This document summarizes recent research on coronaviruses. It describes the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and discusses its transmission between bats, pangolins, and humans. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that SARS-CoV-2 is most closely related to coronaviruses found in bats and pangolins. The Spike protein and its receptor-binding domain are highly similar between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin coronaviruses. Key unanswered questions remain about the diversity and transmission of coronaviruses in bats.
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and Data-driven Healthcare: A Biomedical ...Jake Chen
The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to more than 80,000 confirmed cases and nearly 3000 deaths worldwide since December 2019. There is a race in the biomedical research community to publish findings on a wide spectrum of topics, from pathogenicity, viral genome characterization, genetic epidemiology, disease management, treatment, to drug and vaccine development. I will review literature primarily from the epidemiology, genomics, computational biology, and translational bioinformatics perspectives to help us understand the basic biomedical research questions related to the COVID-19 outbreak. These questions include: what is a coronavirus, how the viral genome is organized, how it compares with SARS, what biochemical and genomic characteristics that it has to make it so virulent, and what genomics/informatics/drug discovery opportunities there are. The rapid data collection, analysis, publication, healthcare intervention, and drug development presents a promising new model for “data-driven healthcare” in response to future major disease outbreak events.
ABO Blood Groups and SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Fumiichiro Yamamoto, Ph.D.FumiichiroYamamoto
Scientific knowledge is depicted on the association between A and B glycan antigens of the ABO blood group system important in blood transfusion and cell/tissue/organ transplantation and infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease COVID-19.
SARS Corona-virus 2: Genome Sequencing And Its ApplicationSarbajitRay2
This presentation encompasses the details of genomic sequencing of SARS CoV-2 and the applications of genomic sequencing.
Prepared By:
Adyasha Nayak
Sarbajit Ray
Sugata Lahiri
Badri Prasad Sarangi
About covid variants types of variants like UK, India , South Africa ,
some information about Variant of Concern and variant of interest , the about Indian variants
Creative Biolabs is a global leader in vaccine development. Our dedicated scientists have extensive experience in the development of new vaccines and can provide our clients with comprehensive vaccine development services to prevent infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/
An overview of coronaviruses. Lecture for University Biomedical Students. Using historical knowledge of coronaviruses to better understand the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and Data-driven Healthcare: A Biomedical ...Jake Chen
The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to more than 80,000 confirmed cases and nearly 3000 deaths worldwide since December 2019. There is a race in the biomedical research community to publish findings on a wide spectrum of topics, from pathogenicity, viral genome characterization, genetic epidemiology, disease management, treatment, to drug and vaccine development. I will review literature primarily from the epidemiology, genomics, computational biology, and translational bioinformatics perspectives to help us understand the basic biomedical research questions related to the COVID-19 outbreak. These questions include: what is a coronavirus, how the viral genome is organized, how it compares with SARS, what biochemical and genomic characteristics that it has to make it so virulent, and what genomics/informatics/drug discovery opportunities there are. The rapid data collection, analysis, publication, healthcare intervention, and drug development presents a promising new model for “data-driven healthcare” in response to future major disease outbreak events.
ABO Blood Groups and SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Fumiichiro Yamamoto, Ph.D.FumiichiroYamamoto
Scientific knowledge is depicted on the association between A and B glycan antigens of the ABO blood group system important in blood transfusion and cell/tissue/organ transplantation and infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease COVID-19.
SARS Corona-virus 2: Genome Sequencing And Its ApplicationSarbajitRay2
This presentation encompasses the details of genomic sequencing of SARS CoV-2 and the applications of genomic sequencing.
Prepared By:
Adyasha Nayak
Sarbajit Ray
Sugata Lahiri
Badri Prasad Sarangi
About covid variants types of variants like UK, India , South Africa ,
some information about Variant of Concern and variant of interest , the about Indian variants
Creative Biolabs is a global leader in vaccine development. Our dedicated scientists have extensive experience in the development of new vaccines and can provide our clients with comprehensive vaccine development services to prevent infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/
An overview of coronaviruses. Lecture for University Biomedical Students. Using historical knowledge of coronaviruses to better understand the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
The first three months of the COVID-19 epidemic:
Epidemiological evidence for two separate strains of SARSCoV-2 viruses spreading and implications for prevention
strategies
A pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan, China was first reported to the WHO
Country Office in China on 31 December 2019.In the last Nine months, almost Ten lakhs of
lives have already been Death, around three billion of people are in quarantine, and global
economies have been decreased. The outbreak of pandemic Covid-19 all over the world has
broken down the political, social, economic, religious and financial structures of the whole
world. The World’s top economies country such as the Australia, USA, India China, UK,
Germany, France, Italy, Japan and many others. The Stock Markets around the world have
been broken down and oil prices have fallen off a cliff. A report was published on BBC where
they describe every single week 3.3 million Americans have been unemployment and a week
later another 6.6 million people started searching for new jobs. The novel coronavirus is a
microscopic organism that has become an epidemic over time around the world. The United
States, Europe, Britain, Italy, Spain and France have already been hit by the virus. These
countries have already become mortal by Corona virus.
Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19Sidharth Mehta
As we know, COVID-19 is spreading worldwide and its only treatment is just Prevention from it. However there is no specific Drug/Medicine till available for this disease. In this report I try to demonstrate some Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19. Hope you guys like this report..Please Let me know some suggestions if you have in the comment section below. #STAYHOME #STAYSAFE
COVID-19 is a global infectious disease pandemic with high morbidity and mortality for at risk individuals. This slide is intended for the medical students, medical doctors and those in training for masters of medicine (MMED).
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous two lectures: "Introduction to Coronavirueses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History", and "Basic Biology of Coronaviruses". This lecture explains in detail "the Evolution of Coronaviruses and the Adaptations of the host Immune System", emphasizing on how the virus jumps from animal reservoirs to human hosts called spillovers, how the host and viral protein interact and what might we expect for long-term or short-term immunity from SARS-CoV-2 in near future.
Coronavirus Disease-19 and Reinfections: A Review of Casesasclepiuspdfs
Since first surfacing in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has led to a global pandemic with confirmed cases and death bells tolling in the millions with new cases still emerging daily. Despite sharing genetic similarities to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, the specific viral proteins found on the novel SARS coronavirus 2 and its structure seems to make this strain much more elusive and destructive. Based on peer-reviewed cases, there seems to be an increase in patient reinfection, but due to current testing and treatment limitations, it is yet to be determined if the new trend of reinfection is due to a persistent COVID-19 infection that involves a latent period, a recurrent infection due to the same strain of COVID-19, or a mutated strain of COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recent reports of the development of reinfection in previously confirmed COVID-19 cases in an attempt to gain a further understanding of the mechanisms of virulence, the effects on the human immune system, and how current testing and treatment modalities are faring. While the virus seems to have a penchant for patients with existing comorbidities, newer data indicate that everyone may be susceptible to possible infection and that not all patients will present with typical respiratory symptoms, making it imperative to examine established cases of reinfection in an attempt to further help with developing drugs for treatment, vaccines, and protocols for prevention.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
1. ABOUT COVID-19
Biology of the COVID-19, virulence,
diagnosis and treatment
2. PREVENTION MEASURES
How can one stay unaffected from
the current and future outbreaks
3. STATS ABOUT COVID-19
Patterns of this infection
worldwide
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complete information on coronavirus. Introduction, history, symptoms, covid19 structure, S protein of coronavirus, M proteins of coronavirus, spreading variations of coronavirus, vaccines, drugs to control coronavirus.
An introductory video of large number of video lecture series. This lecture gives an overview of all the outbreaks that has occurred in the past and going on in the present.
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous lecture: "Introduction to Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History" uploaded on 16/04/2020. This lecture gives a detailed description of the difference between SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, relationship between the two, mode of infection used by the virus, different testing methods employed and description of the genome of this virus and related databases.
Diagnosis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid 19)Makrani Shaharukh
COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus, and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV.’The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and some types of common cold. Diagnostic testing is possibly the only efficient way to monitor the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 in time and space.The WHO has appealed for global mass testing.
ORIGIN OF SARS-CoV-2: NATURAL EVOLUTION ARGUMENTAPRN World
There is ongoing debate among policymakers, scientists and the general public about where SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, came from. While researchers consider bats the most likely natural hosts for SARS-CoV-2, the origins of the virus are still unclear. On May 10 in the journal Current Biology, researchers describe a recently identified bat coronavirus that is SARS-CoV-2’s closest relative in some regions of the genome and which contains insertions of amino acids at the junction of the S1 and S2 subunits of the virus’s spike protein in a manner similar to SAR-CoV-2.
