Commercial TiO2 (P25) co-doped with bimetallic silver and nickel nanoparticles (Ag-Ni/TiO2) was prepared by g-irradiation method. The properties of Ag-Ni/TiO2 were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (EDX) and surface area measurement by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The size of silver and nickel nanoparticles was determined by TEM to be of 1-2 nm.The photo-catalytic degradation of azo dye methyl red in the aqueous suspensions of TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2 under visible light was carried out to evaluate the photo-catalytic activity. Results showed that Ag-Ni/TiO2 was found to enhance photo-degradation efficiency of azo dye metyl red compared to commercial TiO2. The results showed that Ag 3% (w/w) and Ni 1.5% (w/w) co-doped TiO2 had the highest photoactivity among all studied samples under visible light. Thus, g-irradiation method can be suitably applied to prepare photo-catalyst of Ag-Ni/TiO2with highly photocatalytic activity.
Photocatalytic degradation of some organic dyes under solar light irradiation...Iranian Chemical Society
Nanoparticles of the ZnO and TiO2 were synthesized and the physicochemical properties of the compounds were characterized by IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns of the ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles could be indexed to hexagonal and rutile phase, respectively. Aggregated nanoparticles of ZnO and TiO2 with spherical-like shapes were observed with particle diameter in the range of 80-100 nm. These nanoparticles were used for photocatalytic degradation of various dyes, Rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene blue (MB) and Acridine orange (AO) under solar light irradiation at room temperature. Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of photodegradation was investigated. In general, because ZnO is unstable, due to incongruous dissolution to yield Zn(OH)2 on the ZnO particle surfaces and thus leading to catalyst inactivation,the catalytic activity of the system for photodegradation of dyes decreased dramatically when TiO2 was replaced by ZnO.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
Visible light solar photocatalytic degradation of pulp and paper wastewater u...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the growing number of industries there are large volumes of wastewater generated every day. Pulp and paper mills are highly polluting as they release effluents containing organic pollutants, and high levels of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Even though well-established processes exist to treat these effluents, there are only a few processes which are energy efficient. Conventional treatment methods are not effective for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants, hence other treatment techniques are necessary. One of the recent developments in this field is the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). Solar photocatalysis is a type of AOP which utilises UV light to activate semiconductor photocatalyst in order to produce highly reactive radical species. TiO2 is a widely used catalyst for this purpose, to oxidise or reduce the organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. However, photocatalysis using visible light has been receiving increased attention hence, modification of TiO2 is necessary for its enhanced response to visible light. There are many methods for modifying TiO2, such as doping and photo-sensitisation. This study focusses on the modification of TiO2 using the method of dye-sensitisation (photo-sensitisation) with the dyes rhodamine B and methylene blue. Solar photocatalytic experiments were carried out for the degradation of pulp and paper wastewater, at different conditions like varying catalyst loading (500mg, 600mg, 750mg and 1000mg of catalyst for 300ml of aqueous wastewater) and effluent concentration (20ml, 25ml, 30ml and 35ml of wastewater). Preliminary tests were done to determine the best conditions for photocatalytic degradation, and these were applied for final tests. Keywords - Solar Photocatalysis, Visible Light, Dye Sensitisation, Pulp and paper, Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, TiO2 catalyst.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
Photocatalytic application of TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@S...Iranian Chemical Society
In this research we have developed a treatment method for textile wastewater by TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite. Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and chemicals and needs treatments. This manuscript presents a facile method for removing dyes from the textile wastewater by using TiO2/SiO2-based nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2) under UV irradiation. This magnetic nanocomposite, as photocatalytically active composite, is synthesized via solution method in mild conditions. A large range of cationic, anionic and neutral dyes including: methyl orange, methylene blue, neutral red, bromocresol green and methyl red are used for treatment investigations. Neutral red and bromocresol green have good results in reusing treatment. The high surface area of nanocomposites improve the kinetic of wastewater treatment. In this method, by using the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, TiO2-based photocatalyst could be separated and reused for 3 times. The efficiency of this method is respectively 100% and 65% for low concentration (10 ppm) and high concentration (50 ppm) of neutral red and bromocrosol green after 3 h treatment. The efficiency of treatment using the second used nanocomposite was 90% for 10 ppm of the same dyes.
