In this short communication, UV/Vis spectrophotometry is described as an analytical tool for the quantification of lignin content in deep eutectic solutions. The lignin was solubilized with different deep eutectic solvent (DES). DESs were prepared as binary mixtures of choline chloride with lactic acid (1:9); (1:10); ethylene glycol (1:2); glycerol (1:2) and alanine:lactic acid (1:9), and betaine:lactic acid (1:2). The UV-Vis spectrometric quantification of the solubilized lignins was independent of the type of solubilized lignin. The approach consists of measuring the absorbance of a solution of lignins dissolved in the deep eutectic solvents at an absorbance of 440 nm.
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
Abstract
A rapid advance of nanotechnology has the potential approach for significant improvements in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we report a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using silver nitrate as metal precursor in Curcuma longa. These Ag-NPs were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorbance in specific nano meter range in UV–vis spectroscopy. TEM micrographs revealed the formation of well-dispersed Ag-NPs with its size and morphology. Microbiology assay founds that Ag-NPs are effective against V.cholera bacteria. These developments raise exciting opportunities to diagnose and treat pathogenic mode of infection based on the various profiles to target diseases.
Photochemistry Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Thyroxine Capped Si...priyanka raviraj
Objective:
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the noble metal nanoparticles studied due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and ease of detection. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using thyroxine as a reducing and capping agent through the one step photochemical method
Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Thy-AgNPs)
1. UV-Spectroscopy Analysis
2. Fourier Transforms-Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
3. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HR-TEM)
4. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)
5. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
6. Zeta potential
Uses:
*AgNPs have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties
*Exhibit high plasmon efficiency
*More sensitive towards localized surface plasmon resonance
*Less time consuming, economic and more ecofriendly
*It is used in electronics, food industry, cosmetics, photochemical, biomedicine and chemistry.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticle synthesized by C...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): For the development of reliable, ecofriendly, less expensive process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the bactericidal, and cytotoxicity properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Croton bonplandianum, Baill.
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant part of Croton bonplandianum was carried out. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The biochemical properties were assayed by antibacterial study, cytotoxicity assay using cancer cell line.
Results: The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis which showed absorbance peak at 425 nm. X-ray diffraction photograph indicated the face centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. TEM has displayed the different dimensional images of biogenic silver nanoparticles with particle size distribution ranging from 15-40 nm with an average size of 32 nm. Silver particles are spherical in shape, clustered. The EDX analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of synthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against three Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa carried out showed significant zones of inhibition. The cytotoxicity study by AgNPS also showed cytotoxicity on ovarian cancer cell line PA-1 and lung epithelial cancer cell line A549.
Conclusion: The present study confirms that the AgNPs have great promise as antibacterial, and anticancer agent.
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
Abstract
A rapid advance of nanotechnology has the potential approach for significant improvements in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we report a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using silver nitrate as metal precursor in Curcuma longa. These Ag-NPs were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorbance in specific nano meter range in UV–vis spectroscopy. TEM micrographs revealed the formation of well-dispersed Ag-NPs with its size and morphology. Microbiology assay founds that Ag-NPs are effective against V.cholera bacteria. These developments raise exciting opportunities to diagnose and treat pathogenic mode of infection based on the various profiles to target diseases.
Photochemistry Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Thyroxine Capped Si...priyanka raviraj
Objective:
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the noble metal nanoparticles studied due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and ease of detection. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using thyroxine as a reducing and capping agent through the one step photochemical method
Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Thy-AgNPs)
1. UV-Spectroscopy Analysis
2. Fourier Transforms-Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
3. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HR-TEM)
4. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)
5. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
6. Zeta potential
Uses:
*AgNPs have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties
*Exhibit high plasmon efficiency
*More sensitive towards localized surface plasmon resonance
*Less time consuming, economic and more ecofriendly
*It is used in electronics, food industry, cosmetics, photochemical, biomedicine and chemistry.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticle synthesized by C...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): For the development of reliable, ecofriendly, less expensive process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the bactericidal, and cytotoxicity properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Croton bonplandianum, Baill.
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant part of Croton bonplandianum was carried out. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The biochemical properties were assayed by antibacterial study, cytotoxicity assay using cancer cell line.
Results: The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis which showed absorbance peak at 425 nm. X-ray diffraction photograph indicated the face centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. TEM has displayed the different dimensional images of biogenic silver nanoparticles with particle size distribution ranging from 15-40 nm with an average size of 32 nm. Silver particles are spherical in shape, clustered. The EDX analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of synthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against three Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa carried out showed significant zones of inhibition. The cytotoxicity study by AgNPS also showed cytotoxicity on ovarian cancer cell line PA-1 and lung epithelial cancer cell line A549.
Conclusion: The present study confirms that the AgNPs have great promise as antibacterial, and anticancer agent.
ABSTRACT- Tagetes erecta L. was raised in pots containing soil treated with various concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500mg/kg). At maturity plants were separated into root, stem, leaves and inflorescence and lead accumulated in each part was quantified. The effects of lead accumulation on growth was analyzed by the measurement of various growth parameters like root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and total leaf area per plant. Moreover effect of lead accumulation on biochemical parameters was checked by quantitative estimation of various biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, total protein, free amino acids, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch. Results showed that there is no remarkable negative effect of accumulation of lead on the morphological growth of the plant. Biochemical analysis showed that amount of total protein continuously decreased whereas that of free amino acids continuously increased with increasing concentrations of lead. Amount of chlorophyll, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch contents continuously increased till mid-level i.e., Pb 1500 mg/kg and then continuously decreased at higher concentrations. Results of quantitative estimation of Pb in root, stem, leaves and inflorescence showed that roots accumulated highest amount of Pb followed by stem and leaves, whereas inflorescence contained least amount of Pb.
Key-words- Lead (Pb), Heavy metal, Tagetes erecta L., Accumulation, Phytoremediation
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
Effluents containing heavy metals can be
remediated with the help of dead microorganisms by the process
known as biosorption. In this study the dead biomass 1of fungus
Aspergillus flavus was used for the biosorption of heavy metals
i.e., Zinc and Nickel. The capacity of biosorption by the dead
biomass of Aspergillus flavus was evaluated at room temperature
with different parameters which are; pH, contact time, biomass
concentration and metal ion concentration. The biosorption
capacity for Zn was found to be 47.36% at room temperature, at
pH 6.5, with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of
50 min and solution concentration of 2ppm. Biosorption capacity
for Ni was found to be 61.60% at room temperature, at pH 5,
with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 60 min
and solution concentration of 2ppm. . In this study, desorption of
the heavy metals by 0.1M HCl was found to be effective. Fungal
biomass was recovered for reuse.
Chemo bio synthesis of silver nanoparticlesJagpreet Singh
Silver nanoparticles have a lot of ways of synthesis like physical and chemical
methods; some of these methods use a lot of chemical substances and are
very hazardous for humans and environment, so a novel, great, environmental
friendly, cheap and easy to use world of green chemistry has been used. A
number of characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier
transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study and scanning
electron microscopy revealed that silver nanoparticles have been used. Thus
the different response of the functional groups and the difference in the peaks
and UV-visible data was studied and then compared to understand and know
the way these different reducing agents react to the same starting material. The
green synthesis had a UV-visible peak at 446 nm while the one with chemical
synthesis had a peak at 395 nm. FTIR results of silver nanoparticles synthesis
by trisodium citrate (TSC) showed a peak at 1505 cm-1 which shows that the
compound has a stretching of the -C=C – bond. In another case, which was done
by using Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) a peak at 1695 cm-1 showed a –C=O- bond
indicating stretching and a weak absorption intensity. Another peak was present
which indicates a –O-H bond formation and presence which is a strong bond are
found to exist. A notable peak came for synthesis by orange peel at 1517 cm-1
which represents a –C=C- bond stretching as in aromatic compounds. Another
peak at 1732 cm-1 indicates the –C=O- bond. The XRD results on one of the
silver sample prepared by green methods showed silver nanomaterials formed
which had a average particle size of around 42 nm. FE-SEM results revealed that
silver nanomaterials were formed and had a flake like appearance in one of the
results. All the overall comparison showed that different modes of synthesis
of silver nanomaterials and different reducing agents give same materials but
with different peaks and intensities. All this data provided knowledge about the
fact that an alternative method can be used to create new nanoparticles if one
of the previously considered to tried method fails thus helping in extending the
broadways for research.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye (Methyl Red) In Water under Visible Lig...IJEAB
Commercial TiO2 (P25) co-doped with bimetallic silver and nickel nanoparticles (Ag-Ni/TiO2) was prepared by g-irradiation method. The properties of Ag-Ni/TiO2 were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (EDX) and surface area measurement by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The size of silver and nickel nanoparticles was determined by TEM to be of 1-2 nm.The photo-catalytic degradation of azo dye methyl red in the aqueous suspensions of TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2 under visible light was carried out to evaluate the photo-catalytic activity. Results showed that Ag-Ni/TiO2 was found to enhance photo-degradation efficiency of azo dye metyl red compared to commercial TiO2. The results showed that Ag 3% (w/w) and Ni 1.5% (w/w) co-doped TiO2 had the highest photoactivity among all studied samples under visible light. Thus, g-irradiation method can be suitably applied to prepare photo-catalyst of Ag-Ni/TiO2with highly photocatalytic activity.