The first three months of the COVID-19 epidemic:
Epidemiological evidence for two separate strains of SARSCoV-2 viruses spreading and implications for prevention
strategies
A pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan, China was first reported to the WHO
Country Office in China on 31 December 2019.In the last Nine months, almost Ten lakhs of
lives have already been Death, around three billion of people are in quarantine, and global
economies have been decreased. The outbreak of pandemic Covid-19 all over the world has
broken down the political, social, economic, religious and financial structures of the whole
world. The World’s top economies country such as the Australia, USA, India China, UK,
Germany, France, Italy, Japan and many others. The Stock Markets around the world have
been broken down and oil prices have fallen off a cliff. A report was published on BBC where
they describe every single week 3.3 million Americans have been unemployment and a week
later another 6.6 million people started searching for new jobs. The novel coronavirus is a
microscopic organism that has become an epidemic over time around the world. The United
States, Europe, Britain, Italy, Spain and France have already been hit by the virus. These
countries have already become mortal by Corona virus.
Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19Sidharth Mehta
As we know, COVID-19 is spreading worldwide and its only treatment is just Prevention from it. However there is no specific Drug/Medicine till available for this disease. In this report I try to demonstrate some Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19. Hope you guys like this report..Please Let me know some suggestions if you have in the comment section below. #STAYHOME #STAYSAFE
COVID-19 is a global infectious disease pandemic with high morbidity and mortality for at risk individuals. This slide is intended for the medical students, medical doctors and those in training for masters of medicine (MMED).
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous two lectures: "Introduction to Coronavirueses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History", and "Basic Biology of Coronaviruses". This lecture explains in detail "the Evolution of Coronaviruses and the Adaptations of the host Immune System", emphasizing on how the virus jumps from animal reservoirs to human hosts called spillovers, how the host and viral protein interact and what might we expect for long-term or short-term immunity from SARS-CoV-2 in near future.
Coronavirus Disease-19 and Reinfections: A Review of Casesasclepiuspdfs
Since first surfacing in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has led to a global pandemic with confirmed cases and death bells tolling in the millions with new cases still emerging daily. Despite sharing genetic similarities to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, the specific viral proteins found on the novel SARS coronavirus 2 and its structure seems to make this strain much more elusive and destructive. Based on peer-reviewed cases, there seems to be an increase in patient reinfection, but due to current testing and treatment limitations, it is yet to be determined if the new trend of reinfection is due to a persistent COVID-19 infection that involves a latent period, a recurrent infection due to the same strain of COVID-19, or a mutated strain of COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recent reports of the development of reinfection in previously confirmed COVID-19 cases in an attempt to gain a further understanding of the mechanisms of virulence, the effects on the human immune system, and how current testing and treatment modalities are faring. While the virus seems to have a penchant for patients with existing comorbidities, newer data indicate that everyone may be susceptible to possible infection and that not all patients will present with typical respiratory symptoms, making it imperative to examine established cases of reinfection in an attempt to further help with developing drugs for treatment, vaccines, and protocols for prevention.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
1. ABOUT COVID-19
Biology of the COVID-19, virulence,
diagnosis and treatment
2. PREVENTION MEASURES
How can one stay unaffected from
the current and future outbreaks
3. STATS ABOUT COVID-19
Patterns of this infection
worldwide
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complete information on coronavirus. Introduction, history, symptoms, covid19 structure, S protein of coronavirus, M proteins of coronavirus, spreading variations of coronavirus, vaccines, drugs to control coronavirus.
An introductory video of large number of video lecture series. This lecture gives an overview of all the outbreaks that has occurred in the past and going on in the present.
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous lecture: "Introduction to Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History" uploaded on 16/04/2020. This lecture gives a detailed description of the difference between SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, relationship between the two, mode of infection used by the virus, different testing methods employed and description of the genome of this virus and related databases.
Diagnosis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid 19)Makrani Shaharukh
COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus, and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV.’The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and some types of common cold. Diagnostic testing is possibly the only efficient way to monitor the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 in time and space.The WHO has appealed for global mass testing.
ORIGIN OF SARS-CoV-2: NATURAL EVOLUTION ARGUMENTAPRN World
There is ongoing debate among policymakers, scientists and the general public about where SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, came from. While researchers consider bats the most likely natural hosts for SARS-CoV-2, the origins of the virus are still unclear. On May 10 in the journal Current Biology, researchers describe a recently identified bat coronavirus that is SARS-CoV-2’s closest relative in some regions of the genome and which contains insertions of amino acids at the junction of the S1 and S2 subunits of the virus’s spike protein in a manner similar to SAR-CoV-2.
