The document describes the specifications for an atomic absorption spectrophotometer used to analyze trace metals and other elements in water and sediment samples. Key features include the ability to measure multiple elements rapidly from a single sample using 4 or more lamp positions. It must be PC-controlled with automatic wavelength selection and calibration. Safety features automatically shut down gases if a flame is not detected. The system includes an integrated flame and graphite furnace with autosampler capable of analyzing up to 50 samples per hour. Required accessories include lamps, gases, regulators, and a 2-year supply of recommended consumables.
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane ReformingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane Reforming
History of Synthesis Gas
In 1780, Felice Fontana discovered that combustible gas develops if water vapor is passed over carbon at temperatures over 500 °C. This CO and H2 containing gas was called water gas and mainly used for lighting purposes in the19th century.
As of the beginning of the 20th century, H2/CO-mixtures were used for syntheses of hydrocarbons and then, as a consequence, also called synthesis gas.
Haber and Bosch discovered the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and N2 in 1910 and the first industrial ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in 1913.
The production of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates from syngas conversion over iron catalysts was discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Much of the syngas conversion processes were being developed in Germany during the first and second world wars at a time when natural resources were becoming scare and alternative routes for hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and transportation fuels were a necessity.
In 1943/44, this was applied for large-scale production of artificial fuels from synthesis gas in Germany.
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane ReformingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane Reforming
History of Synthesis Gas
In 1780, Felice Fontana discovered that combustible gas develops if water vapor is passed over carbon at temperatures over 500 °C. This CO and H2 containing gas was called water gas and mainly used for lighting purposes in the19th century.
As of the beginning of the 20th century, H2/CO-mixtures were used for syntheses of hydrocarbons and then, as a consequence, also called synthesis gas.
Haber and Bosch discovered the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and N2 in 1910 and the first industrial ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in 1913.
The production of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates from syngas conversion over iron catalysts was discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Much of the syngas conversion processes were being developed in Germany during the first and second world wars at a time when natural resources were becoming scare and alternative routes for hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and transportation fuels were a necessity.
In 1943/44, this was applied for large-scale production of artificial fuels from synthesis gas in Germany.
Aromatic compound can be sulfonated directly with SO3 in commercially available continuous and batch equipment.
Conventionally sulfonation is done by sulphuric acid or oleum. But with SO3 sulfonation process has the following
advantages. It is more direct and considerably faster than the present process. It requires fewer man hours and,
therefore, is more economical. Conditions can be varied to give a wide range of products having different solubility
characteristics and combined SO3 content. Since the reaction, batch or continuous, is stoichiometric, no waste
products are formed, thus eliminating any pollution problems.
In sulfonation processes sulfur trioxide is vaporized and is brought into contact with the aromatic compound in the
presence of a gaseous diluent such as air, nitrogen or an inert hydrocarbon. It has been thought necessary to utilize
such diluent carrier gases to reduce the intensity of the reaction between the sulfur trioxide and the material being
sulfated and thereby suppress unwanted side reactions. The purpose of admixing the sulfur trioxide vapour with a
diluent gas is to reduce the partial pressure of the sulfur trioxide, so that the chance of a single molecule of the
material being sulfated or sulfonated contacting several molecules of Sulfur trioxide is reduced. Aromatic compound
is sulfonated by sulfur trioxide in sulfonation reactor.
When you have excess renewable power - you are obliged to be able to store and reuse this power at a later stage. This is now available using a hydrogen battery - that can easily store several MWh of energy - that can be used to stabilize the grid - or simply to store when the feed-in tarifs are low - and the release when the feed-in tarifs are high. The application are numerous - and the technology is here today.
Pharmaceuticals: In some pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, minute quantities of a catalyst used in the process (usually a metal) are sometimes present in the final product. By using AAS the amount of catalyst present can be determined.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a spectro analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements by free atoms in the gaseous state.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based on absorption of light by free metallic ions.
In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution, or directly in solid samples via electrothermal vaporization
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is an analytical technique that measures the concentrations of elements.
