The document provides an overview of demography and family planning. It discusses key terminology like population, demography, population dynamics, and population size. It also describes the demographic cycle and its five stages. The composition of a population is explained through sex ratio and population pyramids. The main determinants of population change are fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility and its regulation are discussed in detail. Population explosion and its effects are also summarized.
The document discusses Indian social demography and population trends. It notes that while birth, death, and infant mortality rates have declined in India, they remain higher than developed countries. India's population has grown significantly and crossed 1 billion. The National Population Policy of 2000 aims to stabilize population growth and achieve replacement fertility levels through expanding access to healthcare, education, and family planning services. Key objectives include reducing birth and death rates and promoting small family norms.
The document outlines the stages of the demographic transition theory. It begins by defining key demographic terms like fertility, mortality, and migration. It then explains the four stages of the demographic transition:
Stage I is characterized by high and fluctuating birth and death rates. Population growth is slow. Stages II and III see death rates decline due to improved healthcare and sanitation while birth rates remain high but eventually start to fall due to factors like family planning and women's education. Stage IV is reached when birth and death rates stabilize and population growth stops. The demographic transition model describes how societies progress from high mortality/fertility to low mortality/fertility as they develop economically and socially.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations, including size, composition, distribution, and changes over time. Key aspects studied include fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, population size and distribution, and how these influence and are influenced by socioeconomic factors. Population pyramids and dependency ratios are important demographic indicators used to analyze population age structures and support planning. Census data provides information on population numbers, characteristics, and trends over time that is vital for governments, businesses, and academics.
This chapter examines geographies of population through investigating population distribution, structure, dynamics, and movement. It discusses key concepts such as censuses, population density, age-sex pyramids, birth and death rates, migration patterns, and debates around overpopulation. The chapter aims to understand factors that influence population trends and their implications for policymaking.
The document discusses population dynamics and demography. It covers several key topics:
1. Population is a dynamic field that has seen significant changes in birth rates and population trajectories globally in recent years.
2. Demographic factors like population size, growth, structure, and changes impact many aspects of life from housing to healthcare.
3. Global population is still rising by over 80 million per year and is expected to continue growing this century unless action is taken. The largest population growth will occur in sub-Saharan Africa.
INTRODUCTION
Elderly population is increasing in all countries of the world. This is due to several factors which include decline in fertility, improvement in public health and increase in life expectancy. Decline in fertility was brought about by more wide spread acceptability of family planning while increase in life expectancy is attributed to improved medical care brought about by technological advancement. According to a published U.S Bureau Bulletin of the Census and Database on Ageing in 1988, the world’s total population is growing at a rate of 1.7 percent per year.
1. Demography is the study of human populations and can be defined narrowly as focusing only on quantitative aspects like population size, or broadly to include qualitative factors as well.
2. The scope of demography is wide, encompassing topics like population size and composition, birth and death rates, migration, urbanization, and related social and economic issues. It can be studied from a micro or macro level.
3. Demography is considered a science as it systematically studies populations using observation, theories, and laws to analyze factors influencing population changes and make predictions. Population data and analysis are important for economic planning, administration, and other areas.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in demography and population studies. It defines demography as the study of human populations, their size, composition, and distribution, as well as changes over time. Some key points covered include:
- The three main components that determine population dynamics are births, deaths, and migration.
- Fertility is influenced by cultural, social, economic and health factors, which operate through four proximate determinants: sexual activity, contraception, infecundity, and abortion.
- Mortality is measured through death rates, infant mortality rates, and life expectancy.
- Population composition looks at characteristics like age and sex.
- Demographic data comes
The document discusses Indian social demography and population trends. It notes that while birth, death, and infant mortality rates have declined in India, they remain higher than developed countries. India's population has grown significantly and crossed 1 billion. The National Population Policy of 2000 aims to stabilize population growth and achieve replacement fertility levels through expanding access to healthcare, education, and family planning services. Key objectives include reducing birth and death rates and promoting small family norms.
The document outlines the stages of the demographic transition theory. It begins by defining key demographic terms like fertility, mortality, and migration. It then explains the four stages of the demographic transition:
Stage I is characterized by high and fluctuating birth and death rates. Population growth is slow. Stages II and III see death rates decline due to improved healthcare and sanitation while birth rates remain high but eventually start to fall due to factors like family planning and women's education. Stage IV is reached when birth and death rates stabilize and population growth stops. The demographic transition model describes how societies progress from high mortality/fertility to low mortality/fertility as they develop economically and socially.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations, including size, composition, distribution, and changes over time. Key aspects studied include fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, population size and distribution, and how these influence and are influenced by socioeconomic factors. Population pyramids and dependency ratios are important demographic indicators used to analyze population age structures and support planning. Census data provides information on population numbers, characteristics, and trends over time that is vital for governments, businesses, and academics.
This chapter examines geographies of population through investigating population distribution, structure, dynamics, and movement. It discusses key concepts such as censuses, population density, age-sex pyramids, birth and death rates, migration patterns, and debates around overpopulation. The chapter aims to understand factors that influence population trends and their implications for policymaking.
The document discusses population dynamics and demography. It covers several key topics:
1. Population is a dynamic field that has seen significant changes in birth rates and population trajectories globally in recent years.
2. Demographic factors like population size, growth, structure, and changes impact many aspects of life from housing to healthcare.
3. Global population is still rising by over 80 million per year and is expected to continue growing this century unless action is taken. The largest population growth will occur in sub-Saharan Africa.
INTRODUCTION
Elderly population is increasing in all countries of the world. This is due to several factors which include decline in fertility, improvement in public health and increase in life expectancy. Decline in fertility was brought about by more wide spread acceptability of family planning while increase in life expectancy is attributed to improved medical care brought about by technological advancement. According to a published U.S Bureau Bulletin of the Census and Database on Ageing in 1988, the world’s total population is growing at a rate of 1.7 percent per year.
1. Demography is the study of human populations and can be defined narrowly as focusing only on quantitative aspects like population size, or broadly to include qualitative factors as well.
2. The scope of demography is wide, encompassing topics like population size and composition, birth and death rates, migration, urbanization, and related social and economic issues. It can be studied from a micro or macro level.
3. Demography is considered a science as it systematically studies populations using observation, theories, and laws to analyze factors influencing population changes and make predictions. Population data and analysis are important for economic planning, administration, and other areas.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in demography and population studies. It defines demography as the study of human populations, their size, composition, and distribution, as well as changes over time. Some key points covered include:
- The three main components that determine population dynamics are births, deaths, and migration.
- Fertility is influenced by cultural, social, economic and health factors, which operate through four proximate determinants: sexual activity, contraception, infecundity, and abortion.
- Mortality is measured through death rates, infant mortality rates, and life expectancy.
- Population composition looks at characteristics like age and sex.