Photocatalytic degradation of some organic dyes under solar light irradiation...Iranian Chemical Society
Nanoparticles of the ZnO and TiO2 were synthesized and the physicochemical properties of the compounds were characterized by IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns of the ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles could be indexed to hexagonal and rutile phase, respectively. Aggregated nanoparticles of ZnO and TiO2 with spherical-like shapes were observed with particle diameter in the range of 80-100 nm. These nanoparticles were used for photocatalytic degradation of various dyes, Rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene blue (MB) and Acridine orange (AO) under solar light irradiation at room temperature. Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of photodegradation was investigated. In general, because ZnO is unstable, due to incongruous dissolution to yield Zn(OH)2 on the ZnO particle surfaces and thus leading to catalyst inactivation,the catalytic activity of the system for photodegradation of dyes decreased dramatically when TiO2 was replaced by ZnO.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
Visible light solar photocatalytic degradation of pulp and paper wastewater u...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the growing number of industries there are large volumes of wastewater generated every day. Pulp and paper mills are highly polluting as they release effluents containing organic pollutants, and high levels of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Even though well-established processes exist to treat these effluents, there are only a few processes which are energy efficient. Conventional treatment methods are not effective for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants, hence other treatment techniques are necessary. One of the recent developments in this field is the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). Solar photocatalysis is a type of AOP which utilises UV light to activate semiconductor photocatalyst in order to produce highly reactive radical species. TiO2 is a widely used catalyst for this purpose, to oxidise or reduce the organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. However, photocatalysis using visible light has been receiving increased attention hence, modification of TiO2 is necessary for its enhanced response to visible light. There are many methods for modifying TiO2, such as doping and photo-sensitisation. This study focusses on the modification of TiO2 using the method of dye-sensitisation (photo-sensitisation) with the dyes rhodamine B and methylene blue. Solar photocatalytic experiments were carried out for the degradation of pulp and paper wastewater, at different conditions like varying catalyst loading (500mg, 600mg, 750mg and 1000mg of catalyst for 300ml of aqueous wastewater) and effluent concentration (20ml, 25ml, 30ml and 35ml of wastewater). Preliminary tests were done to determine the best conditions for photocatalytic degradation, and these were applied for final tests. Keywords - Solar Photocatalysis, Visible Light, Dye Sensitisation, Pulp and paper, Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, TiO2 catalyst.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
Photocatalytic application of TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@S...Iranian Chemical Society
In this research we have developed a treatment method for textile wastewater by TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite. Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and chemicals and needs treatments. This manuscript presents a facile method for removing dyes from the textile wastewater by using TiO2/SiO2-based nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2) under UV irradiation. This magnetic nanocomposite, as photocatalytically active composite, is synthesized via solution method in mild conditions. A large range of cationic, anionic and neutral dyes including: methyl orange, methylene blue, neutral red, bromocresol green and methyl red are used for treatment investigations. Neutral red and bromocresol green have good results in reusing treatment. The high surface area of nanocomposites improve the kinetic of wastewater treatment. In this method, by using the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, TiO2-based photocatalyst could be separated and reused for 3 times. The efficiency of this method is respectively 100% and 65% for low concentration (10 ppm) and high concentration (50 ppm) of neutral red and bromocrosol green after 3 h treatment. The efficiency of treatment using the second used nanocomposite was 90% for 10 ppm of the same dyes.
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of alkali titanateSoumya Ranjan Sahoo
Photocatalysts nano A2TinO2n+1 (A = Li, Na, K) were prepared successfully by novel hydrothermal synthesis process. The nano crystals of Li2TiO3 were self-assembled as snowflakes while that of Na2Ti3O7 and K2Ti8O17 were nanorods. The results indicated that alkali titanates as prepared have higher photocatalytic activities compared with P25TiO2 in the degradation of chloroform under UV light irradiation. A combination of K2Ti8O17 and NiO produces a photo catalyst effective for the degradation of chloroform in aqueous solution.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION AND REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS IN PHARMACEUTICAL WAST...Journal For Research
In recent years pharmaceutical wastes (PW) deposal of has become a major difficulty for the environment. Therefore, pharmaceutical waste removal is very necessary before its discharge from the pharma industry. The separation of drugs containing organic compounds in wastewater streams is failed by convectional and biological treatments. Thus, the reduction of harmful effects of pharmaceutical compounds is possible by heterogeneous photocatalysis process. Herein we reported the degradation of pharmaceutical concentration in pharmaceutical waste by heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO doped with Selenium prepared by cost effective hydrothermal method. In addition the heavy metals in pharmaceutical waste were also removed by ZnO/Se nanocomposite. The average band gap of nanocomposite (~2.5 eV) increase the photocatalytic activity and degrade the organic compounds in pharmaceutical waste. The heavy metals get adsorbed on the high surface area of nanocomposite and removed completely by filtration method. The Selenium doped ZnO photocatalyst semiconductor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDAX) and also the characteristic crystalline forms of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was confirmed by XRD. The functional groups and particle size distribution of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR and DLS respectively. The reduction of organic compounds in the pharmaceutical waste was confirmed by COD analysis and removal of heavy metals was performed by AAS analysis.
