Various Approaches Of System Analysis

Various Approaches Of System Analysis
Various Approaches for Systems Analysis and Design Introduction First, we look what is the
difference between system analysis and system design. System analysis is a problem–solving
technique that decomposes the system into its component pieces and system design is a
complimentary problem–solving technique that reassembles the component pieces of the system
back into a complete system. When we are developing an information system, most organizations
use a standard of steps. The steps are called development lifecycle(SDLC). SDLC consists of phases
such as planning, analysis, implementation, design, and maintenance. Analysis phase is where you
take a closer look and study the current system. The design phase, analysts design all aspects of the
system, specifying on the system from input and output screens to database, computers, and report
processes. About System Analysis and System Design There are a lot of technical activities that
include: coding, design, system definition, testing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike waterfall development methodology, agile foresees the documentation but is initially
unwilling to adapt such as adding a lot new facets to the development model. Gabe, M. said, "Agile
methodologies attempt to capture and use the dynamics of change inherent in software development
in the development process itself rather than resisting the ever–present and quickly changing
environment.". Demand of traditional methods complete and accurate requirement before the
development; agile methods presume that change is strict, unavoidable and must be embraced
throughout the cycle of product development. Cao, L. and Ramesh, B. believes individuals who fill
those roles are much more important than the roles that people fill. Fowler also believes that each
talented individual brings something unique to a team that are developing the system and disagrees
with the application of engineering
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Evaluation Of Efficiency And Effectiveness Of Building...
EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY& EFFECTIVENESS OF BUILDING INFORMATION
MODELLING IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT: A MODEL–BASED PARAMETRIC
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ADVANTAGE ANALYSIS
Olanrewaju Akeem Yusuf
School of Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road,
Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK.
Conventionally, underperformance in construction projects was linked to lack of capability to
manage information among the project team of which contractual and organization structural
solutions had been applied with little or no success, focuses are on the actual people and their
contractual relationship. Sadly, effective approach to this information problem had eluded the
industry for the past century or so. Patently, findings from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This report presents the evaluation of how BIM can successfully create enabling environment to
solve the information management problem in construction projects and thereby improve
performance across all indications.
Keywords: Information management; Project management; Project team
INTRODUCTION
Undisputedly, construction process is one of the most complex human endeavours in history, with
huge amount of details that involve large number of people working at the same time on a single
deliverable object, be it buildings, bridges, dams or the likes, the process is equally demanding,
challenging and complicated. Every single person with a role on a construction project needs
information about what to do, how to do it, where to do it and when to do it and lots more
information required to carry out a single task successfully.
The required information had to be created in a certain form and communicated to those that need
the information in the best explicit way. Imagine how many tasks will be required to construct
Wembley Stadium for example including

Test Case Prioritization for Black Box Testing in...
ABSTRACT Component based system development offer great flexibility and improvements in
large software systems development. Developer of system needs not to start from scratch, but by
using Commercial–Off–The–Shelf (COTS) component he can integrate the whole system applying
the glue code with component interface. Most of the COTS–components are black box in nature
because of source code unavailability, which makes the testing process difficult in development
leading to greater testing time and higher cost. Using the test case prioritization technique, we can
reduce the cost and time of testing. Most of the test case prioritization techniques proposed in
previous works applies source code information as prioritization factors because ... Show more
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INTRODUCTION Component based software development methodology is increasingly being
adopted for software system development. Component based software engineering (CBSD) has
become recognized as such a new discipline of software engineering, offering convenience as well
as fast design/implementation. Component–based software engineering (CBSE) shifts the emphasis
from programming software to composing software systems. Opposite to OO–techniques, which are
white box in nature, COTS components are black box in nature due to

Applying The 4 + 1 View With Uml
Applying the 4 + 1 View with UML 2
Summary
The (UML) Unified Modeling Language is a general–purpose modeling language in the field of
software application design, which is developed to supply a conventional means to envision the
design of a system. It was produced and created by James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson and Grady
Booch at Rational Software during 1994–95 with additional advancement led by them with 1996. In
1997 it was embraced as a basic by the (OMG) Object Management Group, and has actually been
handled by this company since. In 2000 the Unified Modeling Language was likewise approved by
the (ISO) International Organization for Standardization as an authorized ISO specification. Ever
since it has actually been regularly modified ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The timeline reveals the highlights of the past of object–oriented modeling techniques and symbols.
It is initially based upon the notations of the Booch approach, the (OMT) Object–modeling method
and (OOSE) Object–oriented software engineering, which it has actually incorporated into a solitary
language.
 UML 2. X
Apparently, the UML 2.0 significant modification switched out version 1.5 in 2005, which was
created by a bigger consortium to boost the language further to mirror brand–new experience on the
use of its attributes. Even if UML 2.1 was never ever launched as an official requirement, versions
2.1.1 and 2.1.2 showed up in 2007, adhered to by UML 2.2 in February 2009. UML 2.3 was
officially launched in May 2010. UML 2.4.1 was officially released in August 2011. UML 2.5 was
launched in October 2012 as a "Present" version and has yet to come to be formally launched.
There are 4 parts of the UML 2. X spec:.
 The Facilities that define the core meta model on which the Superstructure is based
 The (OCL) Object Constraint Language for specifying guidelines for model aspects
 The UML Layout Interchange that specifies exactly how UML 2 diagram formats are exchanged
 The Superstructure that specifies the symbols and semiotics for diagrams and their design
components
 The existing versions of these criteria comply with

UML Superstructure

Essay On Unified Modeling Language
The Unified Modeling language (UML) was released by the Object Management Group (OMG) in
the effort to provide a standardized design language to build and develop computer applications. The
purpose of the design language is to allow IT professionals to distribute system structure and design
plans in a comprehensible graphical manner, similar to blueprints of a building. Modeling is an
important part of software projects, large and small. With modeling, the software development team
are better able to work with the end–user in providing a visual program design. Surveys reveal that
the development of large software applications have many impediments and have a large probability
of failure. Modeling provides a greater opportunity for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use–case diagram's purpose is to help development teams visualize the functional requirements
of a system, including the relationship of "actors" (human beings who will interact with the system)
to essential processes, as well as the relationships among different use cases. The class diagram
shows how the different entities (people, things, and data) relate to each other. The Sequence
diagrams is almost self explanatory, it shows a detailed flow for a specific use case or even just part
of a specific use case. The statechart diagram models the different states that a class can be in and
how that class transitions from state to state. Activity diagrams show the procedural flow of control
between two or more class objects while processing an activity. A component diagram provides a
physical view of the system. Its purpose is to show the dependencies that the software has on the
other software components (e.g., software libraries) in the system. The deployment diagram shows
how a system will be physically deployed in the hardware environment. Its purpose is to show
where the different components of the system will physically run and how they will communicate
with each other. Two main criticisms of UML is whether diagrams are needed at all, and during
what stage of the software development process they should be used, also, the frequency of any
updates of the diagrams. The other is that the UML diagrams just lack the detail