Unusual Features of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Suggesting Sophisticated Laboratory Modification Rather Than Natural Evolution and Delineation of Its Probable Synthetic Route
https://zenodo.org/record/4028830#.X2EiXWhKiUn
A Brief Review on Covid 19 by Treatment of Ayurvedaijtsrd
In December 2019 in Wuhan, China the pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 is a highly contagious disease. The World Health Organization WHO has declared the current rash as a global public health emergency. Currently, the research on novel coronavirus is immobile in the primary stage. Created on the recent published evidence, In this review systematically summarizes the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of knowledge surrounding COVID 19 also the ayurvedic treatments are placed. In this literature review, the causative agent, pathogenesis and immune responses, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and management of the disease, control and preventions strategies are all reviewed. This review in the anticipation of helping the public effectively recognize and deal with the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 , also providing a reference for future studies. Sneha. H. Salunkhe | Pooja. A. Petkar | Monali Lalge | Nilesh Bhosale "A Brief Review on Covid 19 by Treatment of Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31574.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacoinformatics/31574/a-brief-review-on-covid-19-by-treatment-of-ayurveda/sneha-h-salunkhe
: The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading across the globe at an alarming rate. Corona Virus is a large
family of positive-sense, single-stranded Ribo Nuclic Acid(RNA) viruses that belong to the Nidovirales order. It
was first started in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and then subsequently spread to dozens of other countries
becoming a global pandemic. COVID-19 manifests with a wide clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic
patients to septic shock and multi organ dysfunction. The most common symptoms of patients include fever (98.
6%), fatigue (69.6%), dry cough, and diarrhea. The WHO recommends collecting samples from both the upper
and lower respiratory tracts. This can be achieved through expectorated sputum, broncho-alveolar lavage or
endotrachial aspirate, These samples are then assessed for viral RNA using polymerase chain reaction(PCR).
Patients with pre-existing co-morbidities have a higher case fatality rate. These co-morbidities include diabetes (7.
3%), respiratory disease(6.5%), cardiovascular disease(10.5%), hypertension(6%) and malignncy(5.6%). Patients
without co-morbidities have a lower case fatality rate(0.9%). Preventive measures must focus on optimizing
infection control protocols, self-isolation, and patient isolation during the provision of clinical care. No confirmed
medication or vaccine has been developed. Current treatment strategies are aimed at symptomatic care and
oxygen therapy. Chloroquine phosphate and lopinavir/ritonavir have been suggested. Other suggested anti-virals
include ribavirin and abidor. Usage of personal protective equipment, washing hands, sanitization, social distance
and general awareness can stop transmission of virus. Prophylactic vaccination is required for the future
prevention of COV-related epidemic or pandemic.
Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that cause disease in animals. Seven, including the new virus, have made the jump to humans, but most just cause cold-like symptoms.
Two other coronaviruses – Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars) – are much more severe,
Similar to Corona virus latest research findings (20)
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. Corona viruses- Latest research findings
What is known??
What lies ahead??
Transmission electron microscope image shows SARS-CoV-2, the virus
that causes COVID-19, isolated from a patient in the U.S. Virus particles
are emerging from the surface of cells cultured in the lab. The spikes on
the outer edge of the virus particles give coronaviruses their name,
crown-like. Ref. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/novel-
coronavirus-structure-reveals-targets-vaccines-treatments
Prepared by
Pritam Bardhan
Research Scholar,
Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology , Tezpur University
2. Myotis sp.
Rhinolophus sp.
Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)
(Natural reservoir)
(Interim reservoir)
Humans-unfortunate victims
Really??
Fan et al. (2019) Bat Coronaviruses in China, viruses
3. Picture of Wuhan sea food market
Live slaughtered animals are more nutritious- Chinese food culture
4. World Health Organization (WHO) has declared novel corona virus (COVID-19) outbreak a
“pandemic” on 09th March, 2020
5. Structure of respiratory syndrome causing human
corona viruses
Shereen et al. (2020)"COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses." Journal of
Advanced Research ; Fan et al. (2019) Bat Coronaviruses in China, viruses
Key points:
CoV genome is a positive
sense single-strand RNA
(+ssRNA), 27–32 kb in size
Two-thirds of genomic RNA
encodes for viral polymerase
(RdRp) and other non-structural
proteins involved in RNA
synthesis or host response
modulation
one third of the genome
encodes for structural proteins-
spike, envelope, membrane
glycoprotein and nucleocapsid
Two large overlapping polyproteins (ORF1a/ORF1b) which are precursor of viral polymerase
and the four structural proteins are relatively consistent, the length of the CoV genome is
dependent on the number and size of accessory proteins
Corona viruses-Baltimore group-IV; Family-Coronaviridae
6. Life cycle of SARS CoV-2 inside human cell
Spike (S) proteins binds to
cellular receptor ACE2
(angiotensin-converting
enzyme-2)
receptor binding brings
about conformational
changes in S protein that
facilitates fusion of viral
envelope with cell membrane
through the endosomal
pathway
SARS CoV-2 RNA is
released into the host cell
genome RNA is translated
into viral replicase
polyproteins, cleaved into
small products by viral
proteinases
The polymerase produces a series of subgenomic mRNAs by discontinuous transcription
which are finally translated into viral proteins
viral proteins and genome RNA are assembled into virions in the ER and Golgi and
transported via vesicles and released out of the cell
Shereen et al. (2020)"COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses." Journal of Advanced Research
7. Phylogenetic analysis of coronaviruses from different species and 2019 novel coronavirus in China; SARS-
CoV-2 was closely related to coronaviruses derived from five wild animals (Paguma larvata, Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus, Civet, Aselliscus stoliczkanus and Rhinolophus sinicus); Highest homology with bat
coronavirus isolate RaTG13 (based on complete genome and ORF1a homology 93.7 % and 96.5 %
respectively)-suggesting that the virus is not the same coronavirus as coronaviruses derived from these
five animals
Li et al. (2020) Genetic evolution analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus and coronavirus from other species. Infection, Genetics and Evolution,
p.104285.