Photochemistry Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Thyroxine Capped Si...priyanka raviraj
Objective:
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the noble metal nanoparticles studied due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and ease of detection. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using thyroxine as a reducing and capping agent through the one step photochemical method
Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Thy-AgNPs)
1. UV-Spectroscopy Analysis
2. Fourier Transforms-Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
3. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HR-TEM)
4. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)
5. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
6. Zeta potential
Uses:
*AgNPs have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties
*Exhibit high plasmon efficiency
*More sensitive towards localized surface plasmon resonance
*Less time consuming, economic and more ecofriendly
*It is used in electronics, food industry, cosmetics, photochemical, biomedicine and chemistry.
Enhancing the photocatalytic activity of commercial P25 퐓퐢퐎 powder by combin...IJECEIAES
Titanium dioxide ( TiO 2 ) is the most popular photocatalytic material. However, its operation is limited to UV light only. In this paper, we tried to improve the visible light responsiveness of TiO by doping Nickel (Ni) using the sol-gel method. By combining Ni-doped TiO 2 powder with commercially available P25 TiO 2 2 powder to make photocatalytic thin films, significant improvement in photocatalytic activity has been obtained. Furthermore, we also studied the relationship between the surface condition of photocatalytic thin films and their photocatalytic activity. The surface condition was improved by the multilayer electrophoresis deposition method. Based on experimental results, by combining 10 20 wt% Ni-doped TiO with P25 TiO , we could significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of P25 TiO 2 .
The present work demonstrates for the first time the facile fabrication of TiO2
nanotube arrays (TNTAs) by a fluoride-free
solid-state anodization process using LiClO4
containing solid polymeric electrolyte. The resulting nanotubes were tested
for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The elimination of liquid electrolytes in electrochemical anodization constitutes
a paradigm shift for the formation of nanoporous and nanotubular metal oxides. Our results open a new area of research
that uses the distinctive properties of solid polymer electrolytes to achieve targeted doping and nano-morphologies. Characterization
of the grown TNTAs indicated solid state anodized TNTAs to consist purely of the anatase phase of titania.
The solid-state anodization process provides several advantages over conventional liquid electrolytes such as easy handling
and processing, better charge transport, environmentally benign chemicals and methodology. Photoelectrochemical water
splitting experiments were performed which confirmed the viability of TNTAs grown by the new solid-state process for
photocatalytic applications.
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of alkali titanateSoumya Ranjan Sahoo
Photocatalysts nano A2TinO2n+1 (A = Li, Na, K) were prepared successfully by novel hydrothermal synthesis process. The nano crystals of Li2TiO3 were self-assembled as snowflakes while that of Na2Ti3O7 and K2Ti8O17 were nanorods. The results indicated that alkali titanates as prepared have higher photocatalytic activities compared with P25TiO2 in the degradation of chloroform under UV light irradiation. A combination of K2Ti8O17 and NiO produces a photo catalyst effective for the degradation of chloroform in aqueous solution.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION AND REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS IN PHARMACEUTICAL WAST...Journal For Research
In recent years pharmaceutical wastes (PW) deposal of has become a major difficulty for the environment. Therefore, pharmaceutical waste removal is very necessary before its discharge from the pharma industry. The separation of drugs containing organic compounds in wastewater streams is failed by convectional and biological treatments. Thus, the reduction of harmful effects of pharmaceutical compounds is possible by heterogeneous photocatalysis process. Herein we reported the degradation of pharmaceutical concentration in pharmaceutical waste by heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO doped with Selenium prepared by cost effective hydrothermal method. In addition the heavy metals in pharmaceutical waste were also removed by ZnO/Se nanocomposite. The average band gap of nanocomposite (~2.5 eV) increase the photocatalytic activity and degrade the organic compounds in pharmaceutical waste. The heavy metals get adsorbed on the high surface area of nanocomposite and removed completely by filtration method. The Selenium doped ZnO photocatalyst semiconductor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDAX) and also the characteristic crystalline forms of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was confirmed by XRD. The functional groups and particle size distribution of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR and DLS respectively. The reduction of organic compounds in the pharmaceutical waste was confirmed by COD analysis and removal of heavy metals was performed by AAS analysis.