A convenient method of synthesizing Silver Nanoparticles form Bonatea steudneri leave extract and evaluation of their electrocatalytic and phenol removal properties.
Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Clitoria ternatea and its ch...ESHIT BANERJEE
Extraction of aqueous extract from Clitoria ternatea and using the aqueous extract for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Statistical analysis of the aqueous extract using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. And morphological analysis using FE-SEM .And further analysis using XRD to determine the element composition of the sample
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION AND REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS IN PHARMACEUTICAL WAST...Journal For Research
In recent years pharmaceutical wastes (PW) deposal of has become a major difficulty for the environment. Therefore, pharmaceutical waste removal is very necessary before its discharge from the pharma industry. The separation of drugs containing organic compounds in wastewater streams is failed by convectional and biological treatments. Thus, the reduction of harmful effects of pharmaceutical compounds is possible by heterogeneous photocatalysis process. Herein we reported the degradation of pharmaceutical concentration in pharmaceutical waste by heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO doped with Selenium prepared by cost effective hydrothermal method. In addition the heavy metals in pharmaceutical waste were also removed by ZnO/Se nanocomposite. The average band gap of nanocomposite (~2.5 eV) increase the photocatalytic activity and degrade the organic compounds in pharmaceutical waste. The heavy metals get adsorbed on the high surface area of nanocomposite and removed completely by filtration method. The Selenium doped ZnO photocatalyst semiconductor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDAX) and also the characteristic crystalline forms of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was confirmed by XRD. The functional groups and particle size distribution of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR and DLS respectively. The reduction of organic compounds in the pharmaceutical waste was confirmed by COD analysis and removal of heavy metals was performed by AAS analysis.
Photocatalytic application of TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@S...Iranian Chemical Society
In this research we have developed a treatment method for textile wastewater by TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite. Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and chemicals and needs treatments. This manuscript presents a facile method for removing dyes from the textile wastewater by using TiO2/SiO2-based nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2) under UV irradiation. This magnetic nanocomposite, as photocatalytically active composite, is synthesized via solution method in mild conditions. A large range of cationic, anionic and neutral dyes including: methyl orange, methylene blue, neutral red, bromocresol green and methyl red are used for treatment investigations. Neutral red and bromocresol green have good results in reusing treatment. The high surface area of nanocomposites improve the kinetic of wastewater treatment. In this method, by using the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, TiO2-based photocatalyst could be separated and reused for 3 times. The efficiency of this method is respectively 100% and 65% for low concentration (10 ppm) and high concentration (50 ppm) of neutral red and bromocrosol green after 3 h treatment. The efficiency of treatment using the second used nanocomposite was 90% for 10 ppm of the same dyes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base from Aromatic Amine and Aromati...ijtsrd
The synthesis of Schiff base From Aromatic Amine And Aromatic P Nitro benzaldehyde was performed by a novel method of stirring followed by the addition of p nitro benzaldehydeandm nitro aniline 0.02M . Characterization of the synthesized compounds, determination of purity and identity of the compounds using following spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques Solubility, Thin Layer Chromatographic studies, Ultra Violet studied rotational and vibrational studies FT IR studies. The compounds were investigated for their Antimicrobial activity by cup plate method. Compound1 nitro 4 1 imino,4 nitrophenyl benzene was found to be the most active according to pharmacological evaluation exhibited antimicrobial. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Mr. Digamber N. Bhosale | Ms. Smita P. Bedis "Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base from Aromatic Amine and Aromatic P-Nitro Benzaldehyde" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26401.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/26401/synthesis-and-characterization-of-schiff-base-from-aromatic-amine-and-aromatic-p-nitro-benzaldehyde/ms-chetana-d-patil
Synthesis and characterization of Silver NanoparticlesIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Different methods may be used to produce nanoparticles, for instance in 1951 Turkevich and co-workers proposed that gold nanoparticles can be produced from the reaction of trisodum citrate, which acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent, with chloroauric acid, the source of gold nanoparticles. By changing chloroauric acid to silver nitrate, silver nanoparticles can instead be produced. Despite being widely used, there is a debate in the literature on the way the reagents and conditions, used for the Turkevich method, affect the size and shape of the silver nanoparticles produced. In view of this, silver nanoparticles have been synthesised through the Turkevich method using different reaction conditions, namely the reaction temperature and concentration of sodium citrate used. Characterisation techniques were then used to determine the size and shape of the silver nanoparticles produced. It was found that increasing the temperature increased the size of the nanoparticles through SEM, although DLS showed the opposite trend. Furthermore, at higher temperatures the formation of rod-like particles could be observed, as opposed to more spherical particles at lower temperatures.
Deep Eutetic Solvents for Biomass Activation by Sauli Vuoti, Jaakko Hiltunen et al., VTT
ACel Programme Seminar June 5, 2015
http://fibic.fi/events/acel-program-seminar-jun-5-cellulose-reactivity-and-recycling-of-ionic-liquids
Deep Eutectic Solvent Delignification: Impact of Initial LigninMichal Jablonsky
This study aimed to resolve the issue of the lack of detailed understanding of the effect of initial lignin content in hardwood kraft pulps on pulp delignification by deep eutectic solvents. The authors used Kappa number of the concerned pulp, intrinsic viscosity, and selectivity and efficiency of delignification as the parameters of the effect. The pulp (50 g oven dry pulp) was treated with four different DESs systems based on choline chloride with lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and system alanine:lactic acid (1:9); the results were compared to those reached by oxygen delignification. The results showed that the pulp with a higher initial lignin content had a greater fraction of easily removed lignin fragments.
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Fractionation of Wheat StrawMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
ABSTRACT- Tagetes erecta L. was raised in pots containing soil treated with various concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500mg/kg). At maturity plants were separated into root, stem, leaves and inflorescence and lead accumulated in each part was quantified. The effects of lead accumulation on growth was analyzed by the measurement of various growth parameters like root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and total leaf area per plant. Moreover effect of lead accumulation on biochemical parameters was checked by quantitative estimation of various biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, total protein, free amino acids, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch. Results showed that there is no remarkable negative effect of accumulation of lead on the morphological growth of the plant. Biochemical analysis showed that amount of total protein continuously decreased whereas that of free amino acids continuously increased with increasing concentrations of lead. Amount of chlorophyll, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch contents continuously increased till mid-level i.e., Pb 1500 mg/kg and then continuously decreased at higher concentrations. Results of quantitative estimation of Pb in root, stem, leaves and inflorescence showed that roots accumulated highest amount of Pb followed by stem and leaves, whereas inflorescence contained least amount of Pb.
Key-words- Lead (Pb), Heavy metal, Tagetes erecta L., Accumulation, Phytoremediation
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
Effluents containing heavy metals can be
remediated with the help of dead microorganisms by the process
known as biosorption. In this study the dead biomass 1of fungus
Aspergillus flavus was used for the biosorption of heavy metals
i.e., Zinc and Nickel. The capacity of biosorption by the dead
biomass of Aspergillus flavus was evaluated at room temperature
with different parameters which are; pH, contact time, biomass
concentration and metal ion concentration. The biosorption
capacity for Zn was found to be 47.36% at room temperature, at
pH 6.5, with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of
50 min and solution concentration of 2ppm. Biosorption capacity
for Ni was found to be 61.60% at room temperature, at pH 5,
with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 60 min
and solution concentration of 2ppm. . In this study, desorption of
the heavy metals by 0.1M HCl was found to be effective. Fungal
biomass was recovered for reuse.
