b) Articulated buses; c) Urban buses; d) Double
decker buses; e) Interurban coaches; f) Long distance coaches
17. 1.3. Vehicle classification
1.3.1. Vehicle classification by usage
Special vehicles
a) Garbage trucks;
b) Fire trucks;
c) Crane trucks;
d) Bulldozers;
e) Concrete trucks;
f) Excavators
18. European Union standards:
- Category M: Motor vehicles for the carriage of passengers
- Category N: Power-driven vehicles for the carriage of goods
- Category O: Trailers (including semitrailers)
- Category M1: comprising no more than eight seats,
maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tons
- Category M2: comprising more than eight seats,
maximum mass not exceeding 5 tons
- Category M3: comprising more than eight seats,
maximum mass exceeding 5 tons
1.3. Vehicle classification
1.3.2. Vehicle classification according to European standards
19. - Category N1: Vehicles for the carriage of goods and having
a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tonnes
- Category N2: Vehicles for the carriage of goods and having
a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tonnes but not exceeding 12
tonnes
- Category N3: Vehicles for the carriage of goods and having
a maximum mass exceeding 12 tonnes
1.3. Vehicle classification
1.3.2. Vehicle classification according to European standards
20. - Category O1: Trailers with a maximum mass not exceeding
0.75 tonnes
- Category O2: Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding
0.75 tonnes, but not exceeding 3.5 tonnes
- Category O3: Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 3.5
tonnes, but not exceeding 10 tonnes
- Category O4: Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 10
tonnes
The meaning of automobile classification?
1.3. Vehicle classification
1.3.2. Vehicle classification according to European standards
22. 1.4. Basic construction and general arrangement of the automobile
1.4.1. Basic construction of the automobile
23. General arrangement of vehicle describe the positions of
engine, drive wheels and other components.
Arrangement of vehicle is considered to:
- Ensure the best performance of components, systems
and whole vehicle.
- Ensure the compact dimensions, reasonable mass
distribution on axles, convenient for manufacture and
maintenance.
1.4.2. General arrangement of the automobile
1.4. Basic construction and general arrangement of the automobile
24. - Front engine, rear wheel drive
- Front engine, front wheel drive
- Rear engine, rear wheel drive
- Front engine, all wheel drive
- Rear engine, all wheel drive
Most popular arrangement of passenger car? Why?
Arrangement of passenger cars
1.4. Basic construction and general arrangement of the automobile
1.4.2. General arrangement of the automobile
25. Arrangement of buses and coaches
- Front engine
- Rear engine
Arrangement of trucks
- Engine is placed in front of cabin
- Engine is placed under cabin
- Engine is placed in rear of cabin and under the
container
Most popular arrangement? Why?
1.4. Basic construction and general arrangement of the automobile
1.4.2. General arrangement of the automobile
26. 1.5. Classification of automotive engines
Basic engine design
- Reciprocating engine: In-line engine, V engine, Opposite piston
engine, Radial engine
- Rotary engine: Walkel engine
Method of ignition
- SI (Spark Ignition) engine
- CI (Compression Ignition) engine
Method of cooling
- Air cooled engine
- Water cooled engine
Fuel used
- Gasoline (Petrol) engine
- Diesel engine
- Gas (LNG, CNG, LPG) engine
- Dual fuel engine
- Hydrogen engine
- Hybrid
- Fuel cell
Application
- For passenger cars
- For commercial vehicles
Working cycle
- 2 stroke cycle engine
- 4 stroke cycle engine
27. 1.6. Performance curves and characteristics of engines
Characteristics
- Power
- Torque
- Fuel consumtption
Editor's Notes
This picture describes a man riding a horse and an automobile. Long time ago, human had known to uses the animal for faster moving. For example, using dogs, reindeer, camel, cows, horses, and so on. Nowadays, we have many types of vehicle for moving such as bicycle, moto bicycle, automobile, train, plane, and spaceship. The most common moving vehicle is automobile.
What is the automobile?
In Oxford English dictionary: “Automobile is a road vehicle, typically with four wheels, powered by an internal combustion engine or electric motor and able to carry a small number of people”
In TCVN 6211:2003 (ISO 3833:1977) made by Vietnam Register:
What do you know about automotive industry?
This table shows the world automotive industry production volume in last 10 years. What can we read from this table?
Vehicle type definitions
Passenger cars are motor vehicles with at least four wheels, used for the transport of passengers, and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat.
Light commercial vehicles are motor vehicles with at least four wheels, used for the carriage of goods. Mass given in tons (metric tons) is used as a limit between light commercial vehicles and heavy trucks. This limit depends on national and professional definitions and varies between 3.5 and 7 tons.
Minibuses, derived from light commercial vehicles, are used for the transport of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat and having a maximum mass between 3.5 and 7 tons.
Heavy trucks are vehicles intended for the carriage of goods. Maximum authorized mass is over the limit (ranging from 3.5 to 7 tons) of light commercial vehicles. They include tractor vehicles designed for towing semi-trailers.
Buses and coaches are used for the transport of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass over the limit (ranging from 3.5 to 7 tones) of light commercial vehicles.
Light vehicles include passenger cars and light commercial vehicles.
Commercial vehicles include light commercial vehicles, heavy trucks, coaches and buses.
The total vehicles is increasing due to economic development.