Photochemistry Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Thyroxine Capped Si...priyanka raviraj
Objective:
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the noble metal nanoparticles studied due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and ease of detection. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using thyroxine as a reducing and capping agent through the one step photochemical method
Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Thy-AgNPs)
1. UV-Spectroscopy Analysis
2. Fourier Transforms-Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
3. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HR-TEM)
4. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)
5. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
6. Zeta potential
Uses:
*AgNPs have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties
*Exhibit high plasmon efficiency
*More sensitive towards localized surface plasmon resonance
*Less time consuming, economic and more ecofriendly
*It is used in electronics, food industry, cosmetics, photochemical, biomedicine and chemistry.
Enhancing the photocatalytic activity of commercial P25 퐓퐢퐎 powder by combin...IJECEIAES
Titanium dioxide ( TiO 2 ) is the most popular photocatalytic material. However, its operation is limited to UV light only. In this paper, we tried to improve the visible light responsiveness of TiO by doping Nickel (Ni) using the sol-gel method. By combining Ni-doped TiO 2 powder with commercially available P25 TiO 2 2 powder to make photocatalytic thin films, significant improvement in photocatalytic activity has been obtained. Furthermore, we also studied the relationship between the surface condition of photocatalytic thin films and their photocatalytic activity. The surface condition was improved by the multilayer electrophoresis deposition method. Based on experimental results, by combining 10 20 wt% Ni-doped TiO with P25 TiO , we could significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of P25 TiO 2 .
The present work demonstrates for the first time the facile fabrication of TiO2
nanotube arrays (TNTAs) by a fluoride-free
solid-state anodization process using LiClO4
containing solid polymeric electrolyte. The resulting nanotubes were tested
for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The elimination of liquid electrolytes in electrochemical anodization constitutes
a paradigm shift for the formation of nanoporous and nanotubular metal oxides. Our results open a new area of research
that uses the distinctive properties of solid polymer electrolytes to achieve targeted doping and nano-morphologies. Characterization
of the grown TNTAs indicated solid state anodized TNTAs to consist purely of the anatase phase of titania.
The solid-state anodization process provides several advantages over conventional liquid electrolytes such as easy handling
and processing, better charge transport, environmentally benign chemicals and methodology. Photoelectrochemical water
splitting experiments were performed which confirmed the viability of TNTAs grown by the new solid-state process for
photocatalytic applications.
Incluye todas las referencias de productos con las novedades actualizadas también en nuestra web:
Peanas portaprecios, soportes colocación carteles, peanas para carteles, porta etiquetas, peanas porta cartel, portaprecios para botellas, pincho porta etiquetas, stopper, porta gráficas, soportes para cartelería, clip magnético para cartel, porta cupones, wobbler, ganchos para panel fondo lama, ganchos para cartón, etiquetas adhesivas para blister, etc.
Visita la sección CATÁLOGOS de nuestra web y descarga los PDF relacionados con los productos de tu interés. No olvides también ver nuestra sección de VIDEOS donde podrás visualizar directamente el portfolio de los videos que vamos subiendo a nuestro canal en YouTube.
En DonCartel llevamos desde 1997 ofreciendo multitud de productos para promocionar y destacar tus productos o servicios de forma eficiente.
Os recordamos que seguimos a vuestra disposición para cualquier aclaración o consulta. Gracias
Incluye todas las referencias de productos con las novedades actualizadas también en nuestra web:
El caballete con estructura metálica o de madera, siempre ha sido un buen recurso para mediante una pizarra o gráfica publicitaria, atraer la atención de nuestro target sobre productos, servicios, ofertas, la carta, el menú del día, realzar algún valor, incluso frases ocurrentes o graciosas como ya hemos reflejado.
El catálogo incluye las novedades de este año, dejando un completo grupo de productos con distintas formas, posibilidades, tamaños y acabados. Algunas de las alternativas son: caballetes con marco de aluminio a una cara, caballetes con marco de aluminio a doble cara, caballetes metálicos de colores, con cubierta protectora magnética, caballetes publicitarios para exteriores resistentes a la intemperie, etc.
Todos son de fácil montaje y no requieren ninguna herramienta para su instalación.
Hay que tener en cuenta las dimensiones totales del producto y la medida en concreto de la gráfica. Es decir, el tamaño del espacio que vamos a tener disponible para nuestra publicidad.
Para ello en cada producto se especifican tres medidas diferentes mediante un diagrama del producto que son de mayor a menor:
Total: El es tamaño total del producto. Se especifica en milímetros H (alto), A (ancho), B (fondo).
Gráfica: Tamaño necesario que debe tener la impresión publicitaria. Se especifica en milímetros (ancho x alto).