The Unified Modeling Language ( Uml )
The Unified Modeling language (UML) is defined in the Software Engineering as a form of defining
the design of the system. It is a way to envision the system architecture in the form of a diagram.
The paper discusses about the genesis of UML modeling and the forms of diagrams which are used
in the UML modeling based on the survey conducted on various employees based on their skill set
and level of experience in the software engineering field. Now we will go through each aspect of the
UML modeling and try to derive conclusions on how far was UML modeling has been able to
penetrate into day to day activities of this field and also discuss about the complexities associated
with each components of the UML modeling as well as pros and cons. UML is powerful modeling
language by which we can develop many diagrams which are user ready.UML can be used in web
and commercial applications etc.UML is used to visualize, construct and to make a note of the
software systems. In the beginning it was only used for the object oriented documentation and it can
be also applied in the visualization of certain systems for elements such as discrete components in a
system and their interaction and user interaction. The UML contains many diagrams which are used
to envision a system architecture. In UML the diagrams are divided into two types
mainly1)Structural UML diagrams and 2)Behavioral UML diagrams . The Structural UML diagrams
contain class diagram, composite diagram, component diagram,

Ob Essay
UML to Java Executable Code Generator Sai Priya Anumula, California State University, Fullerton
Abstract Automatic Code generation from UML diagrams gains much interest lately in software
design, because it has many benefits as it reduces the effort to generate code and moreover
automated code is less error prone than writing code manually. However, major challenges in this
area include checking consistency of UML models, and ensuring accuracy, maintainability, and
efficiency of the generated code. In this paper we discuss a tool called UJECTOR,which is used for
automatic generation of executable java code from UML diagrams. UML diagrams like class
diagram, sequence diagram and activity diagram are passed as input to the tool UJECTOR ... Show
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UML activity diagrams are used to provide code completeness and user interactions. Activity
diagrams are referenced in sequence diagrams. 2. RELATED WORK 2.1. Enterprise Architect It
converts Class or interface model elements into code. It generates code in various languages like c,
c#, c++, java, Visual Basic, Visual Basic. NET, Python, PHP, and Action Script. In this Class and
interface elements are required to generate code. 2.2. Eclipse UML Generators It bridges the gap
between UML models and source code. Eclipse does this by extracting data from UML models to
generate source code or by reverse–engineering source code to produce UML models. 2.3.
Rhapsody This tool generates C++ code from UML object and state chart diagrams. It also takes
message sequence charts (MSC) as an additional input. The tool takes STATEMATE representation
of state chart as an input and generates C++ code. 2.4. dCode This tool generates Java code from
UML object, activity and state chart diagrams. From an analysis of the existing code generation
tools for UML diagrams, we conclude that: The completeness of the generated code is a big issue
The generated code lacks object manipulation The generated code lacks user interaction The
existing work lacks understandability All the UML based code generation tools use older versions of
UML in code generation process instead of UML 2.x.Where as UML 2.x introduces new diagrams
and features

The Domain Of Modeled Software Development And Engineering
This thesis is written within the domain of modeled software development and engineering .
Through the use of Modeling Language when developing modern computer systems gives the
developers the feasibility of applying formal patterns and symbols in an object oriented analysis and
design (OOA/D) environment. Model Driven Development (MDD) has, throughout the last years
ago of tool and technology development, developed into a solution for developers giving them the
ability to define a solution while creating artifacts that becomes part of the overall solution.
The models created when designing a system can be used for diagram creation to, e.g., communicate
with different stakeholders and code generation while keeping the history of the ... Show more
I will use the general purpose modelling language Unified Modeling Language (UML) [41] in our
work which is a part of the OMG Model Driven Architecture (MDA) [44]. UML is widely used by
the industry and is regarded as a de facto industry standard. UML is an available technology from
the Object Management Group (OMG). UML is currently in version 2.1.x which is the version that
will be used throughout this master thesis. Within the domain of model driven development there are
several interesting aspects to which we could have devoted this master thesis. The one area of
concern that is the subject of this thesis is consistency checking of specifications with some sort of
analysis and handling of the inconsistencies found together with the development of a tool that
realizes this method. This is the subject of this thesis and will be discussed in–depth together with
the presentation of the results from an experiment that was made using the implemented tool.
2.1 Systems, models and diagrams
The terms system, metamodel, model and diagram commonly used within the modelling domain.
They are also used throughout this article and their use is defined here. I will use the terms as they
are used by OMG in the UML specification.
2.1.1 System
System is a set elements interacting with each other ,for a common purpose. The system can also be
defined as a set of Sub Systems associated with the environment

Coca Cola Great Britain ( Ccgb ) Essay
1. Introduction Since 1980, the worldwide obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type II diabetes
figures have more than doubled, affecting the overall global health of the population. According to
Egger et al., (2013) a critical factor in these increases is the high consumption of carbonated soft
drinks and sugary fruit drinks. Sanjay et al., (2013, 2077) suggested the requirement for stronger
preventive measures to rescue the health of the global population, surmising the need for greater
education and transparent nature of the ingredients will aid influence behavioural changes. Coca–
Cola Great Britain (CCGB), is the largest manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of non–alcoholic
beverage in the UK, employing 4000 people and operating out of 13 locations (Odell, 2015). CCGB
currently produce 19 brands and 96 different products, UK sales rates of 4 billion bottles and cans
per year. Which has aided in CCGB achieve as the market leaders and cemented their presence as
one of the most globally recognisable products. (Jorgensen, 1994). In 2015 Coca Cola unveiled a
new retail marketing strategy, entitled "the One Brand" strategy, designed to directly addressing the
issue of changing consumer attitudes and behaviours, caused by the worldwide debate around sugar
and its links to obesity (Roderick, 2016). 1.1 Research Aim The aim of this paper is to apply
theoretical frameworks to examine the changes in consumer attitude and behavioural challenging
Coca Cola's UK emerging

The Unified Modeling Language ( Uml )
Avinash Mallireddy #700626589 Article Review The Unified Modeling Language (UML) may be a
graphical language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of
software–intensive systems. UML provides parts and functions to support the need of complicated
systems. UML follows the item destined ideas and methodology. Therefore object destined systems
square measure typically sculpt risqué mistreatment the pictorial language. The UML has a vital role
during this Object Oriented analysis and style, The UML diagrams square measure wont to model
the look. That the UML has a vital role to play. UML may be a most helpful methodology of mental
image and documenting software system systems style. UML uses ... Show more content on
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UML Notations: UML notations are the foremost necessary components in clay sculpture.
Economical and acceptable use of notations is improbably necessary for making a complete and
meaty model. The example is useless unless its purpose is described properly. So learning notations
need to be strained from the really start. Only completely different notations are for things and
relationships. And additionally the UML diagrams are created practice the notations of things and
relationships. Extensibility is another necessary feature that creates UML plenty of powerful and
versatile. UML Advantages: The UML is going to be utilized to model concerning any kind of
application, running on any character and combination of hardware, software, language, and
network, in UML. Built upon the Microsoft operative Framework (MOF) Meta model for object
adjusted modeling. UML Profiles facilitate to model Transactional, Real–time, and Fault–Tolerant
systems in a passing natural approach. This contains a capability to induce check scripts except stub
code once integrated with integrated development network. The reverse engineering support, UML
regenerate vogue level artifacts in accordance with the changes you created to the structure of
sophistication relationship. It explains the concepts like business modeling, enterprise style and
OOAD. To grasp the UML model, one needn 't grasp