- Demographic data comes
This document provides an overview of demography and population studies. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations, examining their size, structure and changes over time and space. Key points include:
- Demography analyzes population dynamics like birth, death, and migration and their influence on society. It uses data from government censuses and registrations.
- A nation typically progresses through five stages of a demographic cycle from high stationary population to declining population.
- India has over 1.3 billion residents and is projected to surpass China as the world's most populous country by 2027. The UN expects the global population to increase by 2 billion by 2050.
- Demography
The document discusses key concepts related to human population including population, demography, population growth, and population dynamics. It defines population as a group of the same species living in an area. Demography is defined as the study of human population dynamics, encompassing the size, structure and distribution of populations. The document outlines the demographic transition model showing how populations transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop. It also discusses population pyramids and how their shapes reflect different growth stages.
The document discusses key concepts related to human population including population, demography, population growth, and population dynamics. It defines population as a group of the same species living in an area. Demography is defined as the study of human population dynamics, encompassing the size, structure and distribution of populations. The document outlines the demographic transition model showing how populations transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop. It also discusses population pyramids and how their shapes reflect different stages of the demographic transition.
Demography is the statistical study of human populations with regards to births, deaths, and migration. It examines the size, structure, and distribution of populations over time. Key factors that influence population growth rates are birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. India's population is growing rapidly due to high birth rates and declining death rates. This population growth creates challenges for the economy and environment. The government is trying to address this through family planning programs and education initiatives. Accurate population data in India comes from sources like the census, civil registration system, sample surveys, and sample registration system.
The document discusses population and demography topics including:
- Population growth has rapidly increased over time, doubling from 1950-1987 as the world population reached 5 billion.
- The Philippines has one of the fastest growing populations in the world, ranking 13th in population size globally. Its population grew from 15 million in 1900 to over 60 million in 1990.
- Population change is influenced by three variables: fertility rates, mortality rates, and migration patterns. Reductions in mortality contributed to global population growth while migration has not significantly impacted growth in most countries.
This document provides an overview of demography as a subject area. It defines demography as the scientific study of human populations in terms of size, structure, and development. It discusses that demography encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects of population. The scope of demography is very broad, including the size and characteristics of populations, factors influencing birth and death rates, population composition and distribution, migration patterns, population policies, theoretical models, and more. Demography can be viewed from both micro and macro perspectives. It has characteristics of a science in that it involves systematic study, testing of theories, ability to make predictions, and universal principles. Demography is an important area of study for economies, societies, policymakers and more.
Demography is the study of human populations and encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It analyzes the size, composition, and distribution of populations as well as changes over time through processes like fertility, mortality, migration, and social mobility. Demography can be studied from both micro and macro perspectives. As a field, it possesses the key characteristics of a science such as being a systematic body of knowledge, having testable theories, and the ability to make predictions. Demography is an important subject for economies, societies, policymakers, and administrators in addressing issues related to population growth, distribution, and development.
The Implications of Nigera’s Population Structure to Her Economic Growth and ...AJHSSR Journal
This paper made on analytic discourse on the implications of Nigeria’s population structure on
her economic growth and development. The method is descriptive, using previous works and Nigeria’s census
data. Attention was focused on the age-sex structure with the age structure attracting more abundant interest. It
was found that since 1963, data on Nigeria’s population has consistently posted similar trends in the age
structure--a youthful age structure, with over 40% under 15 years, over 50% under 65 years and about 3% over
65 years. The dependency ratio is almost at par with the working population and the sex ratio equally almost par
with males dominating from 0-54 years and females outnumbering from 55 years and above. The bulging
youthful population without adequate employment opportunities and socio-infrastructural facilities has created
large burden on the society. This excess youthful population could be turned into a demographic bonus or gain
which could result to accelerated economic growth for the country if the government can engage the necessary
policy measures and activities as narrated and recommended.
Demography is the statistical study of human populations and encompasses the size, structure, and distribution of populations over time and space in response to births, deaths, and migration. Demographic data can be collected directly from vital records like censuses or birth/death records, or indirectly by surveying samples about topics like fertility rates. The scope of demography includes both macro-level trends like economic issues and population growth, as well as micro-level topics like individual families. A balanced view of demography encompasses factors like population size, composition, distribution, labor forces, and population policies.
This document outlines the course content and first chapter for the course Development Economics II. The course is 3 credit hours, taught by instructor Yerosan S.B., and covers topics like population growth, human capital, agriculture, trade, and foreign aid. The first chapter discusses population growth and its measurement, the relationship between population growth and economic development, and concepts like fertility rates, mortality rates, and age distribution. It also covers the demographic transition experienced by developed countries as mortality declined before fertility, leading to population growth.
This document provides an overview of demography and its key concepts. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations with regards to size, structure, and changes due to births, deaths, and migration. Some important elements of demography discussed include population size, composition by age and sex, and distribution across territories. Demographic data is important for planning health services, economic and social development, and formulating policies. Common demographic indicators mentioned are crude birth rate, death rate, and life expectancy. Methods of collecting demographic data include censuses, surveys, interviews, and reviewing vital records.
This chapter examines key topics relating to population geography, including:
- The use of census data and its limitations in understanding populations
- Factors that influence population distribution, structure, dynamics and movement over time and space
- Current issues and debates around population size, growth, and policies
The chapter outlines population-related concepts, examines geographic patterns and influences on populations, and discusses migration and population policies.
Business Demography Unit I_FYBBA BBA IB.pdfMangeshBhople
This document provides an overview of business demography and population studies. It defines demography and explains its importance for business, the economy, society, and political and administrative planning. It discusses key demography concepts like fertility, mortality, migration, and population structure. It also outlines factors affecting fertility and mortality rates and different types of migration. The document aims to give students a proper understanding of demography concepts and how population changes impact quality of life, business, and society.
This document provides an overview of population studies. It defines population as people inhabiting a given area and discusses how population studies examine the size, composition, and distribution of populations. Population studies aim to increase population awareness and promote measures to address rapid population growth. They examine factors like fertility, mortality, and migration. Population studies provide advantages in political, economic, social, and administrative planning contexts by helping understand impacts of population changes and balance development with population growth. They also help identify regional imbalances caused by population migration trends.
Randy OlsonNational GeographicSuperStockLearning Objecti.docxmakdul
Randy Olson/National Geographic/SuperStock
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain what the field of demography and demographics is about and how demographers use concepts
like birth rates, death rates, and fertility rates to study changes in population over time.
• Discuss the range of population forecasts for the decades ahead and the factors that help explain the
variation in those forecasts.
• Explain the I 5 PAT concept and how it shifts the focus of the population-environment debate from one
solely focused on human numbers to a broader discussion of the role of affluence and technology in
environmental degradation.
• Discuss the ways in which the combination of increased family planning services and improvement in
the status of women in society helped the Asian nation of Bangladesh achieve remarkable reductions in
fertility rates and population growth.