Visual: El tamaño visual, el resultante una vez colocada la gráfica. Se especifica en milímetros X (ancho), Y (alto).
La impresión de la gráfica no está incluida. Consúltanos para ofrecerte nuestras soluciones en impresión digital.
Visita la sección CATÁLOGOS de nuestra web y descarga los PDF relacionados con los productos de tu interés. No olvides también ver nuestra sección de VIDEOS donde podrás visualizar directamente el portfolio de los videos que vamos subiendo a nuestro canal en YouTube.
En DonCartel llevamos desde 1997 ofreciendo multitud de productos para promocionar y destacar tus productos o servicios de forma eficiente.
Os recordamos que seguimos a vuestra disposición para cualquier aclaración o consulta. Gracias
MYANMAR BUSINESS CONGLOMERATE COMPANY AND RETAIL COMPANY LIST 2017MYO AUNG Myanmar
MYANMAR BUSINESS CONGLOMERATE COMPANY AND RETAIL COMPANY LIST 2017
Conglomerate companies of Myanmar Retail companies of Myanmar 1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conglomerate_companies_of_MyanmarBusiness 2.Conglomerates in the Context of Myanmar’s Economic Reform Aung Min and Toshihiro Kudo
Arrays of TiO2 nanorods embedded with fluorine doped carbon nitride quantum d...Pawan Kumar
Graphenic semiconductors such as carbon nitride are attracting increasing attention as photocatalysts due to their chemical stability, visible light absorption and excellent electronic properties. The photocatalytic activity of nanostructured TiO2 catalysts is constrained by the wide bandgap and concomitant low visible light responsivity of TiO2. In this context we present the formation of new fluorine doped carbon nitride quantum dots (CNFQDs) by solid state reaction and the subsequent examination of their heterojunctions with TiO2 for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Arrays of rutile phase TiO2 nanorods embedded with CNFQDs were synthesized by a simple in situ hydrothermal approach and the resulting nanomaterials were found to exhibit strong visible light absorption. The energetics at the heterojunction were favorable for efficient electron transfer from CNFQDs to TiO2 under visible light irradiation and …
Arrays of TiO2 nanorods embedded with fluorine doped carbon nitride quantum d...Pawan Kumar
Graphenic semiconductors such as carbon nitride are attracting increasing attention as photocatalysts due to their chemical stability, visible light absorption and excellent electronic properties. The photocatalytic activity of nanostructured TiO2 catalysts is constrained by the wide bandgap and concomitant low visible light responsivity of TiO2. In this context we present the formation of new fluorine doped carbon nitride quantum dots (CNFQDs) by solid state reaction and the subsequent examination of their heterojunctions with TiO2 for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Arrays of rutile phase TiO2 nanorods embedded with CNFQDs were synthesized by a simple in situ hydrothermal approach and the resulting nanomaterials were found to exhibit strong visible light absorption. The energetics at the heterojunction were favorable for efficient electron transfer from CNFQDs to TiO2 under visible light irradiation and transfer of holes to the aqueous electrolyte. CNFQD-sensitized TiO2 nanorods exhibited a strong photoelectrochemical response up to 500 nm. Reuse experiments confirmed robustness and long term stability of the sample without exhausting the catalytic performance. The present work demonstrates a new pathway to sensitize TiO2 to visible photons by the in situ formation of embedded heterojunctions with fluorine doped carbon nitride quantum dots
Photocatalytic decomposition of isolan black by tio2, tio2 sio2 core shell na...eSAT Journals
Abstract Anatase phase TiO2, TiO2-SiO2 (TS) photocatalyst were prepared by wet chemical technique. The synthesized nano particles were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDAX, TEM, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. The grain size of the TiO2 nanoparticles was found to be 24nm, while 7-10nm for TiO2-SiO2was calculated by using Scherrer’s formula. The TiO2-SiO2 core shell nanocomposites were identified by TEM analysis. Ti-O, Si-O bonds were confirmed by EDAX and FTIR. The photocatalytic decomposition of Isolan black was investigated. The photo catalytic activity of TiO2, enhanced by doping of SiO2 on TiO2. The important factors such as pH, Wt % of dyes and nanoparticles, intensity of light are also affect the photocatalytic action. Index Terms: Nanocomposites, Photocatalyst, TEM, SEM-EDAX.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of Anti-microbial and Anti-fungal Activities of Nano-TiO2 Assemble...IIJSRJournal
Nanocomposites assembled with TiO2 and graphene were synthesised under solvent free conditions. The calcinated nanocomposites have been characterized by PXRD, SEM-EDAX, HRTEM and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. Nanotitania was found to be formed in anatase phase with larger surface area (268.2 m2g-1) and with increase in graphene content, the absorbance increased towards visible region. Their biological applicability has been evaluated by examining their anti-bacterial activity against E. coli (ATCC29181), S. aurues (ATCC6538) and their anti-fungal activity against C. albicans, C. rugosa (ATCC10231) organisms. It has been observed that the biological activity has increased with increase in % graphene from 0.1 to 0.5 and showed a steady decrease with 1.0 % graphene. Compared, to the anti-fungal activity, anti-bacterial activity was identified to be major in the present studies.
