Right now the whole world is facing the covid-19 pandemic, and right now diagnosis and prevention of the spread of disease is the best option we have. This presentation includes methods that are currently in use for the identification of SARS-Co-V 2 / Covid-19. other than currently used methods this presentation also includes potential wearable devices that can be used for early detection of Covid-19.
Diagnosis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid 19)Makrani Shaharukh
COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus, and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV.’The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and some types of common cold. Diagnostic testing is possibly the only efficient way to monitor the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 in time and space.The WHO has appealed for global mass testing.
SARS Corona-virus 2: Genome Sequencing And Its ApplicationSarbajitRay2
This presentation encompasses the details of genomic sequencing of SARS CoV-2 and the applications of genomic sequencing.
Prepared By:
Adyasha Nayak
Sarbajit Ray
Sugata Lahiri
Badri Prasad Sarangi
Diagnosis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid 19)Makrani Shaharukh
COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus, and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV.’The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and some types of common cold. Diagnostic testing is possibly the only efficient way to monitor the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 in time and space.The WHO has appealed for global mass testing.
SARS Corona-virus 2: Genome Sequencing And Its ApplicationSarbajitRay2
This presentation encompasses the details of genomic sequencing of SARS CoV-2 and the applications of genomic sequencing.
Prepared By:
Adyasha Nayak
Sarbajit Ray
Sugata Lahiri
Badri Prasad Sarangi
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and Data-driven Healthcare: A Biomedical ...Jake Chen
The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to more than 80,000 confirmed cases and nearly 3000 deaths worldwide since December 2019. There is a race in the biomedical research community to publish findings on a wide spectrum of topics, from pathogenicity, viral genome characterization, genetic epidemiology, disease management, treatment, to drug and vaccine development. I will review literature primarily from the epidemiology, genomics, computational biology, and translational bioinformatics perspectives to help us understand the basic biomedical research questions related to the COVID-19 outbreak. These questions include: what is a coronavirus, how the viral genome is organized, how it compares with SARS, what biochemical and genomic characteristics that it has to make it so virulent, and what genomics/informatics/drug discovery opportunities there are. The rapid data collection, analysis, publication, healthcare intervention, and drug development presents a promising new model for “data-driven healthcare” in response to future major disease outbreak events.
Few of the latest research findings on the novel corona virus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) have been compiled. The basic biology of corona virus, its life cycle and its evolutionary relationship with corona viruses derived from other animals (including bats and pangolin corona viruses) has been depicted highlighting it’s inter species transmission. One of the key pathogenicity and transmissibility determinants (i.e. a furin-like S1/S2 cleavage site in the S protein) unique to SARS-CoV-2 might be responsible for its distinct mechanism to promote its entry into host cells. The last slide leaves the readers with basic research questions pertaining to the genetic divergence and evolution of coronaviruses in bats, its pathogenesis and mechanism of disease transmittance. In these times of crisis due to the outbreak of novel corona virus 2019 in Wuhan and subsequently leading to a pandemic, it is important to understand the basic biology of corona virus and the latest research findings related to its cross species transmission and key pathogenicity determinant that allows the novel corona virus a distinct mechanism to gain entry into the host cells. The structural biology approach to study the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with receptor binding domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is underway and it is hoped that these findings will help in the design of new vaccines candidates targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
Using SARS-CoV-2 to Teach Physiology and ScienceInsideScientific
Join Dr. Dee Silverthorn for a discussion on how the sudden appearance of the global pandemic of COVID-19 provides a unique opportunity to show students science in action as researchers and healthcare professionals around the world scramble to understand the virus and its effects on the human body. This is the third webinar in this 4-part series on how science education has evolved in the face of new challenges.
In this presentation we will explore some of the ways that we can incorporate today’s headlines into the curriculum by discussing the pathophysiology and pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and how it demonstrates the integration of body function across multiple organ systems. Teaching about the coronavirus pandemic also creates opportunities to have students critically analyze research studies and news reports, and to discuss ethical dilemmas such as the distribution of limited amounts of vaccine or the triage of critically ill patients when lifesaving equipment is limited. One important goal of teaching about the coronavirus pandemic is to have students learn to tolerate ambiguity, and to understand that today’s “facts” are simply our best models of what we know.