Human Population
Dynamics 2
CN CT
CO_TX
CO_BL
CO_CRD
CO_LO
ben85927_02_c02.indd 63 1/20/14 2:32 PM
InTroDucTIon
Pre-Test
1. Which stage is characterized with an equal birth rate and death rate in developing
countries?
a. Pre-industrial stage
b. Transitional stage
c. Industrial stage
d. Post-industrial stage
2. Which country has the fastest growing amount of carbon emissions from fossil fuels?
a. united States
b. Africa
c. England
d. china
3. Living standards and rates of consumption in much of Africa are very low, and yet
some demographers and environmental scientists are concerned about the future
environmental impacts of population on that continent. Based on the I 5 PAT formula
this is because Africa has
a. a declining A factor.
b. a rising T factor.
c. a rising A factor.
d. a rising P factor.
4. Beyond the availability of family planning and contraceptive services, demographers
know that better education and opportunities for young girls and women can have a
powerful impact on fertility rates. This is because
a. well-educated women tend to have more children.
b. well-educated women tend to have fewer children.
c. well-educated women tend not to get married.
d. well-educated women can read the instructions on contraceptive packages.
Answers
1. d. Post-industrial stage. The answer can be found in section 2.1.
2. d. china. The answer can be found in section 2.2.
3. d. a rising P factor. The answer can be found in section 2.3.
4. b. well-educated women tend to have fewer children. The answer can be found in section 2.4.
Introduction
During Paleolithic, or stone tool, times humans had relatively little advantage over other ani-
mals on the savanna. Survival was fragile, people died young, and populations stayed small.
But humans were smart. Tribal bonds became strong, people learned to cooperate for the
common good, and we survived those perilous times.
Then, about 50,000 years ago, tool technology began to show rapid improvements. Light,
sharp, streamlined spear points replace ...
The document discusses population and demography, providing definitions and theories. It defines population as people living in a geographic area, and demography as the organized study of a population's size, composition, and changes. Several population theories are described, including Professor Car-Saunders' theory of an optimum population size based on resources and needs, and Professor Thompson's theory of population passing through static, growing, and then again static stages with development. Issues of overpopulation in Pakistan are also summarized, with high birth rates compared to decreasing death rates leading to problems of shortage, unemployment, and increased crime. Causes of overpopulation in Pakistan include the desire for male children, poverty, lack of family planning awareness, and early/polygam
Scope of demography or scope of population studies adamas unbreakable AjeetYadav124
This document discusses the scope of demography and population studies. It covers 7 key areas: 1) size of population, 2) composition of population, 3) distribution of population, 4) fertility, mortality, and migration, 5) labor force, 6) social demography, and 7) population policy. For each area, it describes what is studied, such as changes in population size over time and space, characteristics of populations like age and gender, patterns of migration, labor participation rates, and impacts of family structure and government policies on population trends. The scope of demography is wide-ranging and constantly evolving to explore new research areas.
Viral hepatitis can be caused by five different viruses that infect the liver. They are transmitted through contaminated food/water or exposure to blood/bodily fluids. While they cause liver inflammation, the viruses differ in modes of transmission, severity of illness, geographical distribution, and prevention methods.
This document provides an overview of demography and population studies. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations, examining their size, structure and changes over time and space. Key points include:
- Demography analyzes population dynamics like birth, death, and migration and their influence on society. It uses data from government censuses and registrations.
- A nation typically progresses through five stages of a demographic cycle from high stationary population to declining population.
- India has over 1.3 billion residents and is projected to surpass China as the world's most populous country by 2027. The UN expects the global population to increase by 2 billion by 2050.
- Demography
The document discusses key concepts related to human population including population, demography, population growth, and population dynamics. It defines population as a group of the same species living in an area. Demography is defined as the study of human population dynamics, encompassing the size, structure and distribution of populations. The document outlines the demographic transition model showing how populations transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop. It also discusses population pyramids and how their shapes reflect different growth stages.
The document discusses key concepts related to human population including population, demography, population growth, and population dynamics. It defines population as a group of the same species living in an area. Demography is defined as the study of human population dynamics, encompassing the size, structure and distribution of populations. The document outlines the demographic transition model showing how populations transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop. It also discusses population pyramids and how their shapes reflect different stages of the demographic transition.
Demography is the statistical study of human populations with regards to births, deaths, and migration. It examines the size, structure, and distribution of populations over time. Key factors that influence population growth rates are birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. India's population is growing rapidly due to high birth rates and declining death rates. This population growth creates challenges for the economy and environment. The government is trying to address this through family planning programs and education initiatives. Accurate population data in India comes from sources like the census, civil registration system, sample surveys, and sample registration system.
The document discusses population and demography topics including:
- Population growth has rapidly increased over time, doubling from 1950-1987 as the world population reached 5 billion.
- The Philippines has one of the fastest growing populations in the world, ranking 13th in population size globally. Its population grew from 15 million in 1900 to over 60 million in 1990.
- Population change is influenced by three variables: fertility rates, mortality rates, and migration patterns. Reductions in mortality contributed to global population growth while migration has not significantly impacted growth in most countries.
This document provides an overview of demography as a subject area. It defines demography as the scientific study of human populations in terms of size, structure, and development. It discusses that demography encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects of population. The scope of demography is very broad, including the size and characteristics of populations, factors influencing birth and death rates, population composition and distribution, migration patterns, population policies, theoretical models, and more. Demography can be viewed from both micro and macro perspectives. It has characteristics of a science in that it involves systematic study, testing of theories, ability to make predictions, and universal principles. Demography is an important area of study for economies, societies, policymakers and more.
Demography is the study of human populations and encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It analyzes the size, composition, and distribution of populations as well as changes over time through processes like fertility, mortality, migration, and social mobility. Demography can be studied from both micro and macro perspectives. As a field, it possesses the key characteristics of a science such as being a systematic body of knowledge, having testable theories, and the ability to make predictions. Demography is an important subject for economies, societies, policymakers, and administrators in addressing issues related to population growth, distribution, and development.
The Implications of Nigera’s Population Structure to Her Economic Growth and ...AJHSSR Journal
This paper made on analytic discourse on the implications of Nigeria’s population structure on
her economic growth and development. The method is descriptive, using previous works and Nigeria’s census
data. Attention was focused on the age-sex structure with the age structure attracting more abundant interest. It
was found that since 1963, data on Nigeria’s population has consistently posted similar trends in the age
structure--a youthful age structure, with over 40% under 15 years, over 50% under 65 years and about 3% over
65 years. The dependency ratio is almost at par with the working population and the sex ratio equally almost par
with males dominating from 0-54 years and females outnumbering from 55 years and above. The bulging
youthful population without adequate employment opportunities and socio-infrastructural facilities has created
large burden on the society. This excess youthful population could be turned into a demographic bonus or gain
which could result to accelerated economic growth for the country if the government can engage the necessary
policy measures and activities as narrated and recommended.