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Javascript Framework
Introduction. The last ten years have seen the release of a huge number of JavaScript frameworks.
Designed and developed to aid in the rapid development of websites, web applications and other
online software. Previously, to develop large applications that were secure, fully functional, cross
browser applications would have taken a team of developers, working on bespoke front–end and
backend systems. With the advancement of the web browser, along with the maturing of HTML5,
CSS3, JavaScript and the addition of frameworks the possibilities for complex web applications is
huge. It is now possible to substitute desktop applications with apps running in the browser. With the
addition of web frameworks, developers can worry less about the complexities ... Show more
One of the biggest disadvantages of using JavaScript frameworks is the learning curve involved with
each different framework. Each has their own way of working and can take time to learn the
nuances of the framework. Another concern is new developers learning the frameworks and not the
JavaScript language. Because of the frameworks making development fairly easy, basic knowledge
of the language can be lost or overlooked. When using a framework a developer is limited to the
core behaviour provided. Its behaviour cannot be modified, so when developing an application a
developer must take into consideration its limitations. Security can be a big issue for JavaScript
frameworks, both positive and negative. Most frameworks are open sourced, so this allows people to
find flaws that could be exploited. People with bad motivations can study the code to figure out how
to attack a product using a certain framework. But on the positive side of things, being open–
sourced also allows a community of developers to find these flaws and eliminate them before they
become a problem. SEO is another concern when using certain frameworks. Because the code is
rendered client side for most frameworks, it is hard for them to be indexed by search

A Conceptual Model of an Erp System Using Uml
A Conceptual Model Of An ERP System Using UML Madhurima1(Lecturer), Madhulika (Lecturer)
Apeejay College of Engineering, Gurgaon1 Flat No.306, kaveri apptt.,GH–4,Sec–21D, Faridabad–
121001 Mob no. 09350350814,E–mail–10madhurima@gmail.com Apeejay College of Engineering,
Gurgaon madhulikabhatia@gmail.com Abstract–In today's competitive and ever changing
environment every business demands paperless operations, a wireless communication of a result of
fully transparent and automated operations of all centers in an integrated and coordinated manner
taking care of the business, actions and decision demands. For this reason an Enterprise wide
management support is needed. The Enterprise Resource planning is a way by which we can assess
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For creating models we need to have certain process other than the use of UML itself. We can use
any tool depending upon the application. Notation guide is available for any references. 2.2 UML
ARCHITECTURE Software Architecture is made up of concurrent multiple views. UML provides a
dynamic view of the system. It has 4+1 view architecture. (Fig. 1) [1]. The 4+1 views allow
developer to comprehend a complex system in terms of its essential characteristics. The views of the
system architecture are not completely independent. Elements of one view are connected to
elements in other views. [3] Figure.1 4+1 View Architecture of UML The Logical view of the
system describes the functional requirements of the system i.e. what the system should provide in
terms of services to its users [2]. The Logical Architecture is described with the help of class
diagrams statechart diagrams. This view has a Main Diagram by default. Additional diagrams can be
added through out the analysis and design process. [7] Implementation view describes the actual
software module organization within the development environment. The modeling elements in this
view are Packages and components with their connections [2]. This view contains the information
about the software, executable and library components for the system. This view contains only
component diagrams. The component view contains a Main diagram by default.

Marketing Research
MK0011 – Consumer Behaviour Q1. Explain the tri–component attitude model. Answer: According
to this model, attitudes are consisting of three main components: a. Cognitive component
(Knowledge, beliefs) b. Affective component (emotions, feelings) c. Conative component
(behavioral aspect) Three components are interrelated and integrate to form an attitude of a person
toward any product or service in consumer scenario. Cognative component:– The first part of the
tri–component attitude model cognitive component consists of a persons cognitions ie. the
knowledge and perceptions that are acquired by a combination of direct experience with the attitude
object and related information from various sources. This knowledge & ... Show more content on
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Describe three types of motivational conflict. Answer : Motivation in the workplace looks at "why."
Why does one employee thrive in a particular task while another stumbles? Why does Candidate A
go all out to earn a position while Candidate B shows no interest? The employee 's motivation
guides his decisions and actions. The employee suffers from motivational conflict when the desire to
act conflicts with some other emotion or motivation. Q6. A. What are needs? What are the various
types of needs? Discuss their features. Answer : Psychologist Abraham Maslow first introduced his
concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" and his
subsequent book Motivation and Personality. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to
fulfil basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. This hierarchy is most often
displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while
the B. What are different consumer needs, as described by Maslow? Give proper examples to
explain each of them. Answer : Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs is a
popular way of thinking about people 's needs. Developed by psychologist Abraham Maslow as

Object Oriented Database
Introduction "Choosing the right OODB architecture can mean orders of magnitude difference in
performance and scalability characteristics rather than a few percentage points as found in relational
implementations." To achieve maximum performance and scalability the most important thing is
choosing the right application architecture. OODBs give applications much more direct access to the
persistent data, so application architecture has much more impact on performance than is the case
with an RDB. Or to put it another way, when using an OODB the application architect has much
more power to optimize performance than when using an RDB. Consequently the application
architecture has more effect on performance and scalability than the choice ... Show more content on
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In other words, the schema of an object is not in first–normal–form. Examples of attributes that can
comprise a complex object include lists, bags, and embedded objects. Object identity Every instance
in the database has a unique identifier (OID), which is a property of an object that distinguishes it
from all other objects and remains for the lifetime of the object. In object–oriented systems, an
object has an existence (identity) independent of its value. Encapsulation Object–oriented models
enforce encapsulation and information hiding. This means, the state of objects can be manipulated
and read only by invoking operations that are specified within the type definition and made visible
through the public clause. In an object–oriented database system encapsulation is achieved if only
the operations are visible to the programmer and both the data and the implementation are hidden.
Class or type hierarchies Any subclass or subtype will inherit attributes and methods from its
superclass or super type. Support for types or classes ➢ Type: in an object–oriented system,
summarizes the common features of a set of objects with the same characteristics. In programming
languages types can be used at compilation time to check the correctness of programs. ➢