Creative Biolabs has established a powerful AntInfect™ Platform for anti-virus biomolecular discovery, covering antibody and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/antinfect/antibody-peptide-discovery-for-viral-disease.htm
Creative Biolabs is a global leader in vaccine development. Our dedicated scientists have extensive experience in the development of new vaccines and can provide our clients with comprehensive vaccine development services to prevent infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/
Introduction to SARS-CoV-2-Creative BiolabsCandySwift_NY
An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has raised global concerns. It is identified as the cause of pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since the early outbreak in Wuhan, China, it has subsequently spread to all provinces of China and many other countries. The urgent epidemic situation has spurred the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. As a leading service provider in the field of biological research and drug discovery, Creative Biolabs provides fast & elaborate therapeutic antibody discovery, drug candidates screening and vaccine development services to help combat this outbreak.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous lecture: "Introduction to Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History" uploaded on 16/04/2020. This lecture gives a detailed description of the difference between SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, relationship between the two, mode of infection used by the virus, different testing methods employed and description of the genome of this virus and related databases.
About covid variants types of variants like UK, India , South Africa ,
some information about Variant of Concern and variant of interest , the about Indian variants
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and Data-driven Healthcare: A Biomedical ...Jake Chen
The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to more than 80,000 confirmed cases and nearly 3000 deaths worldwide since December 2019. There is a race in the biomedical research community to publish findings on a wide spectrum of topics, from pathogenicity, viral genome characterization, genetic epidemiology, disease management, treatment, to drug and vaccine development. I will review literature primarily from the epidemiology, genomics, computational biology, and translational bioinformatics perspectives to help us understand the basic biomedical research questions related to the COVID-19 outbreak. These questions include: what is a coronavirus, how the viral genome is organized, how it compares with SARS, what biochemical and genomic characteristics that it has to make it so virulent, and what genomics/informatics/drug discovery opportunities there are. The rapid data collection, analysis, publication, healthcare intervention, and drug development presents a promising new model for “data-driven healthcare” in response to future major disease outbreak events.
Few of the latest research findings on the novel corona virus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) have been compiled. The basic biology of corona virus, its life cycle and its evolutionary relationship with corona viruses derived from other animals (including bats and pangolin corona viruses) has been depicted highlighting it’s inter species transmission. One of the key pathogenicity and transmissibility determinants (i.e. a furin-like S1/S2 cleavage site in the S protein) unique to SARS-CoV-2 might be responsible for its distinct mechanism to promote its entry into host cells. The last slide leaves the readers with basic research questions pertaining to the genetic divergence and evolution of coronaviruses in bats, its pathogenesis and mechanism of disease transmittance. In these times of crisis due to the outbreak of novel corona virus 2019 in Wuhan and subsequently leading to a pandemic, it is important to understand the basic biology of corona virus and the latest research findings related to its cross species transmission and key pathogenicity determinant that allows the novel corona virus a distinct mechanism to gain entry into the host cells. The structural biology approach to study the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with receptor binding domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is underway and it is hoped that these findings will help in the design of new vaccines candidates targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
Using SARS-CoV-2 to Teach Physiology and ScienceInsideScientific
Join Dr. Dee Silverthorn for a discussion on how the sudden appearance of the global pandemic of COVID-19 provides a unique opportunity to show students science in action as researchers and healthcare professionals around the world scramble to understand the virus and its effects on the human body. This is the third webinar in this 4-part series on how science education has evolved in the face of new challenges.
In this presentation we will explore some of the ways that we can incorporate today’s headlines into the curriculum by discussing the pathophysiology and pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and how it demonstrates the integration of body function across multiple organ systems. Teaching about the coronavirus pandemic also creates opportunities to have students critically analyze research studies and news reports, and to discuss ethical dilemmas such as the distribution of limited amounts of vaccine or the triage of critically ill patients when lifesaving equipment is limited. One important goal of teaching about the coronavirus pandemic is to have students learn to tolerate ambiguity, and to understand that today’s “facts” are simply our best models of what we know.