Demography is the statistical study of human populations and encompasses the size, structure, and distribution of populations over time and space in response to births, deaths, and migration. Demographic data can be collected directly from vital records like censuses or birth/death records, or indirectly by surveying samples about topics like fertility rates. The scope of demography includes both macro-level trends like economic issues and population growth, as well as micro-level topics like individual families. A balanced view of demography encompasses factors like population size, composition, distribution, labor forces, and population policies.
This document outlines the course content and first chapter for the course Development Economics II. The course is 3 credit hours, taught by instructor Yerosan S.B., and covers topics like population growth, human capital, agriculture, trade, and foreign aid. The first chapter discusses population growth and its measurement, the relationship between population growth and economic development, and concepts like fertility rates, mortality rates, and age distribution. It also covers the demographic transition experienced by developed countries as mortality declined before fertility, leading to population growth.
This document provides an overview of demography and its key concepts. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations with regards to size, structure, and changes due to births, deaths, and migration. Some important elements of demography discussed include population size, composition by age and sex, and distribution across territories. Demographic data is important for planning health services, economic and social development, and formulating policies. Common demographic indicators mentioned are crude birth rate, death rate, and life expectancy. Methods of collecting demographic data include censuses, surveys, interviews, and reviewing vital records.
This chapter examines key topics relating to population geography, including:
- The use of census data and its limitations in understanding populations
- Factors that influence population distribution, structure, dynamics and movement over time and space
- Current issues and debates around population size, growth, and policies
The chapter outlines population-related concepts, examines geographic patterns and influences on populations, and discusses migration and population policies.
Business Demography Unit I_FYBBA BBA IB.pdfMangeshBhople
This document provides an overview of business demography and population studies. It defines demography and explains its importance for business, the economy, society, and political and administrative planning. It discusses key demography concepts like fertility, mortality, migration, and population structure. It also outlines factors affecting fertility and mortality rates and different types of migration. The document aims to give students a proper understanding of demography concepts and how population changes impact quality of life, business, and society.
This document provides an overview of population studies. It defines population as people inhabiting a given area and discusses how population studies examine the size, composition, and distribution of populations. Population studies aim to increase population awareness and promote measures to address rapid population growth. They examine factors like fertility, mortality, and migration. Population studies provide advantages in political, economic, social, and administrative planning contexts by helping understand impacts of population changes and balance development with population growth. They also help identify regional imbalances caused by population migration trends.
Randy OlsonNational GeographicSuperStockLearning Objecti.docxmakdul
Randy Olson/National Geographic/SuperStock
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain what the field of demography and demographics is about and how demographers use concepts
like birth rates, death rates, and fertility rates to study changes in population over time.
• Discuss the range of population forecasts for the decades ahead and the factors that help explain the
variation in those forecasts.
• Explain the I 5 PAT concept and how it shifts the focus of the population-environment debate from one
solely focused on human numbers to a broader discussion of the role of affluence and technology in
environmental degradation.
• Discuss the ways in which the combination of increased family planning services and improvement in
the status of women in society helped the Asian nation of Bangladesh achieve remarkable reductions in
fertility rates and population growth.
Human Population
Dynamics 2
CN CT
CO_TX
CO_BL
CO_CRD
CO_LO
ben85927_02_c02.indd 63 1/20/14 2:32 PM
InTroDucTIon
Pre-Test
1. Which stage is characterized with an equal birth rate and death rate in developing
countries?
a. Pre-industrial stage
b. Transitional stage
c. Industrial stage
d. Post-industrial stage
2. Which country has the fastest growing amount of carbon emissions from fossil fuels?
a. united States
b. Africa
c. England
d. china
3. Living standards and rates of consumption in much of Africa are very low, and yet
some demographers and environmental scientists are concerned about the future
environmental impacts of population on that continent. Based on the I 5 PAT formula
this is because Africa has
a. a declining A factor.
b. a rising T factor.
c. a rising A factor.
d. a rising P factor.
4. Beyond the availability of family planning and contraceptive services, demographers
know that better education and opportunities for young girls and women can have a
powerful impact on fertility rates. This is because
a. well-educated women tend to have more children.
b. well-educated women tend to have fewer children.
c. well-educated women tend not to get married.
d. well-educated women can read the instructions on contraceptive packages.
Answers
1. d. Post-industrial stage. The answer can be found in section 2.1.
2. d. china. The answer can be found in section 2.2.
3. d. a rising P factor. The answer can be found in section 2.3.
4. b. well-educated women tend to have fewer children. The answer can be found in section 2.4.
Introduction
During Paleolithic, or stone tool, times humans had relatively little advantage over other ani-
mals on the savanna. Survival was fragile, people died young, and populations stayed small.
But humans were smart. Tribal bonds became strong, people learned to cooperate for the
common good, and we survived those perilous times.
Then, about 50,000 years ago, tool technology began to show rapid improvements. Light,
sharp, streamlined spear points replace ...
The document discusses population and demography, providing definitions and theories. It defines population as people living in a geographic area, and demography as the organized study of a population's size, composition, and changes. Several population theories are described, including Professor Car-Saunders' theory of an optimum population size based on resources and needs, and Professor Thompson's theory of population passing through static, growing, and then again static stages with development. Issues of overpopulation in Pakistan are also summarized, with high birth rates compared to decreasing death rates leading to problems of shortage, unemployment, and increased crime. Causes of overpopulation in Pakistan include the desire for male children, poverty, lack of family planning awareness, and early/polygam
Scope of demography or scope of population studies adamas unbreakable AjeetYadav124
This document discusses the scope of demography and population studies. It covers 7 key areas: 1) size of population, 2) composition of population, 3) distribution of population, 4) fertility, mortality, and migration, 5) labor force, 6) social demography, and 7) population policy. For each area, it describes what is studied, such as changes in population size over time and space, characteristics of populations like age and gender, patterns of migration, labor participation rates, and impacts of family structure and government policies on population trends. The scope of demography is wide-ranging and constantly evolving to explore new research areas.
Viral hepatitis can be caused by five different viruses that infect the liver. They are transmitted through contaminated food/water or exposure to blood/bodily fluids. While they cause liver inflammation, the viruses differ in modes of transmission, severity of illness, geographical distribution, and prevention methods.