Atomic absorption is so sensitive that it can measure down to parts per billion of a gram (µg dm–3 ) in a sample.
The technique makes use of the wavelengths of light specifically absorbed by an element. They correspond to the energies needed to promote electrons from one energy level to another, higher, energy level.
Atomic absorption spectrometry has many uses in different areas of chemistry.
Clinical analysis : Analysing metals in biological fluids such as blood and urine.
Environmental analysis: Monitoring our environment – eg finding out the levels of various elements in rivers, seawater, drinking water, air, petrol and drinks such as wine, beer and fruit drinks.
The technique makes use of the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample in order to assess the concentration of specific analytes within it. It requires standards with known analyte content to establish the relation between the measured absorbance and the analyte concentration and relies therefore on the [Beer–Lambert law].
The electrons within an atom exist at various energy levels. When the atom is exposed to its own unique wavelength, it can absorb the energy (photons) and electrons move from a ground state to excited states.
The radiant energy absorbed by the electrons is directly related to the transition that occurs during this process.
Furthermore, since the electronic structure of every element is unique, the radiation absorbed represents a unique property of each individual element and it can be measured.
An atomic absorption spectrometer uses these basic principles and applies them in practical quantitative analysis
A typical atomic absorption spectrometer consists of four main components:
Atomization
Light source,
Atomization system,
Monochromator &
Detection system
Atomization can be carried out either by a flame or furnace.
Heat energy is utilized in atomic absorption spectroscopy to convert metallic elements to atomic dissociated vapor.
The temperature should be controlled very carefully for the conversion of atomic vapor.
At too high temperatures, atoms
Caustic potash potassium hydroxide Industrial production, applications rita martin
Caustic potash potassium hydroxide Industrial production, chemical properties applications and uses of potassium hydroxide, major suppliers and manufacturers of potassium hydroxide
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
In this slide contains adulteration, milk standards, sample preparation, identification of adulterants and contamination of milk.
Presented by: G.Sateesh Chandra (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
Rotary kilns have become the backbone of many industrial processes, with new applications being developed all the time. This presentation gives an overview of what types of processes rotary kilns are used for, as well as how both direct-fired and indirect-fired rotary kilns work.
It is a multi-element analysis technique where The ICP source converts the atoms of the elements in the sample to ions. These ions are then separated and detected by the mass spectrometer
Direct Mercury Analyzer for analysis of liquid, solid and gaseous samples
DMA which uses the principle of thermal decomposition, amalgamation and atomic absorption.
The DMA-80 can analyze solid, liquid and gas matrices with equal precision.
All mercury is released from the sample through thermal decomposition.
This eliminates the need for any sample preparation.
Aromatic compound can be sulfonated directly with SO3 in commercially available continuous and batch equipment.
Conventionally sulfonation is done by sulphuric acid or oleum. But with SO3 sulfonation process has the following
advantages. It is more direct and considerably faster than the present process. It requires fewer man hours and,
therefore, is more economical. Conditions can be varied to give a wide range of products having different solubility
characteristics and combined SO3 content. Since the reaction, batch or continuous, is stoichiometric, no waste
products are formed, thus eliminating any pollution problems.
In sulfonation processes sulfur trioxide is vaporized and is brought into contact with the aromatic compound in the
presence of a gaseous diluent such as air, nitrogen or an inert hydrocarbon. It has been thought necessary to utilize
such diluent carrier gases to reduce the intensity of the reaction between the sulfur trioxide and the material being
sulfated and thereby suppress unwanted side reactions. The purpose of admixing the sulfur trioxide vapour with a
diluent gas is to reduce the partial pressure of the sulfur trioxide, so that the chance of a single molecule of the
material being sulfated or sulfonated contacting several molecules of Sulfur trioxide is reduced. Aromatic compound
is sulfonated by sulfur trioxide in sulfonation reactor.
When you have excess renewable power - you are obliged to be able to store and reuse this power at a later stage. This is now available using a hydrogen battery - that can easily store several MWh of energy - that can be used to stabilize the grid - or simply to store when the feed-in tarifs are low - and the release when the feed-in tarifs are high. The application are numerous - and the technology is here today.