Creative Biolabs has established a powerful AntInfect™ Platform for anti-virus biomolecular discovery, covering antibody and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/antinfect/antibody-peptide-discovery-for-viral-disease.htm
Creative Biolabs is a global leader in vaccine development. Our dedicated scientists have extensive experience in the development of new vaccines and can provide our clients with comprehensive vaccine development services to prevent infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/
Introduction to SARS-CoV-2-Creative BiolabsCandySwift_NY
An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has raised global concerns. It is identified as the cause of pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since the early outbreak in Wuhan, China, it has subsequently spread to all provinces of China and many other countries. The urgent epidemic situation has spurred the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. As a leading service provider in the field of biological research and drug discovery, Creative Biolabs provides fast & elaborate therapeutic antibody discovery, drug candidates screening and vaccine development services to help combat this outbreak.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous lecture: "Introduction to Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History" uploaded on 16/04/2020. This lecture gives a detailed description of the difference between SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, relationship between the two, mode of infection used by the virus, different testing methods employed and description of the genome of this virus and related databases.
About covid variants types of variants like UK, India , South Africa ,
some information about Variant of Concern and variant of interest , the about Indian variants
Brief presentation about COVID19 diagnosis ,management and discharge criteria from isolation. Short Discussion about guideline given by Nepal medical council and TUTH for management.
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[4] The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020.[5] As of 25 March, more than 422,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 190 countries and territories, resulting in more than 18,900 deaths and more than 109,000 recoveries.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus (CoVs), named severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [provisionally known as 2019 novel coronavirus
(2019-nCoV)].
• It originated in central China's Wuhan city anywhere from March to September 2019, and spread rapidly to
nearly the entire world, with more than 4 million deaths and 195 million cases.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19)
outbreak a global pandemic.
• The exponential growth of SARS-CoV-2 is a result of its high reproduction numbers (R0) ranging from 2.2
to 3.58, with an average of 2.67.
• The major problem with infectious disease like covid 19 is exponential spread of the disease, thus
diagnosis and isolation of infected individuals provides the best approach in controlling disease spread.
A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for
instance, multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of people.
Executive Summary | COVID-19
3. • To control the spread of covid 19 or other
infectious diseases generally, some common
strategies are available.
• Such as;
• Proper and reliable diagnosis of disease.
• Isolation of infected individuals.
• Social distancing.
• Contact tracing.
• Quarantine.
• Other covid appropriate behaviours.
Identifying who infected people have come into contact with, known as contact tracing, is a very
important step in detecting potentially infected individuals and preventing further spread.
Prevention | COVID-19
4. • Diagnosis plays a major role in controlling the outbreak of infectious diseases like COVID 19. Currently,
many techniques and kits are available for detection of covid 19, and many are under development to
increase efficacy and efficiency of diagnosis. When the diagnosis is accurate and done in a timely
manner, the patient has the best chance for a positive health outcome, and it also prevents the further
spread of the infection.
• Some common diagnosis strategies are;
Diagnosis has been described as both a process and a classification scheme, or a “pre-existing
set of categories agreed upon by the medical profession to designate a specific condition”
Diagnosis | COVID-19
• Viral genetic material (RNA) detection
• Detection of antibodies against viral
antigens in serum
• Detection of viral antigens in body
fluids
• presence of physical symptoms
• Image-based test for a lung
infection
• Biosensors for early detection of
infection
5. • The Real-Time reverse transcription- Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) test is the "gold
standard" for the diagnosis of COVID-19 because of its accuracy.
• The assay uses viral RNA extracted from patient samples (such as material collected by NP/OP swabs),
synthesizes complementary DNA (cDNA) through the action of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, amplifies
target sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 genome from the cDNA template using multiple primer and probe,
thus it could discriminate SARS-CoV from other human and animal coronaviruses.
• Failure to expand can be interpreted as a negative result, but it can also be due to poor quality of the
clinical sample or to early disease status.
• NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) is an alternative approach that can be used for this purpose. In
addition to diagnosing infection, it can also provide information about new mutations in the viral genome.