Uml Lab Manual
OOAD THROUGH UML LAB MANUAL K MALLIKHARJUNA RAO Asst. Professor
Department of MCA Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology Bachupally,
Hyderabad– 500072 Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction Class Diagrams Object Diagrams Interaction
Diagrams i. Sequence Diagrams ii. Collaboration Diagrams 5. Behavioral Modeling i. Use case
Diagrams 6. Activity Diagrams 7. Advanced Behavioral Modeling i. State Chart Diagrams 8.
Architectural Modeling i.Component Diagrams ii.Deployment Diagrams Introduction In late
1960's people were concentrating on Procedure Oriented Languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN,
PASCAL...etc. Later on they preferred Object Oriented Languages. In the middle of 1970–80 three
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Define a society of roles and other elements. – Provide cooperative behavior. – Capture structural
and behavioral dimensions. – UML uses ‗pattern‖ as a synonym (careful) Name Behavior 4.Use
Case – – – – A sequence of actions that produce an observable result for a specific actor. A set of
scenarios tied together by a common user goal. Provides a structure for behavioral things. Realized
through a collaboration (usually realized by a set of actors and the system to be built). Place order 5.
Active Class – Special class whose objects own one or more processes or threads. – Can initiate
control activity. Heavy border Name Attributes Operations Event Manager Thread Time Suspend ()
Flush () 6. Component Replaceable part of a system. Components can be packaged logically.
Conforms to a set of interfaces. Provides the realization of an interface. Represents a physical
module of code 7. Node Element that exists at run time. Represents a computational resource.
Generally has memory and processing power. Orderform.java Web Server Construct Description
Syntax class a description of a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, methods,
relationships and semantics. interface a named set of operations that characterize the behavior of an
element. component a physical, replaceable part of a system

Building A Secure Software Systems Of Any Practical...
Introduction
"The only way we know . . . to build highly secure software systems of any practical interest is the
kernel approach."–– ARPA Review Group, 1970s (Butler Lampson, Draper Prize recipient)
Highly secure Trusted Systems are based on what is called a Security Kernel that incorporates the
Reference Validation Mechanism (RVM) – the hardware and software that implements the
Reference Monitor. The refernce monitor is that portion of a computer's hardware and software
which enforces the authorized access relationships between subjects and objects. Subjects are
system entities such as a user or a process that can access system resources, and objects are system
entities such as data, programs and peripheral devices that can be accessed by subjects. The
Reference Monitor must meet three essential design requirements: the reference monitor must be
tamperproof, the refrence monitor should always be invoked and finally, the reference monitor must
be small enough to be subject to analysis and test, the completeness of which can be assured.[1]
The first security kernel was developed by MITRE that ran on a DEC PDP 11/45 in 1975. This
security kernel was developed to overcome the limitations of hardware and software technologies
and the problem of security. The PDP–Secure System Design provides a design based on a general
purpose mathematical model of secure computer systems [1]. The model is a finite state model
which defines a set of rules of operation for making state

The National Health Service Report
1. Introduction
In 2015, the National Health Service report a rapid rate of increase in the prevalence of obesity,
cardiovascular diseases, and type II diabetes across the country (Public Health England, 2015). Data
currently shows that 25.6% of the adult population, are currently classified as obese, attributing this
rise from 10.6% in 1993 to increase sedimentary lifestyle (Public Health England, 2015).
Subsequent work by Egger et al., (2013) identified a critical catalyst for current UK obesity rates,
linked to the high consumption of carbonated soft drinks and sugary fruit drinks.
Coca–Cola Great Britain (CCGB), is the largest manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of non–
alcoholic beverage in the UK, employing 4000 people and operating out of 13 locations (Odell,
2015). CCGB currently produce 19 brands and 96 different products, UK sales rates of 4 billion
bottles and cans per year. Which has aided in CCGB achievement as the market leaders and
cemented their presence as one of the most globally recognisable products. (Jorgensen, 1994). In
2015, Coca–Cola unveiled a new retail marketing strategy, entitled "the One Brand" strategy,
designed to address growing concerns towards Coca Cola's products, caused by the worldwide
debate on sugar and its links to global obesity (Roderick, 2016).
1.1 Research Aim
The aim of this report is to apply theoretical frameworks to examine the changes in consumer
behaviour and attitudes towards Coca–Cola Great Britain (CCGB) "One

Tradeoffs Between Relational and Object-Oriented Database...
Discuss the tradeoffs between relational and object–oriented database management systems
1) Stating Position
The object oriented DBMS is superior to the relational database on some specific counts, primarily
because it can satisfy the complex demands of the market today better than the any other. Secondly
while the relational data base stores data as tables, the object model stores data as objects and
creates associations. This can create a multiple set of attributes for each object such that the data
base is more flexible to the requirements that may be housed for different sets of data having both
similar and dissimilar characteristics. The paradigms then are developed for each set of common
characteristics and unique characteristics of the objects which is not possible in a relational database
that has a very rigid structure. (Bruegge, 2004)
Earlier the heterogeneous systems integration is a major issue. Therefore it has to be considered if
the system proposed is amenable to multiple platforms and will give the same results. There are
many applications available to enforce this, but it is to be borne in mind that in a data management
system many components have to be integrated with the system and the layering of these
components becomes critical. (Thuraisingham, 2001) But the requirements today have gone beyond
the traditional DBMS and the system is expected too seamlessly perform varied functions like
tracking functions, data analysis and reporting, vendor

The Impact Of 3d Printing On The Digital And Consumer...
1. Introduction
Additive layer manufacturing, also known as Three– Dimensional (3D) printing, provides a unique
fabrication process that allows users to produce structurally complex components by the successive
fusion of layers [1]. This technique offers businesses and consumers the ability to quickly develop
custom components on demand and at a lower economical cost [2]. In 2016, a
PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PWC) report indicates that, out of 71% of US manufactures
implementing 3D printing and 42% believe the volume of 3D printer use will increase in the next
three to five years [3].
The impact of 3D printing can already be seen in both industrial and consumer markets [2]. The
2015 Wohlers Associates report stated that 32.5% of all Additive manufactured objects were used
for functional components. Additionally, the report detailed the 3D printing industry accounted for
$5.165 billion of revenue [4]. The aviation, medical, automotive, and manufacturing industries are
currently utilizing 3D printing [4–9]. Airbus, within the aviation industry, recently produced the
world's largest 3D printed cabin component. The component produced is a dividing wall that sits
between the passenger seating and galley. General Electric is currently 3D printing jet engine fuel
nozzles and forecast that 100,000 parts will be created by their Aviation division using 3D printers
by 2020 [10]. Since 2014 NASA has been researching the ability to print on demand components in
space utilizing a 3D