Pharmaceuticals: In some pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, minute quantities of a catalyst used in the process (usually a metal) are sometimes present in the final product. By using AAS the amount of catalyst present can be determined.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a spectro analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements by free atoms in the gaseous state.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based on absorption of light by free metallic ions.
In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution, or directly in solid samples via electrothermal vaporization
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is an analytical technique that measures the concentrations of elements.
Atomic absorption is so sensitive that it can measure down to parts per billion of a gram (µg dm–3 ) in a sample.
The technique makes use of the wavelengths of light specifically absorbed by an element. They correspond to the energies needed to promote electrons from one energy level to another, higher, energy level.
Atomic absorption spectrometry has many uses in different areas of chemistry.
Clinical analysis : Analysing metals in biological fluids such as blood and urine.
Environmental analysis: Monitoring our environment – eg finding out the levels of various elements in rivers, seawater, drinking water, air, petrol and drinks such as wine, beer and fruit drinks.
The technique makes use of the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample in order to assess the concentration of specific analytes within it. It requires standards with known analyte content to establish the relation between the measured absorbance and the analyte concentration and relies therefore on the [Beer–Lambert law].
The electrons within an atom exist at various energy levels. When the atom is exposed to its own unique wavelength, it can absorb the energy (photons) and electrons move from a ground state to excited states.
The radiant energy absorbed by the electrons is directly related to the transition that occurs during this process.
Furthermore, since the electronic structure of every element is unique, the radiation absorbed represents a unique property of each individual element and it can be measured.
An atomic absorption spectrometer uses these basic principles and applies them in practical quantitative analysis
A typical atomic absorption spectrometer consists of four main components:
Atomization
Light source,
Atomization system,
Monochromator &
Detection system
Atomization can be carried out either by a flame or furnace.
Heat energy is utilized in atomic absorption spectroscopy to convert metallic elements to atomic dissociated vapor.
The temperature should be controlled very carefully for the conversion of atomic vapor.
At too high temperatures, atoms
Caustic potash potassium hydroxide Industrial production, applications rita martin
Caustic potash potassium hydroxide Industrial production, chemical properties applications and uses of potassium hydroxide, major suppliers and manufacturers of potassium hydroxide
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
In this slide contains adulteration, milk standards, sample preparation, identification of adulterants and contamination of milk.
Presented by: G.Sateesh Chandra (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
Rotary kilns have become the backbone of many industrial processes, with new applications being developed all the time. This presentation gives an overview of what types of processes rotary kilns are used for, as well as how both direct-fired and indirect-fired rotary kilns work.
It is a multi-element analysis technique where The ICP source converts the atoms of the elements in the sample to ions. These ions are then separated and detected by the mass spectrometer
Direct Mercury Analyzer for analysis of liquid, solid and gaseous samples
DMA which uses the principle of thermal decomposition, amalgamation and atomic absorption.
The DMA-80 can analyze solid, liquid and gas matrices with equal precision.
All mercury is released from the sample through thermal decomposition.
This eliminates the need for any sample preparation.
The patented flame analysis technique adopting rich oxygen air-acetylene flame as the substitution for nitrous oxideacetylene flame for high temperature element analyses, such as Ca, Al, Ba, W, Mo, Ti, V, etc. Flame temeperature is continuously adjustable between 2300-2950? with makes it possible to choose the best atomization temperature for different elements.
MRU SWG 100 Fixed Biogas Analyzer is the rugged industrial analyzer to use with biogas & biomethane plants, landfill, water treatment as well as coal seam gas sites. Request a FREE quote today.