Viral Nucleic Acid Detection | COVID-19
rRT-PCR, preferably, should be performed between the third and fifth day after the onset of
symptoms, as the viral load is usually high in the first week of illness.
Emery SL, Erdman DD, Bowen MD, et al. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for SARS-associated coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(2):311-316.
doi:10.3201/eid1002.030759
First NGS-based COVID-19 diagnostic. Nat Biotechnol 38, 777 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0608-y
6. • Several POCT kits are currently available for the rapid detection of viral genomes, specific viral protein
antigens, or antibodies in host blood.
• Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay amplified the target sequence at a constant temperature of
60–65 °C using primers and a polymerase with high strand displacement activity in addition to a replication
activity. The amplification product can be detected via photometry, which measures the turbidity caused by
magnesium pyrophosphate, which occurs as a byproduct of amplification.
• Some molecular POCT kits are:-
• iLACO, by sangyang university; based on RT-LAMP.
• ID-NOW COVID 19, by Abbott; based on ID NOW instrument.
• Sherlock CRISPR SARS-CoV-2 kit, by sherlock bioscience; based on RT-LAMP and CRISPR-cas13.
Molecular point-of-care tests | COVID-19
Point of care testing (POCT) allows rapid medical diagnostic testing at or near the actual point of
care such as in a physician's office, ambulance, home, field, or hospital that lacks laboratory
infrastructure to allow rapid treatment.
7. Immunological assay such as ELISA can be used in detection of antibodies or viral protein as diagnosis test
for covid 19.
• Serological tests, use ELISA to detect the presence of immunoglobulins M and G against coronavirus in
a whole blood, plasma or serum sample. These tests can determine whether a patient has previously
been infected with coronavirus, as they will stay positive after active infection has gone. These tests will
not be positive until the body has started to make antibodies to fight the virus, typically 5-10 days post-
infection.
• Example; “SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay” by “abbott laboratory” detect IgG antibody in serum or plasma.
• Antigen test detect the presence of viral antigen in patient biological sample using immunological assay.
• Currently “Sofia 2 SARS Antigen FIA”, “Coviself” and other antigen test kit are commercially available
which detect presence of nucleocapsid protein antigen of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharynx swab.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) uses a solid-phase type of enzyme immunoassay
(EIA) to detect the presence of a ligand (commonly a protein) in a liquid sample using enzyme-linked
antibodies directed against the protein to be measured.
Protein test | COVID-19
8. • Physical signs and symptoms can be used to diagnose the disease but in the case of covid 19, these
symptoms and their severity can vary between asymptomatic, mild, and severe patients. physical
symptoms can develop from 2 days to 2 weeks after exposure to the virus.
• some common symptoms of covid 19 :
Physical symptoms are abnormalities that can indicate a possible medical condition and serve as
objective evidence of a disease that can be observed by others or only by the patient.
• Fever or chills
• Cough
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Muscle or body aches
• Headache
• hyposmia and anosmia
• Sore throat
• Congestion or runny nose
• Nausea or vomiting
Physical Examination | COVID-19
9. • Imaging tests to diagnose COVID-19 were usually done with an HRCT scan or chest X-ray. It has been
reported that CT imaging of lesions may exhibit major distributions in the subpleural region or may barely
exist along with bronchial vascular bundles. Quantitative analysis demonstrated the existence of one to
two and often more than three lesions at random. Their morphology was observed to be nodular, lumpy,
or patchy. Furthermore, the density was found to be mostly uneven along the condensed bronchial wall.
Other associated signs vary from air-filled bronchi, enlarged lymph nodes (mediastinal), and rarely pleural
effusion.
• Medical research bodies like ICMR, American College of Radiology (or ACR) has issued guidance that
CTs and x-rays should not be used as a first-line tool to diagnose or screen for COVID-19. There are
some major reasons for the ACR’s recommendation, such as;
• A chest CT or x-ray cannot accurately distinguish between COVID-19 and other respiratory
infections, like seasonal flu.
• A significant percentage of patients with COVID-19 have normal chest CTs or x-rays.