Vector-borne diseases account for over 17% of infectious diseases worldwide, causing over 700,000 deaths annually. Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, with P. falciparum being the deadliest species. In 2021, there were an estimated 247 million malaria cases and 619,000 deaths. Dengue is caused by four distinct serotypes of dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. It affects over half the world's population and causes 100-400 million infections annually. Japanese encephalitis is caused by a flavivirus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, infecting primarily pigs and birds
Unit-1 Community Health and Community Health Nursing.pptxdeepamanandhar1
The document provides information about a community health nursing course, including its description and focus. The course is designed to provide knowledge about community health nursing concepts and principles. It applies approaches like epidemiology and carries out community diagnoses to identify common health problems. The course also focuses on providing care to individuals, families, groups and communities for disease prevention, health promotion and rehabilitation.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria, which forms a membrane in the throat or larynx. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets or skin lesions. Children aged 1-5 are most affected. Clinical features include sore throat and difficulty swallowing. Treatment involves isolation, vaccination, and antibiotics. Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, which is highly contagious. It affects infants and children the most. Symptoms include coughing fits and whooping sounds. Treatment involves antibiotics and vaccination. Acute respiratory infections are caused by numerous bacteria and viruses. They can affect the upper or lower respiratory tract. Symptoms include cough, fever and difficulty breathing. Treatment depends on the severity and
The document outlines Nepal's history of programs to control diarrhoeal diseases among children, beginning in 1983 with the Control of Diarrhoeal Disease program and evolving into the current Community-Based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness program, which integrates management of newborn care and aims to reduce under-five mortality from diarrhoea and other illnesses through improved case management, health systems, and community care practices.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB), including:
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets or dust.
- An estimated 10 million people fell ill with TB in 2019, including 1.2 million children. It is curable but multidrug-resistant strains remain a challenge.
- Nepal faces a high burden of TB, with an estimated 69,000 cases in 2020. Efforts are ongoing to improve detection, treatment and prevent further spread.
This document discusses the dimensions and determinants of health according to the WHO definition. It outlines the physical, mental, social, spiritual, emotional, and vocational dimensions of health. The determinants of health include biological, behavioral, environmental, socioeconomic, health services, aging population, and gender factors. Responsibility for health is seen as involving individual self-care, community support, state provision of healthcare, and international cooperation.
The document discusses the iceberg phenomenon in epidemiology. It explains that the tip of the iceberg represents clinical cases that physicians see, while the larger submerged part represents undiagnosed, latent, and asymptomatic cases. This hidden portion of disease or infection in the community poses a challenge to public health. Examples are given of diseases like hypertension and diabetes where the undetected prevalence far exceeds known cases. Controlling the reservoir of infection, through measures like early diagnosis, notification, isolation, and treatment, is an important part of disease prevention and control efforts aimed at the submerged portion of the iceberg.
The document outlines guidelines for managing diarrhoea according to the Community-Based Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illnesses (CB-IMNCI) program in Nepal. It describes assessing patients for dehydration, classifying diarrhoea as persistent or dysentery, and treating dehydration and infections. For young infants, treatment involves checking for serious bacterial infection and classifying/treating dehydration. For older children, it involves assessing for danger signs, malnutrition, and immunization status and providing oral rehydration solution, continued feeding, and antibiotics if needed. The guidelines emphasize continued breastfeeding, referral for severe cases, and follow-up care.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by pathogens transmitted through sexual contact. Over 20 pathogens can cause STDs, affecting the genital tract and sometimes other sites. Key STDs include gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, genital herpes, and human papillomavirus. Factors influencing STD transmission and prevalence include age, sex, marital status, socioeconomic status, high-risk behaviors, and social determinants. STDs are diagnosed through clinical features and laboratory tests and treated through antimicrobial therapies. Prevention relies on education, screening, partner notification, and barrier methods.
Nepal's health care system is managed by the Ministry of Health and Population and provides services from the federal to local levels. At the local level, health posts and community health units provide basic services like immunizations and treatment. Primary hospitals class A and B offer expanded services including outpatient care, emergency services, and basic surgeries. Secondary hospitals have departments for various specialties and treat more complex cases. Tertiary hospitals provide specialized referral services across various medical and surgical disciplines. The highest levels of care are offered at super-specialty hospitals and supported by federal health science academies for research and education.
The conducting system of the heart generates rhythmic impulses that are conducted throughout the myocardium, coordinating contractions. The sinoatrial node initiates impulses that spread to the atria, then the atrioventricular node relays them to the ventricles via the bundle of His. This causes synchronized atrial and ventricular contractions that pump blood out of the heart. The pulse corresponds to expansion of arteries from ventricular ejection with each heartbeat. Factors like age, exercise, and medications can influence the pulse rate, while features like rhythm, strength and tension provide clinical information.
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of arteries and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It is written as the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts while the diastolic pressure occurs when the heart is at rest between beats. Blood pressure is dependent on factors like cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity, and blood volume. It can be measured using a sphygmomanometer and listening for Korotkoff sounds over the brachial artery. Oxygen saturation measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen and is measured noninvasively using a pulse oximeter.
Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. They account for over 17% of infectious diseases worldwide and cause 700,000 deaths annually. Malaria is a major vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes. In 2021, there were an estimated 247 million malaria cases and 619,000 deaths. Dengue is another significant vector-borne disease spread by Aedes mosquitoes. The global incidence of dengue has increased dramatically, with an estimated 100-400 million infections annually. Japanese encephalitis, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with an estimated 68,000 cases
Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water. The disease causes a sustained fever for 3-4 weeks along with gastrointestinal symptoms. Prevention focuses on control of reservoirs through treatment and isolation of cases, improved sanitation and hygiene practices, and immunization in endemic areas.
The document discusses the dimensions of health according to the WHO definition, which include physical, mental, and social dimensions. It also discusses other dimensions such as spiritual, vocational, philosophical, cultural, socio-economic, environmental, educational, nutritional, curative, and preventive. The determinants of health that influence health status are described as biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, socio-economic, related to health services, aging population, gender, and other factors. Finally, the document outlines the responsibilities for health of individuals, communities, states, and internationally.
The natural history of disease occurs in two phases: the prepathogenesis phase where disease factors exist in the environment but have not entered the host, and the pathogenesis phase where the disease agent enters the susceptible host, multiplies, and causes changes that can result in recovery, disability, or death. The pathogenesis phase can be modified by interventions like immunization or chemotherapy.
Community diagnosis involves comprehensively assessing the health status of a community in relation to its social, physical, and biological environment. It is a multi-step process that includes identifying health needs and resources, collecting and analyzing data, prioritizing issues, planning interventions, implementing actions, and evaluating outcomes. The goal is to help communities understand their health status and make informed decisions to improve community health.
Unit-1 Community Health and Community Health Nursing.pptxdeepamanandhar1
Community health refers to the health of a community as determined by health status, problems, and care. A community is a social group sharing a geographic boundary and common values/interests. Community health nursing aims to promote health, prevent illness, and restore health through activities like education, screening, and home care. As an educator, advocate, manager, collaborator, leader and researcher, the community health nurse identifies health issues, provides services, and conducts research to improve community health.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
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In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
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1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
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Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Demogrhaphy.pptx
1. P R E P A R E D B Y
M S B A N H I P O K H A R E L
M S C N U R S I N G S E C O N D Y E A R
B A T C H 2 0 1 8
UNIT II
DEMOGRAPHY AND
FAMILY PLANNING
2. CONTENTS
1/28/2023 4:44 AM
Demography and family planning
2
Different terminologies.