What Is The MVC Architectural Pattern In Architecture Design
Abstract–High quality of web application plays a great rule in the success of a company, this can
only achieve with help of authenticated web engineering methods and procedures. The choice of a
good web application architecture during web application design phase helps to achieve high quality
in web application and handle dynamic customer requirements. Model View Controller (MVC)
architectural pattern is the core architectural pattern among different architectural patterns which
helps to design and develop user interactive applications. In this paper, we explain how to improve
web application quality attributes by introducing the MVC architectural pattern in architectural
design process. Our inclusion will help both small and large scale web applications to ... Show more
Sections III presents software quality attributes and analyze how MVC architecture pattern improve
quality of web application. At the end Section IV presents the conclusion and future research work.
II. MVC architectural pattern
MVC [2] architectural pattern [3] is the core architectural design pattern among the different user
interactive architectural pattern. A brief introduction of MVC architectural pattern is defined in
below section.
MVC architectural pattern is most extensively used by software architect designer, programmer and
GUI developer while developing the user interactive applications. The MVC architectural pattern
contains three types of architectural units or components: Model, View and Controller which
actually separate the complete application logic to three logical units: business/entity (model),
presentation (view) and control (controller). The model component contains business logic and
application data, the view use to retrieve and show application data from/to user and the controller
handle the user request/response through view and handle interaction between view and

Browser : Window And Browser
JS Browser BOM Introduction
Window and Browser
What is a browser? When you open a browser what do you see? The browser has many parts such as
menus, status bar, page itself to name a few. Collectively, these parts are called Browser Object
Model. These different objects can be accessed by JavaScript.
Window is the browser. There are other objects under window. These objects allow you to access all
HTML objects on the page, redirect the user to another page, get browser window size to name a
few.
BOM (Browser Object Model)
BOM stands for Browser Object Model. As the name suggests, it is used to communicate with the
browser. BOM does not have any set specific standards therefore there is no standard for
implementation. The browser vendors are free to implement BOM any way they want.
The browser views the window as a collection of objects. For example, when a browser encounters a
document, it creates a collection of objects that define that object and detail how it should be
displayed. As we have already learnt, this object is called Document Object Model (DOM).
Similarly there are other objects that the browser makes use of. These are collectively called
Browser Object Model (BOM).
BOM is a group of objects that allow control of the browser.
The window object is the browser. The other objects defined under windows are:
document
screen
history
navigation
location
There are 3 kinds of objects being used while working with JavaScript
JavaScript Standard Object

Tripartite Model Of Attitudes
Baker (1992) describes attitudes as hypothetical constructs which are formed from threefold
components : Affective, behavioural and cognitive. This tripartite model is one of the most cited
models of attitudes. These components are usually connected, but recent research in social
psychology suggests that not all of them will necessarily be represented in any given attitude and
that they can not always be distinguished from one another ( Bohner & Wanke, 2002 ). The structure
of attitudes is clearly described in the following figure :
Figure .1 : Three_Components Model of Attitudes (Baker, 1992, p.13).
The affective component consists of the negative or positive feelings that a person has towards a
given object. The behavioural component refers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among others, Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory, which is based on
the concept of observational learning which occurs by simply observing a model.This theory was
developed by Bandura in the 1960s.It combines both cognitive theory which assumes that learning
is influenced by psychological factors and behavioral learning theory which assumes that learning is
based on reactions to external stimuli

Use Of Linguistic Instruments For Object Oriented
How to Use Linguistic Instruments for Object–Oriented Analysis SUMMARY Linguistic is the one
of the scientific language. It has three basic properties which describe linguistic language such as
language forms, language meaning and language in context. Linguistic language help in
development of object oriented models. Objected oriented programming language is high level
language which consists of object and methods. Now–a–days object oriented programming language
has high demanded in the development of different application where it has many advantages as it is
a platform independent, reusability, inheritance, information hiding, encapsulation, and
polymorphism so many organization uses oops concepts for software development. Object oriented
analysis and design are the two techniques which are used to analysis and design the application.
According to Alistair Sutcliffe, a system requirement should follow a set of rules of the methods
which are used to analyses the object oriented model. Some organization does not follow object
oriented concepts so in order to develop the software applications experienced people are required.
If there are no experts in the development then the object oriented model becomes slows. There is a
semiformal model which gives consistent concepts for object oriented models. This gives the
relationship between natural language and objected oriented components. As the natural language is
closely related to intermediate language that is related to high

The aim of UML’s implementation is to provide software...
The aim of UML's implementation is to provide software developers , system architects, and
software engineers with tools for analysis, design and implementation of software–based systems.
We can find that there are a few types of UML including class, use case, object, collaboration,
sequence, activity, component deployment and statechart. For class diagrams, it become the
backbone of almost every object oriented method and describe the static structure of a system. Other
than that, we using actors and use cases in uses case diagram to represent the system functionality.
Object diagrams was function as describing the static structure of a system at a particular time.
Then, in collaboration diagrams, they shows interaction between objects ... Show more content on
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The list of adopted technologies in OMG include (UML) in 1997, Model Driven Architecture
(MDA), System Modelling Language (SysML) and Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN)
in 2006. The OMG' architecture objective are to give a benefit application developers by making it
easier for developers in building a large–scale, industrial strength applications through standard
components. In making decision especially in meeting, they are a few OMG committees that
involved which is Architecture Board, various Task Forces, Subcommittees, Platform, Special
Interest Groups and Domain Technical Committees. Figure 1 shows the OMG, OMA architecture
consist of components, protocols and interfaces in four areas in object system. This OMA includes
the OMG's vision for the component software environment. Figure 1: OMG's Object Management
Architecture The OMA give three benefit to application and one of it is quicker in coding. When
coding is complete early, application can be use sooner although since your staff doesn't have to
write as much code, development happens faster. Second, application designed around discrete
services have better architecture which is divides application into modules or object groups based on
functionality. Third, Many OMA implementation have enterprise characteristic built in. Providers
can compete to meet your enterprise need. Title : CASE Tools that support the UML Introduction
One of CASE Tools that support the UML is

Attitudes Consumer Behavior
Consumer Behavior Assignment 1 |
Attitudes
As consumers, each of us has a vast number of attitudes toward products, services, advertisements,
direct mail, the Internet, and retail stores. Whenever we are asked whether we like or dislike a
product, a service, a particular retailer, a specific direct marketer, or an advertising theme, we are
being asked to express our attitudes.
Within the context of consumer behavior, an appreciation of prevailing attitudes has considerable
strategic merit. For instance, there has been very rapid growth in the sales of natural ingredient bath,
body, and cosmetic products throughout the world. This trend seem linked to the currently popular
attitude that things "natural" are good and things ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Steve Is thinking of asking a few of his friends about the differences between cable and DSL
broadband Internet service and will also go online to a number of websites that discuss this topic.
The Affective Component
A consumer's emotions or feelings about a particular product or brand constitute the affective
component of an attitude. These emotions and feelings are frequently treated by consumer
researchers as primarily evaluative in nature; that is, they capture an individual's direct or global
assessment of the attitude object. Affect laden experiences also manifest themselves as emotionally
charged states (eg happiness, sadness, shame, disgust, anger, distress, guilt, or surprise). Research
indicated that such emotional states may enhance or amplify positive or negative experiences and
that later recollections of such experiences may impact what comes to mind and how the individual
acts. For instance a person visiting a shopping center is likely to be influenced by his or her
emotional state at the time. If the shopper is feeling particularly joyous at the moment a positive
response to the shopping center may be amplified. The emotionally enhanced response to the
shopping center may lead the shopper to recall with great pleasure the time spent at the shopping
center. It