AccuThermo AW 820 Long Time Rapid Thermal Anneal EquipmentPeter Chen
The AccuThermo AW820 was derived from the AG Associates 610 production-proven design. Allwin21 Corp. is the exclusive manufacturer of the AG Associates Heatpulse 610 desktop atmospheric RTP (Rapid Thermal Processing) system. The system uses high intensity visible radiation to heat single wafer for short process periods of time at precisely controlled temperatures. The process periods are typically 1 600 seconds in duration, although periods of up to 9999 seconds can be selected. These capabilities, combined with the heating chamber's cold-wall design and superior heating uniformity, provide significant advantages over conventional furnace processing.
Ceraliquid CPS41 and CPS41D with ceramic diaphragm and liquid KCl electrolyte, optional built-in temperature sensor. Email: lam.nguyen@vietan-enviro.com HP: 0945 29329
Established in year 1979,Tristar Engineering & Chemical Company is an ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organization engaged in manufacturing and supplying of Industrial Heating and Filtration Systems, prodcuts having a vast expirence spanning over 3 decades . We are a registered small scale industries unit based out of Rabale, Navi Mumbai.We are one of the first company to manufacture industrial electrical heaters in India. We were also the first company to design, supply and erect 500mm dia floating suction at HPCL mumbai airport. Our range finds usage in fuel handling systems for boilers, power plants, beverages, distilleries, storage tank & LPG/Lube Oil bottling plants.Today, we are one of the leading manufacturers of products for petroleum retail outlets like Pressure Vacuum Valves, Silica Gel Breathers and Foot valve.
AccuThermo AW 810 Rapid Thermal Anneal EquipmentPeter Chen
The AccuThermo AW810 was derived from the AG Associates 610 production-proven design. Allwin21 Corp. is the exclusive manufacturer of the AG Associates Heatpulse 610 desktop atmospheric RTP (Rapid Thermal Processing) system. The system uses high intensity visible radiation to heat single wafer for short process periods of time at precisely controlled temperatures. The process periods are typically 1 600 seconds in duration, although periods of up to 9999 seconds can be selected. These capabilities, combined with the heating chamber's cold-wall design and superior heating uniformity, provide significant advantages over conventional furnace processing.
A cone calorimeter is a fire test tool that is based on the amount of heat released during the combustion process directly related to the oxygen consumption in the combustion process. The amount of heat generated is directly proportional to the severity of the fire, such as the rate of fire growth. In order to obtain the flammability of the material, this is exposed to an external radiation heat source. more view on http://www.qinsun-lab.com/Products/Property/Flammability/164.html
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer is for determining the concentration of a particular metal(element) in a sample. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer can be used to analyze the concentration of over 62 different metals. For More Information Please Logon http://goo.gl/1dTEGl
Tube Wall Temperature Measurement On Steam Reformers - Best PracticesGerard B. Hawkins
Tube Wall Temperature Measurement On Steam Reformers - Best Practices
Temperature Measurement Techniques
Top – Fired Reformer
- Tube Temperature Measurement
- Background Temperature Measurement
Side – Fired and Terrace Wall Reformer
- Tube Temperature Measurement
- Background Temperature Measurement
Safety Considerations
S-8800 lead-free reflow oven is Southern Machinery‘s mature product after many years of market testing.S-8800 Reflow oven has maintained a larger share of the market for many years.
Its unparalleled heating performance and temperature control system meets the requirements of various welding processes, It is Southern Machinery ’s crystallization of years technical research and development. S-8800 Lead-free reflow is high-end reflow products committed to keeping up with market demand to enhance customers competitiveness.
Its new design concept fully meets the needs of increasingly diverse processes, and considering the future direction of the industry, entirely suitable for communications, automotive electronics, home appliances, computers and other consumer electronic products .
emperature control accuracy: compare the measured data with the setted temperature (each temperature zone), takes the maximum value, the value should be less than 1 ℃.
Lateral temperature difference: compare the max tested data with the minimum value (by each temperature zone), the value should be less than 1 ℃.
Thermal compensation capability: the higher over board density, the smaller temperature repeat and better thermal compensation,reference standard ± 2 ℃.
Module effective utilization assessment: Module effective utilization refers to the ratio of the actual efficient hot air time and effective heating theory module, equipment zone effective utilization "preferably should be above 65%, it will be better that can reach 80% or more.