Chemo bio synthesis of silver nanoparticlesJagpreet Singh
Silver nanoparticles have a lot of ways of synthesis like physical and chemical
methods; some of these methods use a lot of chemical substances and are
very hazardous for humans and environment, so a novel, great, environmental
friendly, cheap and easy to use world of green chemistry has been used. A
number of characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier
transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study and scanning
electron microscopy revealed that silver nanoparticles have been used. Thus
the different response of the functional groups and the difference in the peaks
and UV-visible data was studied and then compared to understand and know
the way these different reducing agents react to the same starting material. The
green synthesis had a UV-visible peak at 446 nm while the one with chemical
synthesis had a peak at 395 nm. FTIR results of silver nanoparticles synthesis
by trisodium citrate (TSC) showed a peak at 1505 cm-1 which shows that the
compound has a stretching of the -C=C – bond. In another case, which was done
by using Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) a peak at 1695 cm-1 showed a –C=O- bond
indicating stretching and a weak absorption intensity. Another peak was present
which indicates a –O-H bond formation and presence which is a strong bond are
found to exist. A notable peak came for synthesis by orange peel at 1517 cm-1
which represents a –C=C- bond stretching as in aromatic compounds. Another
peak at 1732 cm-1 indicates the –C=O- bond. The XRD results on one of the
silver sample prepared by green methods showed silver nanomaterials formed
which had a average particle size of around 42 nm. FE-SEM results revealed that
silver nanomaterials were formed and had a flake like appearance in one of the
results. All the overall comparison showed that different modes of synthesis
of silver nanomaterials and different reducing agents give same materials but
with different peaks and intensities. All this data provided knowledge about the
fact that an alternative method can be used to create new nanoparticles if one
of the previously considered to tried method fails thus helping in extending the
broadways for research.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye (Methyl Red) In Water under Visible Lig...IJEAB
Commercial TiO2 (P25) co-doped with bimetallic silver and nickel nanoparticles (Ag-Ni/TiO2) was prepared by g-irradiation method. The properties of Ag-Ni/TiO2 were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (EDX) and surface area measurement by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The size of silver and nickel nanoparticles was determined by TEM to be of 1-2 nm.The photo-catalytic degradation of azo dye methyl red in the aqueous suspensions of TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2 under visible light was carried out to evaluate the photo-catalytic activity. Results showed that Ag-Ni/TiO2 was found to enhance photo-degradation efficiency of azo dye metyl red compared to commercial TiO2. The results showed that Ag 3% (w/w) and Ni 1.5% (w/w) co-doped TiO2 had the highest photoactivity among all studied samples under visible light. Thus, g-irradiation method can be suitably applied to prepare photo-catalyst of Ag-Ni/TiO2with highly photocatalytic activity.
A convenient method of synthesizing Silver Nanoparticles form Bonatea steudneri leave extract and evaluation of their electrocatalytic and phenol removal properties.
Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Clitoria ternatea and its ch...ESHIT BANERJEE
Extraction of aqueous extract from Clitoria ternatea and using the aqueous extract for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Statistical analysis of the aqueous extract using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. And morphological analysis using FE-SEM .And further analysis using XRD to determine the element composition of the sample
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION AND REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS IN PHARMACEUTICAL WAST...Journal For Research
In recent years pharmaceutical wastes (PW) deposal of has become a major difficulty for the environment. Therefore, pharmaceutical waste removal is very necessary before its discharge from the pharma industry. The separation of drugs containing organic compounds in wastewater streams is failed by convectional and biological treatments. Thus, the reduction of harmful effects of pharmaceutical compounds is possible by heterogeneous photocatalysis process. Herein we reported the degradation of pharmaceutical concentration in pharmaceutical waste by heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO doped with Selenium prepared by cost effective hydrothermal method. In addition the heavy metals in pharmaceutical waste were also removed by ZnO/Se nanocomposite. The average band gap of nanocomposite (~2.5 eV) increase the photocatalytic activity and degrade the organic compounds in pharmaceutical waste. The heavy metals get adsorbed on the high surface area of nanocomposite and removed completely by filtration method. The Selenium doped ZnO photocatalyst semiconductor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDAX) and also the characteristic crystalline forms of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was confirmed by XRD. The functional groups and particle size distribution of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR and DLS respectively. The reduction of organic compounds in the pharmaceutical waste was confirmed by COD analysis and removal of heavy metals was performed by AAS analysis.
Photocatalytic application of TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@S...Iranian Chemical Society
In this research we have developed a treatment method for textile wastewater by TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite. Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and chemicals and needs treatments. This manuscript presents a facile method for removing dyes from the textile wastewater by using TiO2/SiO2-based nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2) under UV irradiation. This magnetic nanocomposite, as photocatalytically active composite, is synthesized via solution method in mild conditions. A large range of cationic, anionic and neutral dyes including: methyl orange, methylene blue, neutral red, bromocresol green and methyl red are used for treatment investigations. Neutral red and bromocresol green have good results in reusing treatment. The high surface area of nanocomposites improve the kinetic of wastewater treatment. In this method, by using the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, TiO2-based photocatalyst could be separated and reused for 3 times. The efficiency of this method is respectively 100% and 65% for low concentration (10 ppm) and high concentration (50 ppm) of neutral red and bromocrosol green after 3 h treatment. The efficiency of treatment using the second used nanocomposite was 90% for 10 ppm of the same dyes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base from Aromatic Amine and Aromati...ijtsrd
The synthesis of Schiff base From Aromatic Amine And Aromatic P Nitro benzaldehyde was performed by a novel method of stirring followed by the addition of p nitro benzaldehydeandm nitro aniline 0.02M . Characterization of the synthesized compounds, determination of purity and identity of the compounds using following spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques Solubility, Thin Layer Chromatographic studies, Ultra Violet studied rotational and vibrational studies FT IR studies. The compounds were investigated for their Antimicrobial activity by cup plate method. Compound1 nitro 4 1 imino,4 nitrophenyl benzene was found to be the most active according to pharmacological evaluation exhibited antimicrobial. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Mr. Digamber N. Bhosale | Ms. Smita P. Bedis "Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base from Aromatic Amine and Aromatic P-Nitro Benzaldehyde" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26401.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/26401/synthesis-and-characterization-of-schiff-base-from-aromatic-amine-and-aromatic-p-nitro-benzaldehyde/ms-chetana-d-patil
Synthesis and characterization of Silver NanoparticlesIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Different methods may be used to produce nanoparticles, for instance in 1951 Turkevich and co-workers proposed that gold nanoparticles can be produced from the reaction of trisodum citrate, which acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent, with chloroauric acid, the source of gold nanoparticles. By changing chloroauric acid to silver nitrate, silver nanoparticles can instead be produced. Despite being widely used, there is a debate in the literature on the way the reagents and conditions, used for the Turkevich method, affect the size and shape of the silver nanoparticles produced. In view of this, silver nanoparticles have been synthesised through the Turkevich method using different reaction conditions, namely the reaction temperature and concentration of sodium citrate used. Characterisation techniques were then used to determine the size and shape of the silver nanoparticles produced. It was found that increasing the temperature increased the size of the nanoparticles through SEM, although DLS showed the opposite trend. Furthermore, at higher temperatures the formation of rod-like particles could be observed, as opposed to more spherical particles at lower temperatures.
Deep Eutetic Solvents for Biomass Activation by Sauli Vuoti, Jaakko Hiltunen et al., VTT
ACel Programme Seminar June 5, 2015
http://fibic.fi/events/acel-program-seminar-jun-5-cellulose-reactivity-and-recycling-of-ionic-liquids
Deep Eutectic Solvent Delignification: Impact of Initial LigninMichal Jablonsky
This study aimed to resolve the issue of the lack of detailed understanding of the effect of initial lignin content in hardwood kraft pulps on pulp delignification by deep eutectic solvents. The authors used Kappa number of the concerned pulp, intrinsic viscosity, and selectivity and efficiency of delignification as the parameters of the effect. The pulp (50 g oven dry pulp) was treated with four different DESs systems based on choline chloride with lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and system alanine:lactic acid (1:9); the results were compared to those reached by oxygen delignification. The results showed that the pulp with a higher initial lignin content had a greater fraction of easily removed lignin fragments.