Effect of Co Dopant on Structure and DC Conductivity of Sn1-XCoxO2 Nanoparticlespaperpublications3
Abstract: Electrical conductivity of SnO2 based oxide is of great importance for their applications as transparent conducting oxides (TCO) and gas sensors. Better understanding and control of its conductivity would enhance its performance in existing applications and enable new ones. Sn1-xCoxO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the gel combustion method. The structural, surface morphological studies and compositional analyses of prepared nanoparticles were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). X-ray patterns show all the samples have been found to have tetragonal rutile structure of the polycrystalline SnO2 having crystallite size in the range 8.5-12nm. SEM image shows agglomeration of nanoparticles in all the samples. The XRD, SEM, and EDAX results corroborated the successful doping of cobalt (Co) in the SnO2 matrix. The influences of Co dopant on structural and DC electrical conductivity of SnO2 were studied. The conductivity of prepared samples increases with the temperature significantly from 298K to 608K due to semiconducting behavior and also it is increases with the Co concentration due to the grain size effect while activation energy increases with decrease of grain size.
Octahedral rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] and Cu(OH)2cluster modifiedTiO2for the phot...Pawan Kumar
tOctahedral hexacyano rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] cluster complexes were grafted onto photoactive Cu(OH)2cluster modified TiO2{Cu(OH)2/TiO2} support. The rhenium and copper cluster modified TiO2photocata-lyst combines the advantages of heterogeneous catalyst (facile recovery, recycling ability of the catalyst)with the reactivity, selectivity of the soluble molecular catalyst. The synthesized heterogeneous cata-lyst was found to be highly efficient photoredox catalyst for the reduction of CO2under visible lightirradiation. Methanol was found to be the major liquid product with the formation of hydrogen as a byproduct as determined with GC-FID and GC-TCD, respectively. The methanol yield after 24 h irradiationwas found to be 149 mol/0.1 g cat. for Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2photocatalyst that is much higher than35 mol/0.1 g cat. for Cu(OH)2/TiO2and 75 mol/0.1 g cat. for equimolar rhenium cluster in the presenceof triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial donor. The quantum yields (MeOH) of Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2and Cu(OH)2/TiO2were found to be 0.018 and 0.004 mol einstein−1, respectively. These values are muchhigher than those reported for other heterogeneous catalysts for six electron transfer reaction
Photo-electrocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes prepared with two-step anod...Iranian Chemical Society
To improve the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid, we reported the fabrication of ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays by a simple and effective two-step anodization method and then these TiO2 nanotubes treated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation. The TiO2 nanotubes prepared in the two-step anodization process showed better photo-catalytic activity than TiO2 nanotubes prepared in one-step anodization process. Also, compared with TiO2 nanotubes without the UV pretreatment, the TiO2 nanotubes pretreated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation exhibited significant enhancements in both photocurrent and activity. The treated TiO2 nanotubes exhibited a 5-fold enhancement in photocurrent and a 2.5-fold increase in the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid. Also the effect of addition of persulfate and periodate on the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid were investigated. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of salicylic acid increased with increasing persulfate and periodate concentrations. These treated TiO2 nanotubes are promising candidates for practical photochemical reactors.