Heat exchange efficiency assessments: estimate the tested temperature difference under the same test conditions.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
The Parable of the Pipeline a book every new businessman or business student ...
Specifications aas
1. ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Purpose
For analysis of trace metals and other elements in water and sediment samples. Fully
automated PC controlled true double beam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with
absorption and emission capability with deuterium background correction and should have
the capability of measuring multi elements in rapid sequence in single sample measurement,
fitted with 4 or more lamp position and choice of manual or automatic lamp selection with
following features:
Conditions & Requirements
• Installation, commissioning and training in operational use shall be by supplier.
• At least 5 years of after sales service shall be guaranteed
Specifications
General Features • Automatic wave length and slit selection
• Wide range and high sensitivity photomultiplier for maximum
signal to noise ratio
• Choice of burner type (air/acetylene or nitrous oxide)
• Deuterium background correction. Range 185-425 mm to 2.3
Abs. Electronic modulation with automatic attenuation
• Integrated built-in Flame and Graphite Furnace along with auto-
sampler.
• It should be automatically aligned in the path by using the
software.
Spectrophotometer • Type: PC-controlled
• Optics: hollow cathode lamps, double beam, narrow beam
optics matches flame profile.
• Hollow Cathode Lamp or Electrode Less Discharge (EDL)
Lamp
• All reflective system with quartz over-coating on mirrors.
• Sealed against dust and vapour
• Wave length range: 180 to 900 nm
• Slit 0.2 to 2 nm with automatic and manual choice
Monochromator • Monochromator with computer controlled wavelength selection
and peaking
2. • The system should be based on abrasion corrected Cnerny-
Turner Grating (holographic diffraction grating) up to 1800
grooves per mm blazed at 240 nm
• Continuously adjustable silts with 0.2 to 2 nm spectral
bandwidth
Sensitivity • At least 0.7 Abs
Absorption Cell • Quartz
Lamp turret • At least 4 lamps with automatic Turret controlled with software
and auto-alignment
Gas supply • 0 to 120 ml/min
Gas Control • Automatic – preset oxidant flow and variable full flow adjusted
using manual flow meter adjustment. Automatic oxidant change
over
• Fully automatic gas box with computer-controlled oxidant
selection, automatic gas sequencing, oxidant and fuel
monitoring and control
• Actuated ignition with air/acetylene. Acetylene flow should be
automatically adjustable when switching to or from nitrous-
oxide/acetylene operation
Flame control • Programmable and manual oxidant and fuel selection and
• Monitoring
• Safety interlocks
• Safe and automatic shutdown in case of power failure
Safety system • Separate ignite/flame off buttons. Safety interlocks to monitor
burner type, burner fitting, liquid trap, pressure relief bung,
flame shield, flame operation, main power, oxidant pressure and
deuterium lamp cover
• Fully interlocked operation preventing ignition if proper burner
head, nebulizer, end cap or burner drain system are not correctly
installed, the level of liquid in the drain vessel is incorrect or gas
pressures are too low
• The interlocks should be with automatically shut down the gases
3. if a flame is not detected
• In the event of power failure or when the emergency flame off
button is used, the flame should be automatically and safely
extinguished
Spray chamber • Solid poly-propylene or fluorinated HDP or equivalent
• Or fluorinated high density polyethylene for aqueous and
organic solutions
Burner • All titanium or equivalent, for air-acetylene and nitrous oxide-
acetylene flames or air/acetylene burner with Teflon shield.
• Burner system chamber should provide analysis of corrosive
and high solid matrices
• Automatic burner rotation system
• Interchangeable full titanium nebulizer for organic and acidic
purpose and burner head for 50 mm and 100 mm, facilities
should be there to switch from Flame to Graphite within few
seconds without removing the air acetylene or nitrous oxide
burner.