Introduction of the demography.
Demographic cycle.
Composition of population
Population distribution
Determinants of population change
Population explosion
3. Terminologies
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Demography and family planning
3
Population- Is a collective group of organisms of
the same species living in the same place at the same
time.
A population is a summation of all the organisms
of the same group or species, who live in the
same geographical area, and have the capability of
interbreeding.
4. Terminologies cont…
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Demography and family planning
4
Demography- it is the scientific study of human
population. It focuses on three phenomenon: change
in population, the composition of population and the
distribution of population.
5. Terminologies cont…
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Demography and family planning
5
Population dynamics-It is the branch of life
sciences that studies short-term and long-term
changes in the size and age composition of
populations, and the biological and environmental
processes influencing those changes.
Population Size- it refers to the number of
individuals in a population.
6. Terminologies cont…
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Demography and family planning
6
Population Density- it is the number of individual
per unit in area.
7. Terminologies cont…
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Demography and family planning
7
Population Dispersion- it is the pattern of
distribution in which a population exists.
8. Terminologies cont…
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Demography and family planning
8
Population explosion- means very rapid and
unprecedented growth of population.
9. Introduction of Demography
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Demography and family planning
9
Greek words
‘demos’ meaning people and ‘graphein’ meaning
record.
It is the scientific study of human population.
Focuses its attention on three readily observable
phenomena:
change in population size (growth or decline),
the composition of population and
the distribution of population in space.
10. Introduction of Demography cont…
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Demography and family planning
10
It deals with five “demographic processes”
Fertility, mortality, marriage, migration and social
mobility.
These five processes are continuously at work within
a population determining size, composition and
distribution.
11. Definitions of demography
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Demography and family planning
11
Demography is a branch of science which studies the
human population and their elements. The elements
are change in size of population, structure of
population and their geographical distribution of
population.
Demography is the scientific study of human
population such as changes in population size, the
composition of the population and distribution of
population in space.
12. Demographic Cycle
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Demography and family planning
12
Demographic cycle, or population cycle, refers to the
evolution over time of the population profile of a
country, region or other defined geographical area.
Demographic cycle describe changes in population
size and composition due to increase or decrease in
number of births and deaths.
13. Demographic Cycle
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Demography and family planning
13
The history of world population since 1650 suggests
that there is a demographic cycle of 5 stages through
which a nation passes:
First Stage
Second Stage
Third Stage
Fourth Stage
Fifth Stage
15. Demographic Cycle cont…
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Demography and family planning
15
i) First stage (High Stationary)
It is characterized by high birth rate and high death
rate which cancel each other. So the population
remains stationary.
India was in this stage till 1920.
16. Demographic Cycle cont…
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Demography and family planning
16
ii) Second stage (Early Expanding)
There is a decline in death rate while the birth rate
remains unchanged. So the population expands.
Many developing countries of Asia and Africa are in
this stage.
Birth rates have increased in some of these countries
possibly as a result of improved health conditions,
and shortening periods of breast feeding.
17. Demographic Cycle cont…
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Demography and family planning
17
iii) Third stage (Late Expanding)
Death rate declines further and birth rate begins to
fall. Yet there is an increase in population since birth
exceeds deaths.
India appears to have entered this stage. In number
of countries birth rates have decline rapidly. (e.g.
China, Singapore)
18. Demographic Cycle cont…
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Demography and family planning
18
iv) Fourth stage (Low Stationary)
Is characterized by Low birth rate and low death
rate. So the population becomes stationary.
Most of the industrialized countries have gone a
demographic transition shifting from high birth and
death rates to low high birth and death rates.
Belgium, Denmark and Switzerland are in this stage.
19. Demographic Cycle cont…
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Demography and family planning
19
v) Fifth stage (Declining)
Population begins to decline as birth rate is lower
than death rate.
East European countries like Germany and Hungary
are now in this stage
20. The composition of a population
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Demography and family planning
20
The sex ratio and
The age sex pyramid
21. The sex ratio
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Demography and family planning
21
“The number of females per 1000 males”
Sex Ratio has decreased from 99.8 in 2001 to 94.2 in
2011.
In abstract number, there are 796,422 more females
than males in the country. (source; census 2011)
23. Population pyramids
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Demography and family planning
23
are graphical representations of the age and sex of a
population.
also referred to as age-sex pyramids.
Population pyramids usually have males on the left
side and females on the right.
There is also a vertical line in the middle of the graph
that separates the males from the females.
24. Types of population pyramids
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Demography and family planning
24
25. Types of population pyramids cont…
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Demography and family planning
25
Expansive population pyramids depict
populations that have a larger percentage of people in
younger age groups.
Populations with this shape usually have high
fertility rates with lower life expectancies.
Many third world countries have expansive
population pyramids.
26. Types of population pyramids cont…
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Demography and family planning
26
Constrictive population pyramids:
They are constricted at the bottom.
There is a lower percentage of younger people.
Constrictive population pyramids show declining
birth rates, since each succeeding age group is
getting smaller and smaller.
The United States has a constrictive population
pyramid.
27. Types of population pyramids cont…
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Demography and family planning
27
Stationary population pyramids:
That show a somewhat equal proportion of the
population in each age group.
There is not a decrease or increase in population; it is
stable.
Austria has a stationary population pyramid.
28. Population distribution
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Demography and family planning
28
Population distribution means the pattern of where
people live.
World population distribution is uneven.
29. Determinant of Population Change
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Demography and family planning
29
Fertility
Mortality
Migration
(sex composition, literacy, life expectancy)
30. Fertility
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Demography and family planning
30
One major indicator and determinant of
demographic change is fertility.
It is a measure of the actual number of offspring
produced.
31. Fertility cont…
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Demography and family planning
31
Fertility refers to the child bearing performance and
fecundity to the child bearing capacity. Fertility is a
voluntary biological process; fecundity is an inherent
physiological capacity.
Fertility means actual bearing of children; fertility
varies between individuals depending upon their
reproductive behavior.
32. Determinants of fertility
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Demography and family planning
32
Age at marriage
Duration of marriage
Spacing of children
Child survival
Education status
Economic stability
Cultural belief and practices
33. Principles of fertility regulation
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Demography and family planning
33
Avoid untimely pregnancies
Avoid too close pregnancies
Avoid unwanted pregnancies
Avoid too many pregnancies
Avoid risky pregnancies
34. Benefits of fertility regulation
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Demography and family planning
34
35. Approaches to fertility regulation
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Demography and family planning
35
Educational approach
Service approach
Motivational approach
Legal approach
Integrated approach
36. Methods of fertility regulation
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Demography and family planning
36
Contraception
Termination
Sterilization
37. Determinant of Population Change
cont…
1/28/2023 4:44 AM
Demography and family planning
37
b) Mortality
Mortality is the second major variable that shapes
population trends.
A population's age structure is an important factor
influencing its death rate.