Computer Viruses and Malware Essay
INTRODUCTION
Two of the common known attacks on computing systems are the deployment of computer viruses
and malware.
Computer viruses are minute program which is "embedded inside an application or within a data file
which can copy itself into another program"(Adams et al, 2008 ) for the sole determination of
meddling with normal computer operations. The consequences may range from corruption and
deletion of data; propagation of virus on to network and deployment through attachments through
emails in order to further creating havoc to all associated computing devices.
Malwares are mischievous programs crafted to agitate or forbid normal operations to gather selected
information which may lead to loss of privacy through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This scripting language is also increasingly being used as an attack mechanism by predators that
exploit vulnerabilities within the client's web browser; unpatched software or other JavaScript based
applications for mounting their attack (Karanth et al, 2011). The assailant commonly obtains the
information for identify theft and for personal financial gains (Wadlow, 2009).
The methods which the adversary employs may vary from:
1. Zero Day Exploits where the assailant discovers a flaw ahead of the security community in raises
the defense (Wadlow, 2009).
2. Injection Attacks where the attacker deposits the scripts into a web request to execute at the
client–end (Wadlow, 2009).
3. Cross site vulnerability due to poorly validated coding in JavaScript and DOM (Karanth et al,
2011)
4. XSRF ("Cross site Reference Forgery") where the victim client is redirected to a webpage that
simulates the legitimate site (Wikipedia, 2011)
5. Phishing is where the gullible user is brought to a simulation of the actual site but with a minor
difference. Example: "google.com and googIe.com, (where the lowercase l has been replaced by an
uppercase
I 'eye')" (Wadlow, 2009).
6. Cookie snatching is when the session cookies are extracted from the client's browser unawares
(Wadlow, 2009).
7. Clickjacking is when the unaware user is playing a web game which is overlaid with an e–
commerce interface. By clicking on the

Unified Modeling Language ( Uml ) For Database Systems And...
Unified Modeling Language (UML) for Database Systems and Computer Applications Abstract This
paper shows the ideas of database frameworks and also the outline of the utilization of Brought
together Demonstrating Dialect (UML) as a standard documentation of true protests in creating item
situated configuration procedure for PC applications. The UML is a device for determining
programming frameworks that incorporate institutionalized charts to characterize outline and
outwardly guide or model a product framework 's configuration and structure. UML graphs
incorporate the utilization case outline, class chart, grouping graph, state diagram graph, movement
chart, segment chart, and sending graph. The incorporation of these graphs to distinctive
programming methods has been examined. Keywords: android, android platform, SQLite database
1. Introduction The initial phase in building up an article situated outline approach for PC
applications and in addition for database frameworks is the utilization of UML (Bound together
Demonstrating Dialect) as a standard documentation for the displaying of true questions.
Programming frameworks originators and engineers are given numerous decisions for giving solid,
adaptable and effective article constancy for PC applications and database frameworks. They could
pick between Item Arranged, Object–Social cross breeds, unadulterated Social and custom
arrangements taking into account open or exclusive record groups. UML is viewed as an

Concept Of Attitudes On Attitudes
Concept of Attitudes
In literature there are several definitions of attitude. According to Legendre (LaFortune & Saint–
Pierre, 2001, pp. 30–31) an attitude "is a state of spirit, an inner disposition acquired in relation to
himself or to the whole element of the surrounding environment that incites a way of being or
acting, favorable or unfavorable ". For Morissette and Gingras (1999) an attitude is "an inner
disposition of the person that translates into moderate emotional reactions that are assimilated and
then tested whenever the person is placed before an object; These emotional reactions lead her to
approach the object (to be favorable) or to depart (be unfavorable)".
At the beginning of the studies on attitudes by psychology, Allport ... Show more content on
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The most widely used models for the study of attitude are the Model Classical Tripartite Attitude
(CAB Model), the Classical One–Dimensional Model of Attitude and the Model Attitude–coated
Tripartite according to Neto (1998). Attitude is composed of cognition, affection and behavior, these
elements being the most diversified order.
Since attitude is a set of multidimensional variables, and taking into account the traditional approach
made by Rosenberg and Hovland (1960), which proposes to analyze the three components
separately, so that they can be operationalized. These variable are constituted by the affective
component of an attitude refers to the subjective feelings and the physiological responses that
accompany an attitude. The cognitive component refers to the beliefs and opinions through which
the attitude is expressed, even though they are not always aware. The behavioral component
concerns the mental and physical process that prepares the individual to act in a certain way. "
(Neto, 1998).
Studies by Brewer & Crano (1994) and Olson & Zanna (1993), draw the following rationale for the
three components. The affective component of attitudes refers to the way a particular stimulus
triggers affective reactions, regardless of the information has on it, and some symbolic attitudes
concerning ideological contents. However, most attitudes are cognitive information dependent on
the conjugation of existing beliefs, that is, on how the individual associates objects

My Love Letter Virus Code
Introduction
The code described is characterized as "I Love you virus" or "Love Letter Virus" it was a computer
worm first spotted in Asia, was then caught circulating and contaminating in millions of computer
worldwide. (Knight, 2000)
Creator and his background
Suspect behind Love Letter virus code was Onel A.de Guzman's (age 23), since a similar thesis was
rejected for his graduation course at AMA Computer University in Makati, Philippines, it was made
to steal password from the internet, he and his friend Michael Buen both were members of
underground group GRAMMERsoft from there they illegally sold homework to other students from
the college. (Sprinkel & Shannon, 2002; Ducklin, 2015)
Generalized Overview
It was easy for victim to believe the mails are coming from known individuals and therefore where
considered "safe" to open and since it was sending mails to all the contacts on victim's address book
it was only required for a few to open the attachments to infect a million more. Love Letter Worm in
its first 5 hours costed $750 million while U.S Spread has done estimated damages of US$1 billion
and furthermore $15 billion worldwide, governments and people spent about US$15 billion to
remove the worm from infected computers. In about ten days of spread the worm was able to infect
about 50 million computers worldwide, Government agencies like CIA and the British Parliament
and other big Companies closed their mailing systems. (Meserve,2000;