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Fractionation of Wheat StrawMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Delignification of pulp with two ternary deep eutectic solvents: Urea-acetami...Michal Jablonsky
Using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which ones act as solvent systems, offer an interesting green alternative to conventional technology in materials science, especially in the biomass processing. There is lack of information dealing with the delignification and bleaching effect of DESs in broad-leaved fiber process. This work describes application of various DESs on unbleached pulp, to study the influence of dissolution of lignin and protection of cellulose in the delignification process. In this work, two ternary deep eutectic solvents (urea-acetamide-glycerol) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3 and (malic acid-proline-lactic acid) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4 were synthesized and their density was studied in a temperature range of 25 to 75 0 C. Unbleached pulp (Kappa 14) was treated with prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents. The treatment was carried out in a water bath at present temperature of 60 0 C and atmospheric pressure for 2 hours. Solubility tests of cellulose were performed using pure cellulose (Whatman paper) in the DESs reagents. In 50 mL glass bottles, 0.5 g of the respective component was added separately into 20 mL of DES reagent and then incubated at 60 0 C for 2 h. The samples were filtered through glass fiber filters and dried at 105 0 C to constant weight. The weight of dried residual solid components was calculated in order to evaluate the % solubility in the DES reagent. Density of urea-acetamide-glycerol (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3) decreased with a temperature from 1,220 to 1,199 g/cm 3 and density of malic acid-proline-lactic acid (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4) decreased from 1,292 to 1,220 g/cm 3. Application of DESs to the lignocellulosic matrix pulp does not resulted in a significant decrease of lignin content. Deep eutectic solvent (urea-acet-amide-glycerol) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3 removed 5,4 % and DES (malic acid-proline-lactic acid) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4 removed 1.4 % lignin from unbleached pulp. The solubility of cellulose in ternary deep eutectic solvents was zero. Results show that prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents are able to delignify the pulp. However, the efficiency of delignification is not comparable to that of oxygen delignification. At the same time, used deep eutectic solvents do not cause dissolution of cellulose in pulp fibers.
Behaviors of Pulp During Delignification in Solutions of Deep Eutectic Solven...Michal Jablonsky
In this short communication, the degradation of cellulose for delignified pulp by deep eutectic solvents was evaluated. The pulp was delignified using different DES systems based on choline chloride and lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid dehydrate (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and system alanine : lactic acid (1:9). This paper shows that cellulose degradation can be characterized in terms of the percentage degree of polymerization loss of cellulose. Among the investigated DES (Choline chloride:oxalic acid; choline chloride:malic acid; alanine:lactic acid; choline chloride:lactic acid), the most suitable seemed to be a treatment using the alanine:lactic acid system that provided a relatively low degradation of cellulose and high delignification efficiency for the removed of lignin from pulp.
Mechanical Properties of Pulp Delignified by Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Mechanical properties were evaluated for pulp delignified by four deep eutectic solvents (DES). The DES systems were based on choline chloride and lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid:dihydrate (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and the system alanine:lactic acid (1:9). The results indicated that the type of DES system used influenced the delignified pulp's mechanical properties including tensile, burst and tear indexes, tensile length, and stiffness. The most suitable DES systems were choline chloride:malic acid (1:1) and alanine:lactic acid (1:9), which achieved the best aforementioned mechanical properties compared to the other DES systems. The weakest performance in the process of pulp delignification was the system with choline chloride and oxalic acid dihydrate (1:1).
Thermal properties and size distribution of lignins precipitated with sulphur...Michal Jablonsky
Dissolution and fractionation of lignocellulosic material is a critical step of valorisation of lignins. Precipitated lignin was isolated from black liquor by sulphuric acid at four levels of concentration (5, 25, 50 and 72 % wt). A comparison study was performed through thermal and size properties. Theacid concentration influences of thermal properties of precipitated lignin. The acid concentration has an effect on changes in particle size of precipitated lignin. The results of thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the highest degradation of lignins appeared as an exothermic peak in range 470 - 650°C.The greatest weight loss in this section under an oxidation atmosphere was in the following order lignin 25 % wt (47.3 %), followed by lignin 72 % wt (45.0 %), lignin 5 % wt (43.6 %), and, smallest decline reached by lignin 50 % wt. The lowest temperature at the maximum degradation rate was determined for a sample of lignin 72 % wt at 488°C.
CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON BY UV SPECTROSCOPY OF PRECIPITATED LIGNINS AN...Michal Jablonsky
Five precipitated lignins and nine commercial lignosulfonates were investigated in this study. Lignins were
characterized by elemental analysis and as to ash content. To determine the amount of free phenolic groups in isolated precipitated and commercial lignosulfonates, ionization difference UV spectroscopy was used. The objective of this study was to examine the UV-Vis characteristics of precipitated and commercial lignin preparations in an effort to evidence their similarities and dissimilarities. Based on the experimental measurements, significant differences between the described lignins and lignosulfonates were identified. It was found that kraft lignin had a higher content of total amount of phenolic hydroxyl groups than lignin with straw (hemp and flax), isolated for modified alkaline anthraquinone cooking with different acids and commercial lignosulfonates. Moreover, it was confirmed that the content of non-conjugated and conjugated phenolic hydroxyl groups, as well as their total amount in the preparations depended on the method, raw material, and experimental conditions used in material processing.
Swelling properties of pulp treated with deep eutectic solventsMichal Jablonsky
The reaction of cellulose with water produces swelling and structural changes of the fibres, both effects being of crucial importance for the understanding of paper formation. It was investigated how the treatment of pulp with deep eutectic
solvents affects the swelling kinetics of the fibres. Unbleached kraft pulp was treated with three deep eutectic solvents containing choline chloride (ChCl) – ChCl:lactic acid (1:9), ChCl:oxalic acid (1:1) and ChCl:malic acid (1:1) – and with the system alanine:lactic acid (1:9). The rate and maximum swelling of the
pulp in water were determined using a modified monitoring unit for measuring swelling ability. Since paper swells extremely rapidly in water even at 23°C, this apparatus made it possible for the first time to obtain accurate rate data on the swelling of DES-delignified pulp in water.
Photodegradation of Hexythiaz ox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
The photodegradation of the carboxamide acaricide hexythiazox in three different solvent systems (aqueous
methanolic, aqueous isopropanolic, and aqueous acetonitrilic solutions) in the presence of H2O2, KNO3, and TiO2 under ultraviolet
(UV) light (λmax g 250 nm) and sunlight (λmax g 290 nm) has been assessed in this work. The kinetics of photodecomposition of
hexythiazox and the identification of photoproducts were carried out using liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The rate of
photodecomposition of hexythiazox in different solvents followed first-order kinetics in both UV radiation and natural sunlight, and
the degradation rates were faster under UV light than under sunlight. Hexythiazox was found to be more efficiently photodegraded
in the presence of TiO2 than in the presence of H2O2 and KNO3. Two major photoproducts were separated in pure form using
column chromatography and identified according to IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral information as cyclohexylamine and 5-(4-
chlorophenyl)-4-methylthiazolidin-2-one. Another nine photoproducts were identified according to LC-MS/MS spectral information. The plausible photodegradation pathways of hexythiazox were proposed according to the structures of the photoproducts
Characterization of non-wood lignin precipitated with sulphuric acid of vario...Michal Jablonsky
Lignin is an attractive, renewable raw material provided by all types of agricultural and silvicultural vegetation. The precipitation of lignin fractions through acidification of the black liquor was performed and the products characterized for the following parameters: C, H, N, and S elemental composition; zeta potential; electrophoretic mobility; heating value; molecular weight; content of non-conjugated, conjugated, and total phenolic hydroxyl groups; and total yield of oxidation products. Lignin was isolated from black liquor by adding sulphuric acid at four levels of concentration (5, 25, 50, and 72 wt%) and subsequently adjusting the pH to 5. A comparison study of the physico-chemical and surface properties was also performed. The acid concentration influenced the yield of precipitated lignin and had an effect on the properties of precipitated lignin and the content of non-conjugated, conjugated, and total amount of phenolic hydroxyl groups. However, the concentration of acid had no relevant effect on the heating value, molecular weight, polydispersity, total yield of oxidation products, or the elemental composition of isolated lignin.
Determination of 8-Hydroxy-2 Deoxyguanosine in Pseudomonas Fluorescens Freeze...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Oxidative DNA damage is involved in the f cell death induced by freeze-dried powder during storage. Cell 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is widely accepted as a biomarker of the “freeze-dried bacteria” oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to introduce a method for determination 8-oxodG in cell freeze-dried samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In the tested range of 0.5 µmol L-1 to 1.0 nmol L-1, the calibration curve was linear (r2=0.9995) and the limit of detection was 0.05 µmol L-1. The used method did not allow highlighting the presence in the samples of the 8OH within the limits of detection. A more successful method (more sensitive) would be needed to detect possibly the 8OH.