The passenger cars take nearly 75% (three quarter) of total vehicle produced in the world. It shows that, the needs of moving by private vehicle is necessary.
How is the production volume of Vietnam automotive industry in 2019?
- 339.151 units (according to VR)
This table shows the 15 largest manufacturers by production volume in 2017.
The number one is Toyota, take 11%, the next is Volkswagen take same 11%.
15 biggest manufacturers produce 80% of all automobiles in the world.
How about Vinfast from 2019 to now?
Officially inaugurated Vinfast factory on Jun 14th 2019, after 21 months construction.
2019 october enjoined Vietnam Automobile Manufacturer’s Association (VAMA).
The first quarter of 2020, 5124 units, ranks 5th in Vietnam
Today, the automotive industry is one of the largest industry in the world. Countries with developed automotive industry include: USA, Japan, Germany, Korea, China ...
In the US, nearly 12 million person work in the automotive industry, nearly 1 million person work in car services. On average, it take 20 person to assembly 1 car.
In Japan, there are nearly 5 million person work in the automotive industry.
In Vietnam, there are many universities, colleges, vocational schools teaching and training automotive engineering.
How do you think about Vietnam automotive industry now and in the future?
Karl Benz fabricated the car with idear of supporting his wife shopping.
This picture shows the car race. People always like competition. And it is the dynamic of the development. That why the structure of the automobile have been developed to improve technical features and use as speed, comfort, safety…
1934 The Automatic Transmission was invented
1971 The Anti-lock Brake System was invented
1973 The Electric Fuel Injection was invented
These pictures show types of the car in first generation. All most of them were for wealthy, even some part of the car was gold plated.
These pictures show types of the car in first generation
These pictures show types of the affordable cars in first generation, made in assembly line style of mass production.
1970s Airbag was invented
1980s Variable Valve Timming was invented (What were the valves in Vietnamese?)
1986: new generation 4 Wheel Steering system was invented
1995: Electronic Stability Program was inveted
1997: ThrustSSC, Thrust SSC or Thrust supersonic car is a British jet car developed by Richard Noble, Glynne Bowsher, Ron Ayers, and Jeremy Bliss.[1]
Thrust SSC holds the world land speed record, set on 15 October 1997, when it achieved a speed of 1,228 km/h (763 mph) and became the first land vehicle to officially break the sound barrier
These pictures show the luxury cars. They were used for president, super stars, business man…
An automobile has 3 basic functions: run, stop, and turn.
For running, the automobile needs powertrain system. It includes an engine and power transmission system. The engine generates torque, the power transmission system change this torque and transmit to the tires to impact to road surface, reaction force from road surface make vehicle moving.
For stopping, the automobile needs the brake system. Brake system creates braking torque to stop vehicle. This system change the kinetic energy of vehicle to heat energy.
For turning, the automobile needs the steering system. It change the direction of the vehicle.
Xe buyt có khớp nối tương đương với xe sơmi rơ mooc.
According to European Union standards:
- Catalogy M: Motor vehicles having at least four wheels and for the carriage of passengers
- Catalogy N: Power-driven vehicles having at least four wheels and for the carriage of goods
- Catalogy O: Trailers (including semitrailers)
M1 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass (“technically permissible maximum laden mass”) not exceeding 3.5 tons
M2 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass (“technically permissible maximum laden mass”) not exceeding 5 tons
M3 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass exceeding 5 tons
The meaning of automobile classification?
For vehicle regulation (speed…)
For vehicle registration
For training and issuing licences
For calculating tax
Explain axle/wheel configuration?
The first digit is the total number of axle head
The second digit is the number of drive axle head
1. Engine 2. Transmission system 3. Frame and body 4. Brake system 5. Suspension system 6. Electric system 7. Wheels
Front engine, rear wheel drive
Conventional type of layout
Well suited for load carriers
Has drive-train loss
Rear engine, rear wheel dirve:
Engine noise is insolated from the passenger compartment
Reduced drive-train loss by using tranaxle
Engine control links should be extended
Greater rear weight bias
Better traction but, rear weight transfer increases on acceleration
Better braking
Tend to oversteer (when decelerating)
Front engine, front wheel drive
Advantages
Economic
Vehicle is good adhesion on road as more weight is placed on the front wheels
Has better road holding even on curves and slipery road
Compact packaging:
No need central tunnel through passenger compartment
Engine can be mounted transversly
Limitations
Not used in powerfull cars as it’s difficult to feed more power and increase speed during a turn without resulting in understeer
All wheel drive
Has more drive-train loss
Understeer can result
However now its combated with trick and techy diffirentials and electronic to stay virtually as RWD for a few monments
An example of this would be illustrated by the following sample curves. The horizontal axis shows engine speed in revolutions per minute (RPM) and the vertical axis indicates power in both kWm and in HP. There are two curves shown and the testing standards are indicated (ISO 3046). Typically these curves are referred to as “continuous” (the lowest output), and “intermittent” (the upper curve).
Engine horsepower curves often show the torque curve or “pull down torque” as well. This curve illustrates the amount of torque available from the engine as a load is applied that exceeds the engine’s rated torque at the operating RPM. The difference in the torque at the rated RPM and the maximum or peak torque is the “torque rise”. It is usually expressed as a percentage. (Peak Torque – Rated Torque / Rated Torque = Torque Rise X 100)