The Administrator Will Click On `` Send Status `` Option
1. After logging to the system the administrator will click on "send status" option. 2. After a click on
above option, the urban officer can see some request which had been send by the users and then
he/she will be sending the status to the system administrator. To model a system the most important
aspect is to take the changing behavior. To make it clear a little in details, changing behavior means
the way the system behave when it is running operating. So only unchanging behavior is not enough
to model a system rather active behavior is more important than stationary behavior. In UML there
are five diagrams available to model active nature and use case diagram is one of them. Now as we
have to talk about that the use case diagram is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Class diagram commonly contain the following things: 1. Classes 2. Interfaces 3. Collaborations 4.
Dependency, generalization, and association relationships. The class diagrams are extensively used
for the modeling of object oriented systems because they are the only UML diagrams which can
match directly to object oriented language. The class diagram shows a set of classes, interfaces,
associations, collaborations and restrictions. It is called a structural diagram. Description: The class
diagram shows the static design view of a system. It shows the relation between classes,
collaborations and interfaces. The system has the following classes. Administrator: This class shows
the details of the Administrator. It contains admin id, password as attributes. It has the operations
like Add Officer () Delete Officer() Receiving Requests() Providing Services() User: This class
shows the details of the Administrator. It contains user id, password as attributes. It has the
operations like Financial Request() Training Request() Service Request() Town officer: This class
shows the details of the urban officer. It contains the id and password, location as attributes. It has
the operations like Receive Requests () Verification() Specify Status() Training center: This class
shows the details of the Training center. It contains the id and password, location as attributes. It has
the

The Relational Model For Data Storage
Abstract
The relational model, which uses predefined tabular relations to store data, has remained the
preeminent model for data storage since it was first implemented in the early 1980s. However, due
to the proliferation of the Internet, today data flows in and out of organizations quickly, and most of
this data is in a semi–structured state that is designed for communication over http. It is difficult to
fit this complex data into a flat two dimensional array. For that reason, it is imperative that
companies have the ability to store data in a semi–structured format compatible with modern
network communications as well as various platforms and devices. The market has realized this and
responded with document stores that support formats, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the proliferation of the Internet in the late twentieth century has changed the database
landscape rapidly and drastically.
Today, interconnected networks around the globe stream data to a profusion of devices that range
from powerful mainframe supercomputers, and massive grids of commodity machines to
smartphones and tiny single–board computers embedded in home appliances. Most of the flow of
data is done through the Internet or over other large TCP/IP networks that utilize HTTP
communications. For that reason, most of this data is in a semi–structured state that is designed not
for storage in a relational database, but for communication over HTTP. This data often arrives and
leaves in a voluminous stream. It is therefore difficult for organizations to convert the data quickly
to and from a format that is conforms to the rigid tabular structure of a relational schema.
Support for semi–structured data is integral to the collection and storage of data in the Internet age.
While the relational model is sill a good long term storage solution, organizations must be able to
store and query semi–structured data that is in a format compatible with HTTP communication
because almost all modern devices use this medium of communication. While XML can serve as a
solution to this problem, JSON, a condensed format that is based on the well–known JavaScript
language, has many benefits over XML which I will

Cognitive Exam Face Recognition Essay
FACE RECOOGNITION
This essay will talk about face recognition and several reasons why it has been studied separately.
The ability to recognise faces is of huge significance of people's daily life and differs in important
ways from other forms of object recognition (Bruce and Young, 1986). Than this essay will talk
about the processes involved in face recognition which comes from the diversity of research about
familiar and unfamiliar faces–it includes behavioural studies, studies on brain–damaged patients,
and neuroimaging studies. Finally, it will discuss how face recognition differs from the recognition
of other object by involving more holistic or configuration processing and different areas of the
brain (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Support for Bruce's & Young's (1986) model comes from studies on prosopagnosia–a condition
caused by brain damage in which the patient cannot recognise familiar faces but can recognise
familiar object. For example, some prosopagnosics patients demonstrate good performance of face
recognition but poor performance of identifying facial expression, whereas others show opposite
pattern (Young et al., 1993).
Moreover, Bruce and Young (1986) suggested that the name generation component can be accessed
only via the appropriate person identity node. Thus, assuming that no brain–damaged patients can
put names to face without knowing anything else about the person, however several patients showed
the opposite pattern. For instance, Flude et al. (1989) reported that patient, EST, demonstrated
greater retrieval of the occupations of familiar people when presented with their faces than when
recalling their names. Such studies show that the processing of familiar faces differs from that of
unfamiliar ones, because only relevant stored knowledge (e.g., name or occupation) with familiar
faces is accessible.
Overly, the model provides coherent explanation of many kind of information about faces and how
they relate to each other. It provides evidence about significant differences in processing of familiar
and unfamiliar faces. Nonetheless there are limitations. For instance, there is not enough information
about processing unfamiliar faces. Burton et al. (1999)

Application Of Uml Using Uml Diagrams Used At Each Stage...
What is the role of UML in the software development process. Give examples of the UML diagrams
used at each stage of the software development process ? The role of UML in the software
development process: UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing and
documenting the artifacts of software systems. UML is a pictorial language used to make software
blue prints. UML is used to model software systems but it is not limited to that boundary it is also
used to model non software systems as well like process flow. We can also generate codes in various
languages using UML diagrams. UML has relation with object oriented analysis and design later it
becomes an object management group. UML diagrams are used to model ... Show more content on
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Design of a framework comprises of classes, interfaces and joint effort. UML gives class outline,
article chart to bolster this. Implementation characterizes the parts collected together to make a
complete physical framework. UML segment graph is utilized to bolster execution point of view.
Process characterizes the stream of the framework. So the same components as utilized as a part of
Design are likewise used to bolster this point of view. Deployment speaks to the physical hubs of the
framework that structures the equipment. UML sending outline is utilized to bolster this point. Class
diagram: Class diagram is basically a graphical representation of the static view of the system and
represent the different aspects of the application. So a collection of class diagrams represent the
whole system. Class diagram is likewise considered as the establishment for part and sending
outlines. Class outlines are not just used to envision the static perspective of the framework however
they are additionally used to build the executable code for forward and figuring out of any
framework. Generally UML diagrams are not directly mapped with any object oriented
programming languages but the class diagram is an exception. Class diagrams are used for
describing the static view of the system and showing the collaboration among the elements of the
static view. Class diagram constructs software applications using object oriented language.
Component diagram: Component diagrams are

Object Oriented Approach For Software Development
Linguistic is the analysis which is applied to the object oriented which gives the accurate results
when compare to other analysis. The main drawback of the object oriented approaches for software
development is the object oriented analysis process which do not having the exact information.
When the particular project was given by the clients they specify the information about the project
which was in natural language. The information is tendered in linguistic it is a study of scientific
language. The software engineering projects starts from the information given by the customer. Then
the company has to work with that and analyze the complete information, requirements about the
project. The main thing is to know about the project is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A relationship between classes/items can demonstrate different qualities named as composition.
Word–labeling breaks down how a statement is utilized within a sentence. Specifically, words can
be variably from one sentence to an alternate relying upon connection (e.g. light can be utilized as
thing, verb, modifier and intensifier; keeping in mind can be utilized as relational word, conjunction,
verb also thing). Naming systems are utilized to point out word–structure for each one single word
in a sentence, and each word is labeled as a Part Of Speech (POS), label would indicate a particular
thing, while VBB would mean the base manifestation of a word class that server as the predicate of
a sentence. Object orientation is one of the software development model playing role in software
engineering. In object oriented analysis there are many problems facing by the software developers
in order to replace all these and get the accurate results the developers are following the linguistic
analysis. Linguistic completely relates on the set which has the other members included in it of
structures from linguistic models and subset of models from the allocated examples. This method
divide the information given by the clients and allocates it to the different frame work and then
process it. The linguistic data mainly includes the words which focuses to components of object
oriented analysis. The natural language information analyses