Image-based test | COVID-19
High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is a type of computed tomography (CT) that use
radiology with specific techniques to enhance image resolution.
10. Laboratory parameters Abnormalities
Lymphocytes Reduction
Eosinophils Reduction
Hemoglobin (Hb) Reduction
Albuin Reduction
Procalcitonin Increase
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Increase
D-dimer Increase
C-reactive protein(CRP) Increase
Creatinine Increase
Creatine kinase (CK) Increase
Pro-inflammatory Cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α and IFNγ Increase
A hematologic examination is the microscopic examination of the cells of the blood looking for
changes in the structure and numbers of various types of blood cells.
Hematological and Biochemical Examination
11. Pre-screening | COVID-19
• As COVID 19 shows many different patterns of physical symptoms it becomes difficult to identify infected
persons (asymptomatic) who do not show proper physical symptoms but can spread the disease.
• Thus, pre-screening by a wearable device that can detect subtle changes in respiratory function and body
temperature before the onset of clinical symptoms, such as shallow respiration, wheezing and shortness
of breath has the potential to be an effective tool.
• Many Wearable devices are available to major physical symptoms like,
• Temperature
• Blood oxygen saturation
• Respiration rate (RR)
• Heart rate variability (HRV)
Pre-screening is very important for individuals who are at high risk of infection like a frontline
staff so that they can isolate themselves before spreading the disease to others and get proper
treatment in time.
12. • Wearable devices can detect and alert users of possible infection with SARS-CoV-2 before they develop
clinical symptoms through the development of an early detection algorithm (EDA). By notifying wearable
device users of possible early infection, EDA could allow them the ability to self-isolate, seek care or
diagnostic testing, and take other steps to mitigate transmission of the infection during a critical period of
the disease process.
• Some commercially available wearable devices;
• TempTraq®, a wearable temperature monitor in the form of a soft, comfortable patch that continuously,
safely and comfortably, monitors body temperature for up to 48 hours and sends alerts to a smartphone
using Bluetooth connectivity.
• Oura ring and other fitness bands, major Resting Heart Rate, Heart Rate Variability (HRV), Respiratory
Rate, Body Temperature, Light, Deep and REM Sleep, Nighttime Movement, Sleep Timing and Quality
and physical movements of body.
• Pulse oximetry, can major Peripheral oxygen saturation readings within 2% accuracy.
Early Detection Algorithm(EDA) | COVID-19
Computational algorithms with wearable devices can analyze biological data and detect any
infection prior to any major physical symptoms.
13. • Proper diagnostic methods cost money and require time so cannot be used on the general public
in daily life. Thus, certain symptoms are commonly used as indicators of infection.
• Currently, some common general screening methods or indicators are used to test infected
persons in public places.
• Such as;
• Body temperature: High body temperature or fever is a common symptom of COVID 19 and
temperature detection is a very simple, cost-effective, time-efficient method that does not require
skilled manpower.
• Breath sound: Since patients infected with COVID-19 show changes in physical breath sound or
cough sound, this can be used as a test for screening using machine learning techniques.
• Smell Identification test; Loss of smell either anosmia or hyposmia is a prominent marker of covid
19. Testing for anosmia or hyposmia can be done using a scratch card of micro-encapsulated
odorant.
These tests alone are not sufficient for diagnosis of COVID 19 due to high false results.
General screening | COVID-19
14. • Nearly 20 months have passed since the first case of Covid-19 was reported and the whole world
has seen several phases of lockdown. The lives of about 3 trillion people have come to a
standstill.
• Currently around 300 thousand new cases are being reported daily around the world. In which ~40
thousand are only from India.
• The condition of the pandemic is different in different countries. Some countries are facing the
second wave and in some, the advisory is being issued for the third wave.
• Cure and treatment methods are being explored all over the world, but any concrete treatment for
medical use in humans is still far away.
• But as history tells, prevention is the best cure. Therefore, vaccination is currently being
considered as a strong remedy all over the world. Widespread vaccination campaigns are going
on in many countries to build a Hard immunity.
• In India alone, about 50 lakh people are getting the vaccine every day.
Prevention is the best cure.
Current situation | COVID-19