Adsorption Characteristics and Behaviors of Natural Red Clay for Removal of B...ijtsrd
The present study deals with the analysis and adsorption of Basic Yellow 28 BY28 onto low-cost natural red clay NRC . Adsorbent characterized by XRD, SEM, TG DTA, BET and BJH. The effect of the contact time, the temperature, the initial concentration, the pH and the adsorbent mass and on adsorption process were investigated using by batch adsorption technique and then the adsorption isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium studies were performed. The pH effect on the removal of BY28 efficiency was not important. It was found that the isotherm model best suited to the equilibrium data obtained from the adsorption of BY28 on NRC was the pseudo-second order. It was found that the kinetic model best suited to the data obtained from the adsorption of BY28 on NRC was the Langmuir model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 370 mg. g-1. In the thermodynamic studies, it can be said that the adsorption of BY28 onto NRC takes place spontaneously, physically and endothermic ally. Finally, the use of NRC shows a greater potential for the removal of cationic dyes, as no costly equipment is required. Omer Lacin | Ali Haghighatnia | Fatih Demir | Fatih Sevim "Adsorption Characteristics and Behaviors of Natural Red Clay for Removal of BY28 from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21544.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/engineering-chemistry/21544/adsorption-characteristics-and-behaviors-of-natural-red-clay-for-removal-of-by28-from-aqueous-solutions/omer-lacin
Optical Control of Selectivity of High Rate CO2 Photoreduction Via Interband-...Pawan Kumar
Photonic crystals consisting of TiO2 nanotube arrays (PMTiNTs) with periodically modulated diameters were fabricated using a precise charge-controlled pulsed anodization technique. The PMTiNTs were decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to form plasmonic photonic crystal photocatalysts (Au-PMTiNTs). A systematic study of CO2 photoreduction performance on as-prepared samples was conducted using different wavelengths and illumination sequences. A remarkable selectivity of the mechanism of CO2 photoreduction could be engineered by merely varying the spectral composition of the illumination sequence. Under AM1.5 G simulated sunlight (pathway#1), the Au-PMTiNTs produced methane (302 µmol h-1) from CO2 with high selectivity (89.3%). When also illuminated by a UV-poor white lamp (pathway#2), the Au-PMTiNTs produced formaldehyde (420 µmol h-1) and carbon monoxide (323 µmol h-1) with almost no methane evolved. We confirmed the photoreduction results by 13C isotope labeling experiments using GC-MS. These results point to optical control of the selectivity of high-rate CO2 photoreduction through selection of one of two different mechanistic pathways. Pathway#1 implicates electron-hole pairs generated through interband transitions in TiO2 and Au as the primary active species responsible for reducing CO2 to methane. Pathway#2 involves excitation of both TiO2 and surface plasmons in Au. Hot electrons produced by plasmon damping and photogenerated holes in TiO2 proceed to reduce CO2 to HCHO and CO through a plasmonic Z-scheme.
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye (Methyl Red) In Water under Visible Light Using Ag-Ni/TiO2 Sythesized by /- - Irradiation Method
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-1, Jan-Feb- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.1.66 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 529
Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye (Methyl
Red) In Water under Visible Light Using Ag-
Ni/TiO2 Sythesized by - Irradiation Method
Vo Thi Thu Nhu1,2
, Do QuangMinh1
, Nguyen Ngoc Duy3
, Nguyen QuocHien3*
1
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 268 Ly ThuongKiet, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2
University of Technical Education Ho Chi Minh City, 1 Vo Van Ngan Street, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3
Research and Development Center for Radiation Technology, 202A Street 11, Linh Xuan Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh
City, Vietnam
*Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hien7240238@yahoo.com (N.Q. Hien), Phone: 84 8 38975922, Fax: 84 8 38975921
Abstract─ Commercial TiO2 (P25) co-doped with bimetallic
silver and nickel nanoparticles (Ag-Ni/TiO2) was prepared
by -irradiation method. The properties of Ag-Ni/TiO2 were
characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron
microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), energy dispersive X-
ray spectroscopy techniques (EDX) and surface area
measurement by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The
size of silver and nickel nanoparticles was determined by
TEM to be of 1-2 nm.The photo-catalytic degradation of azo
dye methyl red in the aqueous suspensions of TiO2 and Ag-
Ni/TiO2 under visible light was carried out to evaluate the
photo-catalytic activity. Results showed that Ag-Ni/TiO2 was
found to enhance photo-degradation efficiency of azo dye
metyl red compared to commercial TiO2. The results showed
that Ag 3% (w/w) and Ni 1.5% (w/w) co-doped TiO2 had the
highest photoactivity among all studied samples under
visible light. Thus, -irradiation method can be suitably
applied to prepare photo-catalyst of Ag-Ni/TiO2with highly
photocatalytic activity.
