Variable components of the atmosphere
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The document discusses three variable components of air: water vapor, aerosols, and ozone. Water vapor varies between 1-4% and is the source of clouds, precipitation, and latent heat. Aerosols are microscopic particles from natural and human sources that provide surfaces for water vapor to condense on, influencing cloud formation. Ozone is a form of oxygen with three atoms that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere between 10-50 km above the surface.
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The document provides an overview of mantle plumes and hotspots. It discusses that mantle plumes are columns of hot material rising from deep within the mantle, and hotspots are the surface expression of these plumes seen as volcanic regions. Hotspots have distinct geochemical signatures and are unrelated to tectonic plate boundaries. They can form hotspot tracks as the tectonic plate moves over them, leaving age-progressive volcanic chains. While hotspots were thought to be fixed in the mantle, evidence now suggests they may move slowly relative to each other over geologic timescales. Mantle plumes provide an explanation for various volcanic and tectonic phenomena seen in the interiors of tectonic plates.
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A Guide to Zakat
This document provides information about Zakat and Zakat Fitrah in Islam. It defines Zakat as a compulsory charitable contribution based on accumulated wealth, while Zakat Fitrah is a contribution paid during Ramadan. The key points covered include the obligatory conditions for paying Zakat and Zakat Fitrah, the eight categories of recipients, and the benefits of paying Zakat for society, individuals and wealth. More details and resources are available on the Zakat websites and social media platforms listed at the end.
Analog to Digital Converter
This document summarizes information about analog to digital converters (ADCs). It discusses the differences between analog and digital signals, examples of ADC applications like microphones and thermocouples, and the main types of ADCs - dual slope, successive approximation, flash, and delta-sigma. For successive approximation ADCs, it describes how a successive approximation register tries different bit values to convert the analog input signal into a digital output. The document was prepared by electrical engineering students for a course assignment.
Essence and nature of values
The document discusses the essence and nature of values. It defines values as elements that determine the worth of things, and notes they come from the Latin word "valere" meaning "to measure". Values are inherent in any society and revealed through people's acts. There are positive and negative values that create an atmosphere and hierarchy. Values transcend facts and cannot demand existence, but people experience an order of values. The document also examines the phenomenology and characteristics of moral values, as well as the relationship between natural and moral values.
Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Certain atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun in the lower atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. Without this effect, the average temperature on Earth would be much colder and unsuitable for life. The greenhouse effect is enhanced by human activities that release more of these gases such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Global warming occurs when too much greenhouse gas builds up in the atmosphere and causes the average temperature to increase, leading to changes in climate patterns and sea levels that threaten ecosystems and societies.
Water Pollution
The document discusses various causes of water pollution including sewage, garbage dumping, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste. It notes that water pollution can come from point sources like sewage outflows or non-point sources like agricultural fields. It provides examples of industries like chemical plants and thermal power plants polluting water. It also discusses how both natural processes and human activities can introduce harmful chemicals into groundwater and surface water.
Interchange 2. Unit 2: Caught in the Rush
The document discusses various modes of transportation, including compound nouns related to transportation. It also covers adverbs of quantity and provides exercises on indirect questions. Vocabulary and exercises are included on topics like public transportation systems, count and non-count nouns, and new inventions for traveling on land and water.
Carbon cycle
Carbon is an element that is the basic building block of living things like humans, animals and plants. It is also found in rocks, oceans, and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon between the earth and atmosphere, as carbon is recycled through plants, animals, and the environment over time. Humans impact the carbon cycle through burning fossil fuels, which releases stored carbon and increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. To reduce this impact, people can burn less fossil fuels and promote plant growth that absorbs carbon dioxide.
earth atmosphere for kids understanding
This presentation is for kids understanding about earth atmosphere and different types of layers in our earth atmosphere as well as the composition of air and how auroras are formed in the universe.
Hydrogen bonding
1. Hydrogen bonding occurs between hydrogen atoms attached to electronegative atoms like oxygen, fluorine, and nitrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule.