Tracing the Evolutionary relationship of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2
8. Phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses showing the relationship of Wuhan-Hu-1 (causing Wuhan seafood market pneumonia)
to selected coronavirus based on complete genome nucleotide sequence. The viruses are grouped into four genera ;
Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus . The tree was reconstructed with sequences
of the complete RNA- dependent RNA polymerase- coding region of the representative novel coronaviruses
Shereen et al. (2020)"COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses." Journal of Advanced Research
9. Phylogenetic Relationship of CoVs Based on the Whole Genome and RdRp Gene Nucleotide Sequences
Pangolin-CoV, RaTG13, and SARS-CoV-2 were clustered into a well-supported group, here named the “SARS-
CoV-2 group
Zhang et al. (2019). Probable Pangolin Origin of 2019-nCoV Associated with Outbreak of COVID-19. Current Biology
10. Comparison of complete genome organization similarity among SARS-CoV-2, Pangolin-CoV
(91.02 %), and BatCoV RaTG13 (93.7 %).
Considering the wide spread of SARSr-CoVs in natural reservoirs, such as bats, camels,
and pangolins, these findings would be meaningful for finding novel intermediate SARS-CoV-2
hosts to block interspecies transmission.
Zhang et al. (2019). Probable Pangolin Origin of 2019-nCoV Associated with Outbreak of COVID-19. Current Biology
11. Amino acid sequence alignment of S1 protein and its phylogeny
S1 protein of Pangolin-CoV is more closely related to that of 2019-CoV than to that of RaTG13. Within the
RBD, we further found that Pangolin-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 were highly conserved, with only one amino acid
change (500H/500Q)
Zhang et al. (2019). Probable Pangolin Origin of 2019-nCoV Associated with Outbreak of COVID-19. Current Biology
Tracing the transmissibility and pathogenicity determinant
12. The S1/S2 cleavage site in the S protein is also an important determinant of the transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-
CoV/SARS-CoV viruses.
Four amino acid insertions (SPRRs) unique to SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 S protein contains putative furin recognition motif (PRRARSV) similar to that of MERS-CoV, which has a
PRSVRSV motif. The furin sequence motif at the S1/S2 site is missing in the S protein of Pangolin-CoV and all other
SARS/SARSr-CoVs
Zhang et al. (2019). Probable Pangolin Origin of 2019-nCoV Associated with Outbreak of COVID-19. Current Biology
S proteinHost cell
proteases
cleave at
S1/S2
cleavage site
N-terminal S1
ectodomain
C-terminal S2
membrane anchored
protein
(Recognize
cell surface
receptor)
(drives fusion of viral
envelope with cell
membrane)
This difference indicates the
SARS-CoV-2 might gain a
distinct mechanism to promote
its entry into host cells
13. Key research questions ??
why there are so many genetically divergent CoVs in bats? (Linked to the diversity
of bat species)
What is the pathogenesis of most bat CoVs in humans? (Bottleneck: Isolation and
identification of viruses from bats that pose a threat to humans apart from those
viruses that were identified during the outbreaks)
What is the mechanism of disease transmittance? (For e.g. SARS CoV & SADS
CoV were transmitted from bats to humans or swine; there exact transmission routes
are unknown)
Bats as a natural reservoir of corona viruses (CoV), how can bats maintain CoVs
long-term without showing clinical symptoms of diseases?
Fan et al. (2019) Bat Coronaviruses in China, viruses