Death rates are highest among infants, young
children, and the elderly.
38. Determinant of Population Change
cont…
1/28/2023 4:44 AM
Demography and family planning
38
b) Mortality cont…
Developed countries with good medical services have
more people in older age brackets than developing
countries.
Life expectancy serves as a measure of the general
health of the population, which depends on the
satisfaction of many basic human needs.
39. Determinant of Population Change
cont…
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Demography and family planning
39
c)Migration
The third major factor that drives population trends
is migration.
40. Determinant of Population Change
cont…
1/28/2023 4:44 AM
Demography and family planning
40
c)Migration
Migration is less predictable over long periods than
fertility or mortality, since it can happen in sudden
waves—for example, when refugees flee a war—or
slowly over many years.
41. Population explosion
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Demography and family planning
41
Population explosion is a self-created catastrophe,
which the mankind has brought upon itself.
Population is one of the primary factor which has
brought in its way a widespread pollution of air,
water and land as well as deforestation,
desertification, accidents involving chemicals and
the danger of extinction of some plant and animal
species.
42. Population explosion cont…
1/28/2023 4:44 AM
Demography and family planning
42
Effects of population explosion
Population explosion absorbs national income
Lowers the standard of living
Reduced food production
Environmental pollution
More deforestation
Industrial pollution
Poverty/unemployment
Behavioral problems
Social problems
43. Summarization
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Demography and family planning
43
What do you mean by demography? What are the
different stages of demographic cycle? (2+5=7)
What are the Determinants of Population Change?
Explain them. (2+5=7)
44. Assignment for next day
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Demography and family planning
44
What are the different methods of family planning?
45. References
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Demography and family planning
45
Park K. Text book of preventive and social Medicine, 22rd edition. Jabalpur:
Bhannarsidas Publishers, 2011
Clement I Manual of Community Health Nursing, 1st edition, New Delhi, Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers; 2012
Kamalam S.Essentials in community health nursing practice, 3rd edition, New Delhi,
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2017
Gulani K.K. Community Health Nursing Principles and practices, 1st edition,kumar
publishing house, Pitampura,Delhi 2011
Tuitui R. Dr.Suwal S.N. A Textbook of Community Health Nursing,
VidyarthiPrakasan(P.) Ltd kamalpokhari,Kathmandu, Nepal 2006.s
Ghimire B, A text Book of Community Health Nursing, 2nd edition, Heritage
Publishers & Distributors P. Ltd
https://study.com/academy/lesson/population-pyramids-definition-types-
stages.html retrieved on 9/2/2019.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Glossary:Demographic_cycle retrieved on 9/3/2019.
https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-population-distribution/
retrieved on 9/3/2019.
47. PREVIOUS CONTENTS
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Demography and family planning
47
Different terminologies.
Introduction of the demography.
Demographic cycle.
Composition of population
Population distribution
Determinants of population change
Population explosion
48. CONTENTS
1/28/2023 4:44 AM
Demography and family planning
48
Terminologies
World population growth through history
Implication of population studies in Community
Health Nursing
Family planning
Health aspects of family planning
Contraceptive methods/ fertility regulation methods
49. Terminologies
1/28/2023 4:44 AM
Demography and family planning
49
Median age
is the age that divides a population into two
numerically equal groups - that is, half the people are
younger than this age and half are older.
It is a single index that summarizes the age
distribution of a population
50. Terminologies
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Demography and family planning
50
Dependency Ratio
The dependency ratio is a measure of the number of
dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65,
compared with the total population aged 15 to 64.
This indicator gives insight into the number of
people of nonworking age, compared with the
number of those of working age.
51. Terminologies
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Demography and family planning
51
Marital status
the distinct options that describe a person's
relationship with a significant other.
Married, single, divorced, and widowed are examples
of such status and sometimes may be a source of
discrimination
52. Terminologies
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Demography and family planning
52
Family size:
A fundamental social group in society typically
consisting of one or two parents and their children.
53. Terminologies
Crude birth rate
Is the simplest indicator of fertility and is define as
"the number of life births per 1000 estimated mid-
year population in a given year”
1/28/2023 4:44 AM
Vital Statistics
53
55. Terminologies
General Fertility Rate
It is the "number of live births per 1000 women
in the reproductive age-group (15-49 years) in a
given year".
It is better measure of fertility then the CBR
because denominator is restricted to the
number of women in the child bearing age,
rather then the whole population
1/28/2023 4:44 AM
Vital Statistics
55
56. Terminologies
General Fertility Rate
Number of live births in an area
during the year x 1000
Midyear female population age (15- 49)
in the same area in same year
1/28/2023 4:44 AM
Vital Statistics
56
57. Terminologies
Age specific Fertility
A more precise measure of fertility and is defined as
the "number of live births in a year to 1000 women
in any specified age-group".
Number of live births in a
particular age group x 1000
Midyear female population of
the same age group
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58. Terminologies
Total fertility rate
The average number of children a woman would
have if she were to pass through her reproductive
years bearing children at the same rates as the
women now in each age group.
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59. Terminologies
Total fertility rate
It is computed by summing the age-specific fertility
rates for all ages; if 5-year age groups are used, the
sum of the rates is multiplied by 5.
45-49
5 x ∑ASFR
TFR= . 15-19 .
1000
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60. Terminologies
Crude death rate (CDR)
The number of death per 1000 in a given time period
and place divided by the population at risk or total
mid-year population.
No. of deaths occurred in a year * 1000
Mid-year population
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61. Terminologies
It is important to recognize and summarize the effect
of two factors;
Population composition
Age specific death rates which reflect the
probability of dying
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62. Terminologies
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Specific Death Rates;
The Specific Death Rates may be;
Causes or disease specific,e.g. T.B, HIV/AIDS,
Cancer, Accidents etc.
Related to specific group, i.e. age, sex, and age / sex
specific
Specific death rate gives accurate picture of mortality
rate for male and female of each age.
63. Terminologies
For eg, case specific death rate due to tuberculosis
Specific death rate for males
Case specific death rate due to tuberculosis =
Number of deaths from tuberculosis year
during a calendar year * 1000
Mid-year population
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64. Terminologies
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Net migration rate:
is the difference between the number of immigrants
(people coming into an area) and the number of
emigrants (people leaving an area) throughout the
year.
N = (I - E) / M X 1,000
65. Natural increase of population
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The difference between the birth and death is
the natural increase in population.
The rate of natural increase is one at which the
population is increasing or decreasing in a given year
whether or not birth are surplus over death and
expressed as a percentage of the base population.
Rate of Increase = Births –deaths /Total mid-year
Population*100
66. Natural increase of population cont…
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Growth rate: It is the rate at which population
increase or decreases in a given year because of
natural increase and net migration. It is expressed in
Percentage.
Growth rate = Rate of Natural increase± Net
Migration rate
67. Population Doubling Time
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The amount of time for a given population to double
based on the annual growth rate
To determine doubling time, divide 70 by the growth
rate as a percentage. i.e., a growth rate of 3.5
represents a doubling time of 20 years.