2. Water is able to form extensive hydrogen bonding networks between molecules due to each water molecule having two hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom.
3. The hydrogen bonding network in liquid water is responsible for its unique properties, while hydrogen bonding in ice forms its crystalline lattice structure.
Zakat
Zakat merupakan salah satu rukun Islam yang wajib. Terdapat beberapa jenis harta yang wajib dibayar zakatnya seperti hasil bumi, emas, perak, komoditi dagang, dan binatang ternak apabila telah memenuhi syarat-syarat tertentu seperti telah genap setahun dan mencapai nishab. Besaran zakat berbeda-beda tergantung jenis hartanya.
Layers of the atmosphere
The atmosphere is divided into five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The troposphere is where weather occurs and contains around 80% of the atmosphere's mass. The stratosphere is above the troposphere and contains the ozone layer. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude in the troposphere but increases in the upper stratosphere due to ozone.
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Atmosphere
The document provides information on the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It discusses the following key points:
1. Earth's atmosphere can be divided into layers based on temperature and composition, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
2. The principal gases that make up the atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, along with variable gases like carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and water vapor.
3. Each layer serves important functions, such as the stratosphere containing the ozone layer which protects the surface from UV radiation, and the thermosphere where auroras occur.
atomspheric structure
The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into multiple layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere - based on how temperature varies with altitude. Each layer has distinct characteristics and contains different gases. The troposphere contains around 80% of atmospheric mass and is where weather occurs. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer which absorbs harmful UV radiation. The main atmospheric gases are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with trace amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases. Dust and water particles are also present and influence cloud formation and precipitation.
Atmosphere
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the composition, structure and what it really entails
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Ozone Layer and Chemicals
This presentation is about Ozone Layer and chemicals known to cause its depletion.
It also covers information about Ozone Hole and Correlation between Ozone depletion and skin diseases due to Ultra Violet light.It also contains no. of ways to limit ozone deterioration.
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This document provides an introduction and overview of atmospheric structure and composition and air pollution. It defines the atmosphere and describes its five layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It discusses the composition of the atmosphere, including the major gases of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ozone, and water vapor. It then defines air pollution, describes its various sources like industry and transportation, and classifies pollutants according to origin, state of matter, and source. The document provides context and definitions regarding the structure of the atmosphere and types and causes of air pollution.
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Just want to share our report in NatSci for graduate school. I'd be happy if this could help you. Enjoy! To God be the Glory!
Unit 2 - PART.pptx
Importance of Atmosphere –
Physical and chemical characteristics of Atmosphere –
Vertical structure of the atmosphere –
Composition of the atmosphere –
Temperature profile of the atmosphere –
Lapse rates –
Temperature inversion –
Effects of inversion on pollution dispersion.
Atmospheric stability
Earth’s atmosphere is a thin blanket of gases and tiny particles — together called air.
Atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth.
The Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases and water vapour, and also of some amount of aerosols (dust, smoke, condensation products of vapor)
It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants.
It envelops the earth all round and is held in place by the gravity of the earth.
It helps in stopping the ultraviolet rays harmful to the life and maintains the suitable temperature necessary for life.
4_5823618084463709862.pptx
This document discusses the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It begins by defining the atmosphere and explaining its origin from early gases like hydrogen and helium. Over time, outgassing from the Earth's interior introduced other gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The major permanent gases that make up most of the atmosphere today are nitrogen, oxygen and argon. Variable gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor and ozone play important environmental roles despite small proportions. The atmosphere performs vital functions like supplying oxygen and protecting the planet from radiation. It facilitates processes like the water cycle and photosynthesis to support life.
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is composed of four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer where weather occurs. Above that is the stratosphere, which contains most of the ozone that protects the Earth. The mesosphere is the coldest layer, and above it is the thermosphere, which is the hottest layer. Human activities like burning fossil fuels have accelerated the greenhouse effect and caused global warming, defined as the long-term heating of Earth's climate system. This threatens the environment unless steps are taken to reduce emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.