Mixing paddles • Removal twin headed mixing paddles fitted inside the spray
chamber for better mixing and extend operation with high
dissolved solids solution
Impact bead • Externally adjustable glass impact bead (Teflon bead)
Hydride
Generator
• Hydride generator (for AS, Se, Hg at ppb level), automatic and
computer controlled
• Sample should be injected through the peristaltic pump, 3
channel peristaltic pump with heated quartz cell, fast heating
rate, temperature range should be from 100 to 1000 degree
Celsius
• Typical precision 1-2% RSD with sample through put of 50
samples/hour determined in triplicate
Graphite Furnace • Built-in integrated furnace with flame facility to switch from
flame to graphite within few seconds without removing the air
acetylene or nitrous oxide burner
• It should automatically align in optical path by using the
4. software
• It should have fully automated constant temperature zone with
dynamic feedback temperature control, cooling water
temperature compensation, upto 20 steps per program,
temperature programmable from 40 to 3000o
C with maximum
heating rate up to 2000o
C, choice of two inert gases with
programmable flow rate, solid titanium work head for maximum
corrosion resistance, quartz and windows for high light energy,
comprehensive safety interlocks for gases, water flow, tube and
transformer temperature, DC Power supply used for Graphite
Furnace with strict electromagnetic compatibility
• Spray chamber: solid polypropylene of fluorinated HDP or
equivalent
• Recirculating Water chiller: with flow rates of 1.5-2 L/Min at
175-200 kPa for cooling of Graphite Furnace must be quoted
from manufacturer
• Autosampler for Graphite Furnace: Automatic programmable
sample dispenser for GTA 50 samples in 2 mL vials, 5 25 mL
vessels for bulk solutions, automatic preparation up to 10 points
calibration, hot injection automatic flow through rinsing
• Easy access for graphite tube replacement with built-in tube
usage counter should be available
• Auto sampler should be provided with graphite furnace
Operational
requirement
Background correction:
• Sensitivity: 0.7 absorbance or better for 5 ppm Cu
• Calibration: automatic, using up to 6 standards and re-
calibration with single standard
Power supply • 220 ±10 VAC, 47 to 53 Hz
Typical
performance
• Greater than 0.8 Absorbance with precision of <0.5% RSD from
ten 5 sec integration for 5 mg/l Cu solution
Other
requirements
• PC Compatible for operation control and monitoring of AAS
and necessary modules with latest configuration and software,
core 2 DUO processor, 3 GHz, 2 GB DDR RAM, 48x CD ROM
Drive, 320 GB HDD, 17” TFT Colour Monitor, 104 key board,
optical mouse, Window 7 and licensed MS Office with CD,
serial and parallel ports, DeskJet colour printer with suitable
5. stabilizer
• Software performing analyses at least as per DIN/ISO/US-EPA,
control of flame, calibration, blank correction, data import,
export, handling and reporting, quality control protocols,
computer based training
• All the methods, parameters related to lamp selection,
calibration, control of flow gases should be through window-
based software. It should have programmable and computer
controlled gas control, both air acetylene/nitrous oxide. System
should have all safety features required for the system. The unit
should be operated with Windows software controlling analyser,
setting-up the method parameters, analysing the samples,
performing calibrations. The verification kit STD for Cu to
check performance periodically to be included in offer.
Accessories • Hollow cathode lamps for Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Hg, Pb,
Se and Zn
• Gas filter station with control box
• Acetylene and nitrous oxide gases with cylinders
• Argon gas with cylinder and regulator required for hydride
system
• Fume hood and ducting with exhaust provision
• Air compressor
• Vent and hood assembly
• Nitrous oxide, acetylene and nitrogen two stage gas regulators
with necessary tubing and connectors, nitrous oxide regulator
should be with heater
• Air compressor with air filter or equivalent operation,
maintenance, service and analytical manuals, including
applications for flame and hydride units
• Spare nebuliser with capillary, flow spoiler, impact bead, O ring
kit for nebuliser, burner gasket kits for air- and nitrous oxide-
acetylene, additional spares and
• Dust covers
6. • 10 KVA online UPS with 30 minutes back-up
• Colour monitor
• Printer
• Complete operational manual
Consumables • Consumables for two year operation as recommended
considering expiry dates