The Concept Of Data Model
Along with the system design, detailed numerical models (e.g. control models, mathematical
models, data constraints) can be added into the analytical framework to decrease the uncertainty of
simulation results. In this process, the qualitative models should be validated to ensure consistency
with numerical models. During this process, the expressions of propositional logics and linear
temporal logics are replaced by High Order Logics. An example of numerical model implementation
is demonstrated in Fig 5; after specifying plant power, a form of proportional–integral–derivative
(PID) control can be implemented and assigned to the software "Control Routine". Note that the
meaning and actual values of each parameter are gathered from the ... Show more content on
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Faults should be classified by their cause, occurrence, propagation, and impact on functions. Table 2
includes the attributes considered for defining the necessary ontologies. Table 2 Ontologies defined
for knowledge collection Component Ontology Functional Ontology Flow Ontology Fault Ontology
Static or dynamics properties; Subcomponents; Input/output flows; States (Nominal, Faulty);
Behaviors in each state; The achieved functions; Severity of failures; Sub–functions; Inputs/outputs
flows; States (Operating, Degraded, Failed); Realizing corresponding customer requirements;
Physical Variables, Latency, Carrier; Objects to be delivered, such as material, signal; States
(Delayed or Blocked); Behaviors in each state; Origin, Occurrence, Time/Phase of Introduction and
Discovery; Involved components or flows; States (Dormant, Activated, Terminated); The functional
failures impacted by the current fault; The use of ontologies can allow us to account for
dependencies and relationships among components that would otherwise not be considered.
Collecting supplemental information based on such ontologies requires several steps, including 1)
Knowledge determination. This step recognizes the information to be acquired from external sources
and determines the format (templates used) to record that information. For example, based on the
component model created from a

Examples Of Object Oriented Analysis Design
Object Oriented Analysis Design (OOAD) Object Oriental Analysis Design is a hands on approach
used to model and create systems as a group of interacting objects. The term "Object", describes a
form of entity or "thing" of concern. Objects are typically modeled after real world entities or
concepts. For the business analyst, examples of objects may range from; invoice, product, contract,
etc. Objects usually contain attributes that can be set to specific values. With Object Oriented
Approach to system design, it tries to lessen the impact of problems by combining related data and
functions into the same module. Objects In the real world can be characterized by two things; data
and behavior. For example, a television is an object and possess data in the sense that it is tuned to a
particular channel, the scan rate is set to a certain value, the contrast and brightness is a particular
value and so on. The television object can also "do" things. The television can switch on and off, the
channel can be changed, and so on. Below is a graphical representation of a single object and its
characteristics: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"During the object–oriented analysis (OOA) phase object–modeling techniques are used to analyze
the functional requirements for a system and create models which reflect the logical design of the
system. During the object–oriented design (OOD) phase of the system, models are elaborated upon
to include implementation specific details that show how the physical design of the system will
come together. OOA focuses on what the system does (its static structure and behavior), OOD on
how the system does it (its run–time implementation)."

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Image Segmentation
Image Segmentation Image segmentation attempts to separate an image into its object classes.
Clustering methods, edge based methods, histogram–based methods, and region growing methods
offer different advantages and disadvantages. The use of a Gaussian mixture expectation
maximization (EM) method has been investigated to realize segmentation specifically for x–ray
luggage scans [131]. Namely, k Gaussian distributions are added to best fit the image histogram,
with each Gaussian distribution corresponding to its own object class. In an x–ray image, high
density objects absorb more x–ray photons and appear more intensely than low density objects. In a
typical x–ray luggage scan image, there will generally be a mix of low density, medium density, and
high density objects. Because of this characteristic, an image segmentation algorithm which requires
knowledge of the number of partitions in the segmentation, such as in EM segmentation, is still a
viable and perhaps even favorable method. By segmenting an x–ray image ... Show more content on
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Both methods work on a 64x64 input window to extract feature and start by first determining edges
oriented at 0, 90, 45, and –45 degrees. In a method known as cell edge distribution (CED), each
64x64 edge map is divided into 16 16x16 cells, and the number of edge pixels in each of these cells
is counted. In another method known as principal projected edge distribution (PPED), edge pixels
are counted along the orientation of the edge map. For example, edge pixels in a horizontal edge
map are counted by counting the number of edge pixels in every 4 rows of the edge map. The result
of either feature extraction method is a 64 element feature vector. A third suggested feature vector is
a simple concatenation of CED and PPED feature vectors into a 128 element feature vector simply
referred to as

Examples Of Use Case Diagram
What Use Case Diagram is one of the models of UML Language that is used to analyze, construct,
design, and document the artefacts of Software Systems. Use case Diagram is one of the five models
of UML Diagram that models and captures the dynamic behaviour of the software system.
Components of Use Case Diagrams Actor: It is an external entity that is present outside the model
but interacts with the system. They perform the functionalities captured within the use cases. Use
Case: Use Cases capture the various functionality of the system. They describe what the system will
do. It arranges the various requirements in a linear order and also describes the various alternative
approaches possible. The particular requirement is written in oval structure.

Object Oriented Database
Introduction
"Choosing the right OODB architecture can mean orders of magnitude difference in performance
and scalability characteristics rather than a few percentage points as found in relational
implementations."
To achieve maximum performance and scalability the most important thing is choosing the right
application architecture. OODBs give applications much more direct access to the persistent data, so
application architecture has much more impact on performance than is the case with an RDB. Or to
put it another way, when using an
OODB the application architect has much more power to optimize performance than when using an
RDB. Consequently the application architecture has more effect on performance and scalability than
the choice of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, a database system contains the five following features:
Persistence
As in a conventional database, data must remain after the process that created it has terminated. For
this purpose data has to be stored permanently on secondary storage.
Secondary Storage Management
Traditional databases employ techniques, which manage secondary storage in order to improve the
performance of the system. These are usually invisible to the user of the system.
Concurrency
The system should provide a concurrency mechanism, which is similar to the concurrency
mechanisms in conventional databases.
Recovery
The system should provide a recovery mechanism similar to recovery mechanisms in conventional
databases.
Ad hoc query facility

The database should provide a high–level, efficient, application independent query facility. This
needs not necessarily be a query language but could instead, be some type of graphical interface.
The above criteria are perhaps the most complete attempt so far to define the features of an object–
oriented database in 1989. Further attempts to define an OODBS standard were made variables of
researchers. One of them is a group called Object Data Management Group (ODMG). They have
worked on an OODBS standard for the industry. The recent release is ODMG–2 in1997.
Making OOPL a

Various Approaches Of System Analysis

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