Air Pollution and Control Engineering
The document discusses air pollution and its causes, sources, classification, effects, and the structure of the atmosphere. It defines air pollution and describes the major layers of the atmosphere. It then covers the causes and sources of air pollution, how pollutants are classified, and the effects of air pollution on human health, vegetation, and animals. Key pollutants and their health impacts are also mentioned.
OZONE DEPLETION
The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere that contains ozone, which is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. It is located in the stratosphere, approximately 15-35km above Earth's surface. The ozone layer absorbs 97-99% of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation, protecting life on Earth. Depletion of the ozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach the surface, increasing health and environmental risks. Significant ozone depletion has occurred since the 1970s due to man-made chemicals like CFCs released into the atmosphere. CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances break down in the stratosphere to release chlorine and bromine atoms which destroy ozone molecules
ozone depletion
The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere that contains ozone, which is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. It is located in the stratosphere, approximately 15-35km above Earth's surface. The ozone layer absorbs 97-99% of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation, protecting life on Earth. Depletion of the ozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach the surface, increasing health and environmental risks. Significant ozone layer depletion has occurred since the 1970s due to man-made chemicals like CFCs released into the atmosphere. CFCs and other ozone depleting substances break down in the stratosphere to release chlorine and bromine atoms which destroy ozone molecules
1 Unit Atmosphere .pptx
The document discusses various topics related to atmospheric chemistry and air pollution. It begins with an overview of the composition and structure of the atmosphere, including the different layers (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere). It then covers various atmospheric reactions and processes, such as photochemical reactions, lapse rates, temperature inversions, and ozone layer formation and depletion. The document also discusses different air pollutants, their sources, effects, and methods for air quality monitoring and pollution control. Finally, it touches on related issues like the greenhouse effect, global warming, acid rain, and indoor air pollution.
Chapter 4THE ATMOSPHERE14.1 THE ATMOSPHERE4.1.1 .docx
Chapter 4
THE ATMOSPHERE
1
4.1 THE ATMOSPHERE
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago. During
the evolution of the solid earth, volcanic eruptions released gases into the developing atmosphere. Assuming
the outgasing was similar to that of modern volcanoes, the gases released included: water vapor (H2O),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3),
nitrogen (N2) and sulfur gases. The atmosphere was reducing because there was no free oxygen. Most of
the hydrogen and helium that outgassed would have eventually escaped into outer space due to the inability
of the earth's gravity to hold on to their small masses. There may have also been signi�cant contributions
of volatiles from the massive meteoritic bombardments known to have occurred early in the earth's history.
Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained down, eventually forming lakes and oceans. The
oceans provided homes for the earliest organisms which were probably similar to cyanobacteria. Oxygen
was released into the atmosphere by these early organisms, and carbon became sequestered in sedimentary
rocks. This led to our current oxidizing atmosphere, which is mostly comprised of nitrogen (roughly 71
percent) and oxygen (roughly 28 percent). Water vapor, argon and carbon dioxide together comprise a
much smaller fraction (roughly 1 percent). The atmosphere also contains several gases in trace amounts,
such as helium, neon, methane and nitrous oxide. One very important trace gas is ozone, which absorbs
harmful UV radiation from the sun.
4.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE
The earth's atmosphere extends outward to about 1,000 kilometers where it transitions to interplanetary
space. However, most of the mass of the atmosphere (greater than 99 percent) is located within the �rst
40 kilometers. The sun and the earth are the main sources of radiant energy in the atmosphere. The
sun's radiation spans the infrared, visible and ultraviolet light regions, while the earth's radiation is mostly
infrared.
The vertical temperature pro�le of the atmosphere is variable and depends upon the types of radiation
that a�ect each atmospheric layer. This, in turn, depends upon the chemical composition of that layer
(mostly involving trace gases). Based on these factors, the atmosphere can be divided into four distinct
layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface. It extends about 8 - 16 kilometers
from the earth's surface. The thickness of the layer varies a few km according to latitude and the season of
the year. It is thicker near the equator and during the summer, and thinner near the poles and during the
1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m16687/1.2/>.
Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10548/1.2>
15
16 CHAPTER 4. THE ATMOS ...
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The document summarizes key information about the Earth's atmosphere and major human impacts on it. It describes the atmosphere's composition and layers, and its vital roles in sustaining life through circulating gases and shielding the planet. It then discusses four major issues - ozone depletion caused by CFCs, global warming from increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, the resulting climate change effects, and air pollution. The Antarctic ozone hole is described as the largest on record. Global warming is recognized as a serious threat and is mainly caused by human activities like fossil fuel use. Predicted consequences include rising sea levels and impacts on hundreds of millions of people.
Chapter 17 Notes
The document discusses the structure and temperature of the atmosphere. It describes how uneven heating from the sun causes temperature differences between the equator and poles and drives winds and ocean currents. Climate is the average weather over many years, while weather changes daily. The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen but also contains variable amounts of water vapor, dust and other substances. Heat transfer mechanisms like radiation, conduction and convection influence atmospheric temperature.
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Ozone is a naturally occurring gas composed of three oxygen atoms that exists in two forms: good ozone in the stratosphere protects life from UV rays, while bad ground-level ozone is a air pollutant. The ozone layer is being depleted by CFCs from industry which release chlorine that destroys ozone. This increases harmful UV rays and affects ecosystems, climate, and humans through higher skin cancer risk. Large seasonal ozone depletions over the poles are called ozone holes. The only solution is to eliminate CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals by following the Montreal Protocol.
AIR - CLASS 7 GEO Lesson- 4 cbse
The atmosphere is a blanket of air that surrounds the Earth. It is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen and provides humans and other living things with air to breathe. The atmosphere also regulates the Earth's temperature and protects the planet from harmful solar radiation. Burning fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, disrupting the natural carbon cycle and causing the climate to change through the greenhouse effect.
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Soil is a natural layer covering the Earth's surface that is formed over long periods of time through the weathering and decomposition of rocks. It serves several important functions such as providing support for plants, storing water, and housing microorganisms. Soil takes a long time to form and is a dynamic layer that is constantly changing.
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Variable components of the atmosphere
- 2. The air in our atmosphere has some variable components to it as well. This includes water vapor, dust particles, and ozone. They are present in small percentages but they can have significant effects in weather and climate. (Tarbuck et al, 2001). The composition of air is not constant. It can vary from time to time and place to place.
- 3. Water Vapor The amount of water in the atmosphere varies between 1 and 4%. Why is such a small amount such a big deal? Water vapor is the source of all clouds and precipitation, and often that is the most common reason people think of for water. But water does other things too. It has the ability, like carbon dioxide, to absorb heat energy given off by the Earth. It can also absorb solar energy. When water changes from one state to another it absorbs or releases heat. This heat is often called latent (hidden) heat. This is the energy source that helps drive a lot of storms.
- 5. Aerosols Microscopic particles which are suspended in the air which comes from natural and human made and include sea salts from breaking waves, fine soil blown into the air, smoke and soot from fires, pollen and microorganisms, and ash and dust from volcanic eruptions. Aerosols are important because they as surfaces on which water vapor can condense, an important function in the formation of clouds and fog. Aerosols can absorb or reflect incoming solar radiation. When an air pollution episode is occurring or when ash fills the sky after volcanic eruption, the amount of sunlight reaching the earth’s surface can be reduced. Lastly, aerosols contribute to an optical phenomenon- the varied hues of red and orange at sunrise and sunset.
- 7. • Ozone or (O3) Ozone is a form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into one molecule. In the lowest portion of the atmosphere ozone represents less than one part in 100 million. It is concentrated well above the surface in the stratosphere between 10 to 50 kilometers. Ozone absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
- 8. Presented by: Jhunisa Ann P. Agustin BSED 4E