Adsorption studies of some dyes on acacia concinna powdereSAT Journals
Abstract
The low cost activated carbon from Acacia Concinna was processed by treating with 2% HCl and 2% NaOH. The treated Acacia Concinna (Shikakai powder) was then roasted to get activated carbon. The influence of parameters like pH, concentration, dose and contact time were studied on adsorption of activated carbon for Congo red, Rhodamine-B, Crysoidine, Bismark brown and Titan yellow. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon was found to be 97, 98, 95, 98 and 96% respectively at pH 2 and contact time 24-48 hrs for all the dyes. The effect of concentration indicated that, as concentration increases adsorption decreases, hence increase in dose amount increases the adsorption. The data obtained through batch adsorption study was applied for Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) isotherms. The curve was linear for all the three isotherms and correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.92, 0.970 and 0.977 respectively indicating that the developed model was favourable.
Keywords: Adsorption, Acacia Concinna, dyes, isotherms, XRD.
Green solvents show several favorable features to be used as extraction and fractionation solvents, such as their ease of preparation and lower cost, and they can be both non-toxic and biodegradable when prepared with natural compounds. Due to their properties, green solvents' application in biomass fractionation has been extensively studied during the past years. The presented work describes the application of several possible combinations to create deep eutectic solvents with the potential to be used in processing different types of biomass. The results of studies suggest that deep eutectic solvents may have an important ability to dissolve lignin molecules from plants and can realize a mild catalytic mechanism (acid-base) that will activate the checked cleavage of non-stable ether linkages between phenylpropane units.
Phytomass valorization by deep eutectic solvents - achievements, perspectives...Michal Jablonsky
In recent years, a plethora of extraction processes have been performed by a novel class of
green solvents known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), possessing several environmental, operational,
and economic advantages proven by experience when compared to organic solvents and ionic
liquids. The present review provides an organized overview of the use of DESs as extraction
agents for the recovery of valuable substances and compounds from the original plant biomass,
waste from its processing, and waste from the production and consumption of plant-based food.
For the sake of simplicity and speed of orientation, the data are, as far as possible, arranged in
a table in alphabetical order of the extracted substances. However, in some cases, the isolation
of several substances is described in one paper and they are, therefore, listed together. The table
further contains a description of the extracted phytomass, DES composition, extraction conditions,
and literature sources. With regard to extracted value-added substances, this review addresses their
pharmacological, therapeutic, and nutritional aspects. The review also includes an evaluation of
the possibilities and limitations of using DESs to obtain value-added substances from phytomass.
Involvement of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction by Molecularly Imprinted ...Michal Jablonsky
Substantial research activity has been focused on new modes of extraction and refining
processes during the last decades. In this field, coverage of the recovery of bioactive compounds and
the role of green solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) also gradually increases. A specific
field of DESs involvement is represented by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The current state
and prospects of implementing DESs in MIPs chemistry are, based on the accumulated experimental
data so far, evaluated and discussed in this minireview.
Investigation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Spruce ...Michal Jablonsky
Extracts from spruce bark obtained using dierent deep eutectic solvents were screened for
their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities. Water containing choline chloride-based
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and
1,5-pentanediol, with dierent molar ratios, were used as extractants. Basic characteristics of the DESs
(density, viscosity, conductivity, and refractive index) were determined. All the DESs used behave
as Newtonian liquids. The extractions were performed for 2 h at 60 C under continuous stirring.
TPC was determined spectrophotometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and expressed as
gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically by
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The TPC varied from 233.6 to
596.2 mg GAE/100 g dry bark; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ranged between 81.4% and 95%.
This study demonstrated that deep eutectic solvents are suitable solvents for extracting phenolic
compounds from spruce bark.
CITE: Hodasova, L., Jablonsky, M., Skulcova, A., Haz, A. (2015). Lignin, potential products and their market value. Wood Research, 60(6), 973-986.
Author "Michal Jablonsky" gives permission to use information and pictures from publications
Lignin is one of the important components in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin-based materials and chemicals represent potential value-added products for biorefineries. Lignin products have numerous applications and can be divided into three main groups. Group, in which lignin is fragmentized into smaller aromatic compounds such as phenol or benzene, toluene and xylene, is less developed than group where lignin is used as macromolecule, but has greater potential. Lignin as macromolecule is used as additive or polymer blend. Last group of lignin products are carbon materials, which include carbon fibres.
Cellulose protectors for improving ozone bleaching - reviewMichal Jablonsky
Cellulose protectors (CPs) are able to eliminate an influence of degradating processes in ozone bleaching. Published literature reviews on using ozone in bleaching of pulps, issued
till the year 1992, have not contained any systematic classification of cellulose protectors by chemical groups. It has not dealt with evaluation of the effect of applied additives on the change of viscosity, kappa number and brightness either. In this work, we present a survey of the additives
applied in ozone bleaching from the year 1963 to 2003. Used CPs were systematically classified to 7 main chemical groups. The influence of used additives is evaluated on the basis of the change of viscosity, kappa number and the brightness compared to the ozone bleaching without additives
as for their positive and negative effect. The group of carboxylic acids can be ranked among the most effective additives, as regards the aspect of viscosity, elimination of lignin and brightness. Inorganic additives that were assessed usually have no positive influence on the protection of cellulose against degradation.
The pH Behavior of Seventeen Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a unique category of green solvents that have gained attention in biomass processing due to their distinctive properties not offered by traditional solvents. The pH behavior of 17 selected DESs along with their temperature dependence on pH were evaluated in this study. For all investigated DESs, a temperature increase caused a decrease in pH value.
THERMAL STABILITY OF SELECTED DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTSMichal Jablonsky
n this study, a new type of " green solvents " named deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has been synthesized combining hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs). Choline chloride (ChCl) was chosen as typical HBA, and lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and oxalic acidwere chosen as HBDs. The thermal stability of deep eutectic solvents is an important parameter for their application and limits the maximum operation temperature. The thermal stability of DESs such as lactic, tartaric, citric and oxalic acid with choline chloride showed wide range of application (134.8 – 197.8°C). All DESs were observed in temperature range 25 – 400°C.
Long-term Isothermal Stability of Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents play an important role in the clean production of chemicals and the fractionation of renewable sources. When dissolving lignin or cellulose at elevated temperatures, the thermal stability of deep eutectic solvents is of great importance. However, studies concerning the long-term isothermal stability of deep eutectic solvents are scarce. In this study, the thermal stability of deep eutectic solvents, namely, choline chloride with oxalic acid dihydrate, glycerol, glycolic, malic acid, and citric acid monohydrate were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The isothermal decomposition experiments were conducted at a constant temperature (60, 80, 100, and 120 °C) for 10 h. These long-term isothermal thermogravimetric studies of the deep eutectic solvents showed a non-linear weight loss as a function of time at each temperature. According to these studies it is recommended to perform fractionation or dissolution of biomass below 80 °C.
Determination of the Thermal Oxidation Stability and the Kinetic Parameters o...Michal Jablonsky
The use of olive oil with cooking purposes, as final seasoning or within cooked foods is increasing worldwide due to its numerous nutritional and health benefits. These attributes are mainly determined by olive oil chemical composition, which can be altered after thermal processing, oxidation processes, or incorrect practices. For this reason, and due to the numerous factors which have influence in olive oil quality, the correct chemical characterization is highly relevant. In this study, fatty acid composition of four extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) varieties was studied. The major fatty acid (FA) determined was oleic acid (77.1% on average), followed by palmitic (11.5% on average). In addition, thermal oxidation behaviour of the four EVOO samples was studied as an indicator of their quality and stability during thermal processing. This was performed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from a temperature of 40°C at six different heating rates in the range of 0.5–10°C min ⁻¹ . DSC records showed the same pattern and a small shoulder in the thermo-oxidation peak was present for all samples and all heating rates. The presence of initial and final oxidation products (by monitoring K232 and K270 values, respectively) was discarded according to the International Olive Council method.
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Biomass-extracted Substances Isolated by Green ...Michal Jablonsky
According to the literature, approximately 41 nutraceutical compounds have been isolated from different types of biomass using green solvents. It is important to collect information on the pharmacokinetic properties of the nutraceutical substances from biomass isolated according to the published papers. The pharmacokinetic properties of the bioactive substances extracted by green solvents, such as the molecular weight, logP, AlogP, H-bond acceptor, H-bond donor, total polar surface area, atom molar refractivity, number of rotatable bonds, number of atoms, rotatable bond count, number of rigid bonds, number of atom rings, and number of H-bonds, were calculated with a drug-likeness tool. In practical terms, the original and most well-known Lipinski's Rule of Five (Ro5) was applied to 28 substances, namely 3-hydroxytyrosol; apigenin; artemisinin; bergapten; bilobalide; biochanin A; caffeic Acid; caffeoylmalic acid; catechins; cinnamic acid; curcumin; daidzei; daidzin; epicatechin; gallic acid; genistein; ginkgolide A; ginkgolide B; levofloxacin; luteolin; naringenin; p-coumaric acid; protocatechuic acid; psoralen; quercetin; trans-ferulic acid; tyrosol, and vanillin.
Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft LigninsMichal Jablonsky
Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.
Nutraceuticals as phenolic bioactive compounds analysis of softwood bark and ...Michal Jablonsky
Softwoods have a numerically large group of economically important renewable plants. Waste processing of trees mainly bark, needles are reasonable extent not recovered. The waste contains relatively high levels of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are one of the main components that have a high potential in various fields of food, pharmacy, and other industries. This review focuses on the main uses of softwood bark and overviews the extraction and analytical methods used to determine phenolic bioactive compounds in this matrix. At this time, various extraction techniques are used to obtain secondary metabolites from bark mainly bio-active phenolic compounds. The amount of bioactive compounds derived from the matrix affects the: extraction conditions, choice of the solvent, particle size, content of the water and, in particular, the extraction method. Amount and nature of the isolated compounds greatly depend on the isolation; the isolation is possible to use different methods: extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus, Soxtec extraction, accelerated solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and microwave assisted extraction. According to literature were selected nutraceuticals phenolic compounds (isolated from softwood bark):Astringin; Catechin; Epicatechin; Ellagic acid; Ferulic acid; Gallic acid; Hydroxymatairesinol; isolariciresinol; Isorhapontigenin; Isorhapontin,lariciresinol; Lariciresinol-9-p-coumarate; Methylthy mol;p-Coumaric acid; Piceatannol; Piceid; Podocarpic acid; Quercetin; Resveratrol; Sesquipinsapol B; Sinapic acid; Tannic acid; Taxifolin; Vanillic acid; Vladinol D. From this viewpoint, it is important to collect information on pharmacokinetic properties of the nutraceuti- cal phenolic substances isolated from bark according to published papers. Pharmacokinetics properties of phenolic bioactive substances extracted by different techniques such as: molecular weight, logP, AlogP, H-bond acceptor, H-bond donor, total polar surface area, atom molar refractivity, number of rotatable bond, number of atom, rotatable bond count, number of rigid bond, number of atom ring, and number of Hydrogen Bond were calculated by DruLito (Drug LiknessTool).
Determination of volatile organic compounds emissions from wood processingMichal Jablonsky
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have received a great deal of attention due to their high abundance during the drying process of wood particles. This is a potential environmental issue due to being low level ozone precursors. This work aimed to study the emissions of VOCs during drying in the particleboard manufacturing process. In this study, wood particles were dry and VOCs were collected using a sorption tube. The VOCs were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to explore the effect of temperature on the composition of main components. The results indicated that α-pinene and D-limonene were the dominant components. The results also indicated that using natural gas or wood dust as a heat source did not have a major impact on the emission characteristics of VOCs.
Assessing the main opportunities used of biomass, biowaste from forestry, agr...Michal Jablonsky
Valorisation of biomass and food-related wastes including extraction of value-added compounds from these sources represent a dynamically developed area of research and technology. Substantial research activity has been focused on the new types of extraction and refining processes during the last decades. In the presence of green solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), naturally deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), and low-transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs) the interest for the recovery of new products and bioactive compounds usable as additives and functional ingredients in industrial food sector with the aim to enhance food quality has been renewed and reinforced. DESs, NADES, and LTTMS are attractive solvents for the deconstruction/fractionation (or pretreatment) of biomass and modification of cellulose. The scope of this study consists in identifying the nutritional and nutraceutical potential of raw by-products, and in using possible processes for the production of individual compounds by separation, fractionation, and extraction. Another section is oriented on the application green solvents for fractionation of biomass or delignification/modification of pulp, and their valorisation for the product of added value (fibres, cellulose nanofibrils, cellulose nanocrystals). Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contracts No. APVV-15-0052, APVV-0393-14, APVV-16-0088 and VEGA grant 1/0403/19.
Lignin is one of the important components in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin-based materials and chemicals represent potential value-added products for biorefineries.
Lignin products have numerous applications and can be divided into three main groups. Group, in which lignin is fragmentized into smaller aromatic compounds such as phenol or benzene, toluene and xylene, is less developed than group where lignin is used as macromolecule, but has greater potential. Lignin as macromolecule is used as additive or polymer blend. Last group of lignin products are carbon materials, which include carbon fibres.
Delignification of pulp using deep eutectic solventsMichal Jablonsky
Lot of works during the last decades have been focused on the new modes of pulp processing. One promising technology is the use of deep eutectic solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have opportunities to open new paths in the field of delignification methods. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of deep eutectic solvent treatment on physical and chemical properties of delignified pulp. In the following experiment we used as an initial pulp the kraft pulp (Kappa No. 21.7; Degree of polymerization 1157). The pulp was treated with two different DES system based on choline chloride with lactic acid (1 : 9), and system alanine : lactic acid (1 : 9). The efficiency of delignification expressed as a decrease in kappa number on the unit change of the initial kappa number of pulp. The order by the delignification efficiency growth is as follows: choline chloride : lactic acid (37.8%) > alanine : lactic acid (43.3%). During delignification by DESs, a degradation of pulp chain occurs, however a decrease in degree of polymerization was only 23 units versus kraft unbleached pulp, which represents maximum decrease by 2%. Delignified pulp with DESs has a brightness 34% and unbleached pulp achieved brightness 27%, therefore, it achieves the increase in brightness by 26%.The physical strength properties of DES delignified pulps were assessed in terms of tensile, tear and burst index and stiffness. Application of deep eutectic solvents were achieved to reduce tensile index by 13.2%, burst index by 14.3% and a tear index by 9.8%, and the pulp stiffness was increased by 4% again the unbleached pulp. The results indicate that application of DESs might be an interesting alternative to oxygen delignification of pulp following kraft cooks.
Comparison of different extraction methods for the extraction of total phenol...Michal Jablonsky
Bark is an attractive renewable raw material, comprised of all types of silviculture vegetation. This renewable resource is a major alternative raw material for the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Valorization is a key component of an economic lignocellulosic biorefinery. In this paper are included three extraction techniques and comparisons of total phenolic content. All extractions were done on milled spruce bark (Picea abies). Microwave assisted extraction; accelerated solvent extraction and extraction with deep eutectic solvents were used as a technique for extracts isolation. Choline chloride-based eutectic solvents with car-boxylic acids (maleic or malic acid) and glycerol were used as extractants. The extractions were performed for 1 h at 60 0 C with continuous stirring. Accelerated solvent extraction (extractant 96.6% ethanol; temperature (120, 140, 160 0 C) with steam pre-treatment (10, 20, 30 min.) was used as another type of extraction technique. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically at 764nm using the Folin-Ci-ocalteu method. This test is based on the oxidation of phenolic groups by phosphomolybdic and phospho-tungstic acids (FC reagent). Extraction technique using deep eutectic solvents brings results of phenolic contents in ranged from 900 to 2000 mg GAE per 100 g of dry bark. Samples with range of phenolic contents between 136.2 and 230.3 mg GAE per 100 g of dry bark were prepared by using acceleratet solvent extraction. Closed-system microwave assisted extraction (time 3 to 20 min.), and temperature (60; 80; 100 0 C) was applied to extract total phenolics from spruce bark, using 96.6% ethanol as an extractant. The total extracted phenolics, as assessed by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, varied between 90.3 and 321 mg gallic acid equivalence (GAE) per 100 g of dry bark for different temperatures. The results indicated that the highest amount of total phenolic compounds were found in extracts when using extraction by deep eutectic solvents
KINETIC STUDY OF ARTEFACT PAPER DEGRADATION. ASSESS MENT OF DEACIDIFICATION ...Michal Jablonsky
The present study investigates the stabilization of a 60 year old paper artefact via deacidification. Paper sheets
originating from a naturally-aged artefact book were subjected to accelerated ageing performed at 98 °C during 0, 3, 5,
10 and 15 days. A set of samples were deacidified before being subjected to accelerated aging. Deacidification was
performed using magnesium ethoxide and titanium ethoxide (METE) dissolved in hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDO) and
the properties of the thus treated samples were measured and compared to control samples. This study aims at finding
kinetic dependences for the decrease in the degree of polymerization and folding endurance of the paper subjected to
accelerated ageing. The deacidification effects were evaluated by the folding endurance of the paper artefact through
the multifactorial evaluation system developed by Consortium KnihaSK and Library of Congress.