The world's current (overall as well as natural)
growth rate is about 1.14%, representing a doubling
time of 61 years.
68. World Population Growth
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Many threats, from diseases to climate fluctuations
kept life expectancy short and death rates high in
pre-industrial society, so it took until 1804 for the
human population to reach one billion.
69. World Population Growth through
History
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Human population has grown very slowly for most of
its existence on earth.
Scientists currently estimate that modern human
beings (Homo sapiens) evolved roughly 130,000 to
160,000 years ago.
Through the early decades of the Industrial
Revolution, life expectancies were low in Western
Europe and the United States.
70. World Population Growth through
History cont…
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Thousands of people died from infectious diseases
such as typhoid and cholera.
But from about 1850 through 1950, a cascade of
health and safety advances radically improved living
conditions in industrialized nations.
Growth rate- 1.8% in 1950s.
Growth rate peaked at 2.2% in 1963.
Declined to below 1.1% by 2012.
71. Measurement of population change
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The population change over time can be expressed based
on the relationship among the three component of
population change i.e. births, deaths and migration.
P2 = P1± (B-D) ± (I-E)
Where:
P2=Population at the later date
P1=Population at the earlier date
B=Birth between two dates
D=Death between two dates
I=Immigration
E=Emigration between two dates
72. World Population Growth through
History cont…
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Total annual births- 138 billion in 1980s.
Total annual births- 134 million in 2011.
Total deaths- 56 million per year (Are expected to
increase to 80 million per year by 2040).
73. World Population Growth through
History cont…
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Demographers currently project that Earth's
population will reach just over nine billion by 2050,
with virtually all growth occurring in developing
countries.
World population growth in the 21st century will be
different from previous decades in several important
ways.
74. Population growth in Nepal
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From 1960 to 2018 the population of Nepal
increased from 10.06 million to 28.09 million
people.
This is a growth by 179.1 percent in 58 years.
The highest increase in Nepal was recorded in 1979
with 3.06%.
The biggest decrease in 2013 with - 0.27%.
75. Implication of Population studies in
Community Health Nursing
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Help nurses to plan and manage need based health
care services for the community at large.
Help to analyze health needs, morbidity and
mortality pattern, utilization of health care services
and accordingly plan and manage health care
services.
76. Implication of Population studies in
Community Health Nursing cont…
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Help to know about the ratio of young and elderly
population. It helps nurses to determine economic
burden.
Distribution and concentration of population in the
community will help to identify areas where services
are needed most.
Specific death rates help to identify population
groups at risk, specific causes of death etc. and to
plan and implement preventive and control
measures.
78. FAMILY PLANNING
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Introduction
Family planning movement started in Nepal as early
as 1959.
Nepal had already included family planning in its
national plan in 1966.
Family planning is a basic human right, recognized
by UN in 1967.
79. FAMILY PLANNING
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Family planning services are designated to provide a
constellation of contraceptive method/services
that reduced:
Fertility,
Enhance maternal and neonatal health and Child
survival,
Contribute to bring about a balance in population
growth and socio- economic development
(that will help to improve their quality of life.)
80. Definition
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Family planning (FP) refers to a conscious effort by a
couple to limit or space the number of children
through the use of contraceptive methods.
81. Definition
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An Expert Committee (1971) of the WHO defined
family planning as "a way of thinking and living that is
adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge,
attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and
couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of
the family group and thus contribute effectively to the
social development of a country”.
82. Definition
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(A WHO expert committee in 1971) ‘Family Planning
refers to practices that help individuals and couples to
attain certain objectives’ as follows.
(a) to avoid unwanted births
(b) to bring about wanted births
(c) to regulate the intervals between pregnancies
(d) to control the time at which births occur in relation
to the ages of the parent; and
(e) to determine the number of children in the family.
83. Family planning is the Basic Human rights
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The United Nations Conference on Human Rights at
Teheran in 1968 recognized family planning as a
basic human right.
The Bucharest Conference on the World Population
held in August 1974 stated in its plan of action that
“all couples and individual have basic human
right to decide freely and responsibly the
number and spacing of their children and to
have the information, education and means
to do so.“
84. Health aspects of family planning
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Women's health:
Maternal mortality, morbidity of women of child-
bearing age, nutritional status (weight changes,
haemoglobin level, etc.) preventable complications of
pregnancy and abortion.
85. Health aspects of family planning cont…
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Foetal health:
Foetal mortality (early and late foetal death);
abnormal development.
Infant and child health:
Neonatal, infant and pre-school mortality, health of
the infant at birth (birth weight), vulnerability to
diseases.
86. The Welfare Concept
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Family planning is associated with numerous
misconceptions – One of them is its strong
association in the minds of people with sterilization.
Others equate it with birth control.
87. The Welfare Concept cont…
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The recognition of its welfare concept came only a
decade and half after its inception, when it was
named Family Welfare Programme (1977).
The Family Welfare Programme aims at achieving
a higher end- that is, to improve the quality of
life of the people.
88. Eligible couple
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An "eligible couple" refers to a currently married
couple where in the wife is in the reproductive age,
which is generally assumed to lie between the ages of
15-45.
89. Target couples
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In order to pin-point the couples who are a priority
group within the broad definition of "eligible
couples", the term "target couple" was coined.
Hitherto, the term target couple was applied to
couples who have had 2-3 living children, and family
planning was largely directed to such couples.
90. Target couples
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The definition of a target couple has been gradually
enlarged to include families with one child or even
newly married couples with a view to develop
acceptance of the idea of family planning from the
earliest possible stage.
91. Contraceptive methods
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Also known as Fertility Regulating Methods
Are preventive methods to help women avoid
unwanted pregnancies.
Includes all temporary and permanent measures to
prevent pregnancy resulting from coitus.
93. Contraceptive methods cont…
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There is no single method likely to meet the social,
cultural, aesthetic and service needs of all individuals
and communities.
The search for an "ideal contraceptive" has been
given up.
The present approach in family planning
programmes is to provide a “cafeteria choice"
98. References
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Park K. Text book of preventive and social Medicine, 22rd edition. Jabalpur:
Bhannarsidas Publishers, 2011
Clement I Manual of Community Health Nursing, 1st edition, New Delhi,
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2012
Kamalam S.Essentials in community health nursing practice, 3rd edition,
New Delhi, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2017
Gulani K.K. Community Health Nursing Principles and practices, 1st
edition,kumar publishing house, Pitampura,Delhi 2011
Tuitui R. Dr.Suwal S.N. A Textbook of Community Health Nursing,
VidyarthiPrakasan(P.) Ltd kamalpokhari,Kathmandu, Nepal 2006.s
Ghimire B, A text Book of Community Health Nursing, 2nd edition,
Heritage Publishers & Distributors P. Ltd
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