The pH Behavior of Seventeen Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a unique category of green solvents that have gained attention in biomass processing due to their distinctive properties not offered by traditional solvents. The pH behavior of 17 selected DESs along with their temperature dependence on pH were evaluated in this study. For all investigated DESs, a temperature increase caused a decrease in pH value.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
UV/Vis Spectrometry as a Quantification Tool for Lignin Solubilized in Deep Eutectic Solvents
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318792557
UV/Vis Spectrometry as a Quantification Tool for Lignin Solubilized in Deep
Eutectic Solvents
Article in Bioresources · July 2017
DOI: 10.15376/biores.12.3.6713-6722
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UV/Vis Spectrometry as a Quantification Tool for Lignin
Solubilized in Deep Eutectic Solvents
Andrea Skulcova,a
Veronika Majova,a
Michaela Kohutova,a
Maros Grosik,a
Jozef Sima,b
and Michal Jablonsky a,
*
In this short communication, UV/Vis spectrophotometry is described as
an analytical tool for the quantification of lignin content in deep eutectic
solutions. The lignin was solubilized with different deep eutectic solvent
(DES). DESs were prepared as binary mixtures of choline chloride with
lactic acid (1:9); (1:10); ethylene glycol (1:2); glycerol (1:2) and
alanine:lactic acid (1:9), and betaine:lactic acid (1:2). The UV-Vis
spectrometric quantification of the solubilized lignins was independent of
the type of solubilized lignin. The approach consists of measuring the
absorbance of a solution of lignins dissolved in the deep eutectic
solvents at an absorbance of 440 nm.
Keywords: Deep eutectic solvents; Lignin; UV/Vis spectrophotometry; Absorbance
Contact information: a: Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Department of Wood, Pulp, and
Paper; b: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava,
812 37, Slovak Republic; *Corresponding author: michal.jablonsky@stuba.sk
INTRODUCTION
Valorisation is a key component of an economic and environmental
lignocellulosic biorefinery (Jablonsky et al. 2015b; Surina et al. 2015). There are many
new modes of pulp processing. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) can be used to dissolve
lignocellulosic biomass or its individual components such as lignins (Francisco et al.
2012). DESs have potential applications in the pulp, paper, and recycling industries.
DESs have been used to delignify different biomasses such as wheat straw (de Dios 2013;
Jablonsky et al. 2015b; Skulcova et al. 2016), rice straw (Kumar et al. 2015), pine wood
(de Dios 2013), and thermomechanical pulp (Choi et al. 2016). Lignin is the second most
abundant natural polymer after holocellulose. Lignin is a complex phenolic polymer
found in biomass feedstocks and biomass-derived products. Lignin consists of three types
of units called p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) (Boerjan et al. 2003;
Davin and Lewis 2005). Lignin composition varies in different groups of vascular plants,
with only G, G and S, and then H, G, and S lignins being characteristic of the
combinations of lignin units for softwoods, hardwoods, and graminaceous plants,
respectively (Sun et al. 2012).
It is difficult to determine lignin content in complex systems via extraction.
Various separation (mainly high performance liquid chromatography) and optical
techniques have been exploited to eliminate the interferences caused by other
components (Lobbes et al. 1999).
UV/Vis spectroscopy is a user-friendly and adaptable analytical technique that
provides the best results with regard to the structural differences between lignins. Several
methods to determine lignin content use absorbance values at 205 or 280 nm for the
quantitative and qualitative analysis of native lignins (Janshekar et al. 1981) and
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lignosulphonates and lignin precipitated with black liquor (Jablonsky et al. 2016). The
lignin concentration can be determined in different solutions (Lee et al. 2013). However,
the type and structure of lignin, solvent, and pH of the solution have a considerable
influence on the UV/Vis spectra (Kallavus et al. 2015). Mongeau and Brooks (2001)
found that using the acetyl bromide method overestimates the lignin concentration due to
the interference of polysaccharides.
The aim of the present investigation was to develop a simple and fast spectral
method for the evaluation of lignin content in the deep eutectic solvents.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
All chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Bratislava, Slovakia). The
solutions were stirred in a water bath to form homogeneous liquids. The DESs used were
choline chloride and lactic acid (1:9) and (1:10), ethylene glycol (1:2), oxalic acid (1:1),
malic acid (1:1), malonic acid (1:1), glycerol (1:2), and the systems alanine: lactic acid
(1:9) and betaine : lactic acid (1:2) (Table 1).
Table 1. Properties of DESs
Sample System DES
Solubility of
Lignin
Molar
Ratio
Density
(kg/m3)
at 25 °C
Refractive
Index
at 25 °C
Viscosity
(mPa∙s)
at 28 °C
DES1 *ChCl : lactic acid Yes 1:10 1241 1.4407 71.1
DES2 *ChCl : lactic acid Yes 1:9 1217 1.4432 70.9
DES3 *ChCl : ethylene glycol Yes 1:2 1141 - 38.7
DES4 Alanine : lactic acid Yes 1:9 1230 1.4397 168.0
DES5 Betaine : lactic acid Yes 1:2 1195 1.4620 -
DES6 *ChCl : glycerol Yes 1:2 1197 1.4781 292.3
DES7 *ChCl : oxalic acid No** 1:1 1280 1.4662 126.1
DES8 *ChCl : malic acid Partially** 1:1 1299 1.4790 -
DES9 *ChCl: malonic acid Partially** 1:1 - 1.4864 -
*ChCl – Choline chloride, ** Not used for UV/Vis analysis
Lignin Samples
The annual plants, hemp, and flax, used for obtaining black liquor were kindly
supplied by OP Papírna Ltd. (Olšany, Czech Republic). The cooking conditions were as
follows: active alkali sodium hydroxide and the presence of anthraquinone (AQ). The
black liquor obtained had the following characteristics: pH of 12.9 ±0.3
(determined by a digital Jenway (3510 pH-meter, UK) and density 1.242 g/mL
(determined by measuring the mass with the known volume of the black liquor), ash
45.75 wt%, and dry matter 36.80 wt%. The precipitation of lignin from black liquor was
used as a single step process in which a dilute solution of sulphuric acid (5 wt% (1.05 N))
was added to the black liquor with the pH adjusted to the desired value. 100 mL of the
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black liquor was treated with diluted sulphuric acid to obtain a final pH value 3. The
precipitated straw lignin was washed twice with hot water (total volume 400 mL, pH=
6.8) to remove impurities. The lignin was then dried at 25 °C under a pressure of 0.5
mbar using lyophilisation equipment (LYOVAC (GT2, Germany) until reaching a
constant weight.
Lignoboost lignin was purchased from Innventia AB (Stockholm, Sweden), ash
content 0.6 wt%. Softwood kraft lignin was isolated from the original black liquor using
the LignoBoost process by Innventia AB. The lignin was then dried at 25°C under a
pressure of 0.5 mbar using lyophilisation equipment (LYOVAC (GT2, Germany)
until reaching a constant weight.
Absolutely dry lignin samples (lignoboost lignin or straw lignin; see Table 2)
were added to individual DESs, and the mixture in a closed flask was stirred in a water
bath at 80 °C for 20 min. Table 2 shows the lignin properties, and Fig. 1 shows the
solubilized lignin in cuvettes.
Table 2. Analysis of Lignin Properties
Sample
C
(%)
H
(%)
N
(%)
S
(%)
Ash
(%)
OCH3
*
(%)
HHV**
(MJ/kg)
Lignoboost lignin 65.00 5.44 0.12 1.14 0.42 ± 0.02 13.17 26.8 ± 0.5
Straw lignin 65.54 6.17 1.20 0.04 0.37 ± 0.04 15.73 23.61 ± 0.3
*Calculated according to Jablonsky et al. (2015a )
**Higher heating value
Fig. 1. Pure DES 1, solubilized lignin with different concentration of lignins, and straw lignin
UV/Vis spectrometry analysis of solubilized lignin in DES
Lignin content was determined using UV/VIS spectrophotometry with a UV-1600
series spectrophotometer (VWR, Leuven, Belgium). Absorbance within a 200 to 800 nm
spectral range was measured at 1 nm spectral resolution. Samples were referenced by
pure individual DESs.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The UV/Vis absorbance spectra of various lignins at different concentrations
(lignin lignoboost; 0.09 to 0.78 mg/g DES; straw lignin 0.08 mg/g to 0.86 mg/g DES;
(Table 3)) solubilized in choline chloride : lactic acid (1:9) are depicted in Fig. 2. Given
the presence of lignins, a spectral maximum centered at about 280 nm was expected,
given that absorption bands centered at 280 nm and/or 205 nm are used for lignin
determination (Sun et al. 2001; Kline et al. 2010).
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Fig. 2. UV-visible absorbance spectra of two lignin standards (L1 – lignin lignoboost (Fig. 2a); L2
– straw lignin (Fig. 2b)) at different concentrations of lignin in a deep eutectic solvent (Table 3).
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Absorption bands in the lignin spectrum are assignable to a variety of groups or
compounds. Lignins contain several functional chemical groups, such as hydroxyl
(phenolic or alcoholic), methoxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl, in various amounts, depending
on its origin and the applied isolation process (Sun et al. 2001; Gosselink et al. 2004).
However, it was found that the region of 200 to 400 nm is not suitable for determination
of lignin solubilized in DESs. Similar spectral characteristics were identified also by
Kline et al. (2010), who investigated lignin spectra in the ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methyl-
imidazolium chloride [Bmim]Cl. In the present work, a partial least squares analysis was
applied to the visible spectrum region, 380 to 1100 nm. The absorbance maximum at
about 440 nm represented a better solution for lignin quantification.
Table 3. Concentration of Lignin in a Deep Eutectic Solvent
Sample Concentration of lignin
lignoboost in DES1*
(mg/g)
Sample Concentration of
straw lignin in DES2**
(mg/g)
1_L1 0.087 1_L2 0.08
2_L1 0.133 2_L2 0.196
3_L1 0.236 3_L2 0.407
4_L1 0.351 4_L2 0.486
5_L1 0.762 5_L2 0.602
6_L1 0.784 6_L2 0.858
* choline chloride : lactic acid (1:10)
** choline chloride : lactic acid (1:9)
Fig. 3a. Calibration curves for the chosen wavelengths (400, 440, 450, 500, and 550 nm) are
shown for different pure lignoboost lignin L1; and deep eutectic solvent: DES6: choline chloride :
glycerol (1:2).
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Skulcova et al. (2017). “UV/Vis spectra for lignin,” BioResources 12(3), 6713-6722. 6718
Various lignin standards were tested at different wavelengths and concentrations
to calibrate the UV/Vis spectra (Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b). There was a remarkable correlation
between the adsorption and lignin concentrations between 0.07 and 0.86 mg of lignin in 1
g of DES. This linear correlation was apparent for the used lignin types and further for
the various wavelengths used (from 400 to 550 nm).
Fig. 3b. Calibration curves for the chosen wavelengths (400, 440, 450, 500, and 550 nm) are
shown for different pure straw lignin L2; and deep eutectic solvent: DES3: choline chloride and
ethylene glycol (1:2).
Based on promising results obtained by Kline et al. (2010), the lignin content in
DESs was quantified using spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 440 nm. In the
experiment, lignin was dissolved in DES and prepared at 80 °C, and the absorbance
spectra were measured. Plots of absorbance at this wavelength vs. lignin concentration in
the DES for different lignin standards are depicted in Fig. 4. These experimental results
are depicted in Fig 4. Different types of deep eutectic solvents and of lignins were
compared. The proposed method allows quantification of lignins irrespective of the type
of DES used. The concentration of the solubilized lignin was determined with little or no
pretreatment of analysed samples using a short list of easily available chemicals.
At the absorbance at 440 nm, the A440 nm/lignin concentration plot exhibited a fair
linear relationship in most measurements. The correlation coefficient R2
ranged from
0.849 to 0.998; individual equations are shown in Table 4. Figure 5 illustrates the
relationship between absorbance at 440 nm and the concentration of the solubilized lignin
for lignoboost lignins (L1) and a straw lignin (L2), as described by Eq. 1,
A = − 0.01221 + 2.46982 × Conc., R2
= 0.8912 (1)
where Conc is mg lignin / g DES.
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Fig. 4. Absorbance at 440 nm versus concentration for solution of lignin dissolved in deep
eutectic solvents. L1 – lignin lignoboost; L2 – straw lignin; DES1 – ChCl : lactic acid (1:10);
DES2– ChCl : lactic acid (1:9); DES3 – ChCl : ethylene glycol (1:2); DES4 – alanine : lactic acid
(1:9); DES5 – betaine : lactic acid (1:2); DES6 – ChCl : glycerol (1:2)
Table 4. Linear Equation for Different Lignin (L1 - Lignoboost Lignin, L2 – Straw
Lignin) and Deep Eutectic Solvent, Dependence Absorbance at 440 nm (A) vs.
Concentration of Dissolved Lignin in DES (Conc. (mg Lignin / g DES))
Sample DES Equation R-square
L1_DES1 *ChCl : lactic acid A = −0.08723 + 3.3868 × Conc. 0.8490
L1_DES2 *ChCl : lactic acid A = −0.02532 + 2.2886 × Conc. 0.9860
L1_DES3 *ChCl : ethylene glycol A = 0.02081 + 2.04415 × Conc. 0.9814
L1_DES4 Alanine : lactic acid A = −0.0383 + 1.3514 × Conc. 0.9840
L1_DES6 *ChCl : glycerol A = 0.18447 + 2.2479 × Conc. 0.8488
L2_DES1 *ChCl : lactic acid A = 0.00399 + 2.6948 × Conc. 0.9965
L2_DES2 *ChCl : lactic acid A = 0.0631 + 2.62279 × Conc. 0.9982
L2_DES3 *ChCl : ethylene glycol A = −0.00907 + 2.02545 × Conc. 0.9858
L2_DES4 Alanine : lactic acid A = 0.01883+2.4768× Conc. 0.9973
L2_DES5 Betaine : lactic acid A = 0.12271 + 2.39905 × Conc. 0.9941
*Choline chloride, L1 – lignoboost lignin, L2 – straw lignin
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Skulcova et al. (2017). “UV/Vis spectra for lignin,” BioResources 12(3), 6713-6722. 6720
As mentioned before, there are papers describing lignin quantification in DESs
through absorbance at 280 nm (Kumar et al. 2015). Kumar et al. (2016) noticed that the
absorption maximum varied and was not centered in all cases at 280 nm. They deduced
that the most important factor was probably the pH of extracts after applying deep
eutectic solvents. When extracting lignins at a pH of 2 to 3, the absorption maximum lies
at about 280 nm; with neutral green solvents (pH 6 to 7), an additional peak at 305 to 315
nm was observed. An open question relates to a pH range of 3 to 6. The absorption
maximum depends on the DES composition and shifts from 328 nm for ChCl : oxalic
acid (1:1) to 265 nm for alanine : lactic acid (1:9) (data not shown). This shift was also
observed by Kumar et al. (2016), but they did not explain this result.
In this short communication, the lignin content in DES was quantified using the
UV/VIS methods through absorbance at 440 nm. One weakness of this mode of lignin
concentration determination is that the absorbance is not measured at its maximum but on
the slope of spectral curves. However, the R-square values clearly documented that this
weak point is dismissable by simplicity and reliability of the absorbance.
Fig. 5. Absorbance at 440 nm versus concentration for solution of lignins (L1 – lignoboost lignin)
dissolved in deep eutectic solvents. DES: ChCl : lactic acid (1:10); ChCl : lactic acid (1:9); ChCl :
ethylene glycol (1:2); alanine : lactic acid (1:9); betaine : lactic acid (1:2); ChCl : glycerol (1:2)
CONCLUSIONS
1. In this study, UV/Vis spectrometry was investigated as an easy, quick technique for
the analysis of lignin dissolved in DES.
2. The concentration of solubilized lignins in different types of DESs was determined
without having to significantly modify the analytical process.
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3. The UV/Vis spectrometric quantification of solubilized lignins was independent of
the type of solubilized lignin.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under
the contracts No. APVV-15-0052, APVV-16-0088, and VEGA grants 1/0543/15. The
authors would like to thank for financial assistance from the STU Grant scheme for
financial assistance from the STU Grant scheme for Support of Young Researchers under
the contract no.1625, 1688.
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Article submitted: June 5, 2017; Peer review completed: July 15, 2017; Revised version
received and accepted: July 24, 2017; Published: July 31, 2017.
DOI: 10.15376/biores.12.3.6713-6722
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