Keywords─TiO2, silver, nickel, nanoparticles, pho-
tocatalytic,-irradiation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Photocatalytic reactions at the surface of titanium dioxide
have been attracting much attention in view of their practical
applications to environmental treatment [1]. The material
TiO2 is a well-known photocatalyst for its high efficiency,
low cost, physical and chemical stability, widespread
availability, and noncorrosive property [2].NanoTiO2 shows
relatively high reactivity and chemical stability under
ultraviolet light (<387nm), whose energy exceeds the band
gap of 3.2 eV in the anatase crystalline phase. The
development of photocatalysts with high reactivity under
visible light (> 400 nm) should allow the main part of the
solar spectrum, even under poor illumination of interior
lighting, to be used [3]. Several approaches for
nanoTiO2modification have been reported [4]. These
included dye sensitization, semiconductor coupling, impurity
doping, use of coordination metal complexes, and metal
deposition. A combination of two or more kinds of metals
has been widely applied in various materials to enhance the
performance and reliability of the materials. The
incorporation of metals in the titanium dioxide crystal
latticemay result in the formation of new energy levels
between valence bandand conduction band, inducing a shift
of light absorption towards the visible light region. Possible
limitations are photocorrosion and reduce charge
recombination at metal sites[5].
The use of Ag and Ni for bimetallic catalyst has been
reported as the effective method to improve the efficiency of
various reactions[6, 7]. Ag-Ni/cacbonnanotube for glucose
oxidation[6]. Silver and nickel doped TiO2 by sol-gel method
applied against bacteria under UV and visible light
irradiations[7].
Various methodsfor the synthesis of modified
TiO2photocatalyst included precipitation [8] , hydrothermal,
solvothermal[9], chemical vapour deposition[10], and
electrospinning[11] , radiolysis [12]. Among several methods
for modified nanopowder TiO2, radiolysis method using-
irradiation is advantageous because the experiment can be
2. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-1, Jan-Feb- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.1.66 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 530
carried out at very mild conditions, ambient pressure and
room temperature with high reproducibility and it is the
unique method [13, 14, 15]. In addition, Zhang et al. (2010)
[16] also synthesized Ag-Ni alloy nanoparticles by radiolytic
method. So, in this study, we reportedthe preparation of Ag
and Nico-doped on TiO2 (Ag-Ni/TiO2)by-irradiation method
andstudied of its photoactivityof degradation of methyl redin
water. The properties of the catalysts were characterized by
X-ray diffraction(XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
(DRS), surface area measurement by Brunauer-Emmett-
Teller (BET) method, transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (EDX), X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic
performance, reaction kinetic, and reusability of the catalysts
were also investigated.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. Materials
Silver nitrate (AgNO3)and nickel nitrate
hexahydrate(Ni(NO3)2·6H2O)were purchased from China
used as dopant metal salts. Titanium dioxide, TiO2 (Degussa
P25)wasfrom Germany used as the supportand ethanol was
from China. Methyl red from China was used as the model of
organic pollutant for photocatalyticdegradation study.
2.2. Sample preparation
A series of TiO2 samples was prepared by codoping with
silver and nickel in the range of 0.75–3% (w/w) by -
irradiation method. 2 g TiO2 and 10 ml ethanol were added
into 90 ml distilled water and stirred. The required amount of
AgNO3 and NiNO3 were then added to the TiO2 suspension
mixture with variousmass ratios of Ag and Ni. The reduction
of Ag+
and Ni2+
was carried out by -irradiation on a - 60
Co
sourceusing gamma chamber GC – 5000, BRIT, India at the
Nuclear Research Institute, Da Lat, Vietnam with dose rate
of 2.5 kGy/h and absorbed dose range from 15.8 to 46.5kGy
measured by a dichromate dosimetry system [17] at room
temperature and under atmospheric pressure. The TiO2 doped
with Ag and Ni photo-catalyst was separated by
centrifugation, washed by distilled water and dried at 60o
C.
The detailed parameters of experiments were listed in Table
1.
2.3. Characterization of TiO2 doped with Ag-Ni
nanoparticles
The size of Ag and Ni nanoparticles doped on TiO2
catalystwas characterized by TEM images on a JEM 1010,
JEOL, Japan and XRD patterns were measured on D8
Advanced, Brucker, Germany using a Cu K ( = 0.15418
nm). The specific surface areas of samples were determined
by nitrogen adsorption at 77K using Quantachrome 1994-
2010 instrument of Germany using BET method.The solid
UV–vis DRS was carried out using JASCO V550 model UV-
vis spectrometer. XPS analyses were obtained with a
ULVAC PHI instrument, equipped with Al KαX-ray source.
The morphology and the elemental content of the catalyst
were investigated with SEM (Hitachi SEM S-4800) coupled
with a Genesis 4000 EDX spectrometer.
2.4. Photocatalytic degradation activity
0.025 g of photocatalystswas added to 50 mL methyl red(10-
5
M). The solution with the catalyst was stirred in the dark for
1hour for the solution to attain absorbed equilibrium.It was
then irradiated using the 150 W halogen lamp (the visible
light source) at a distance of 40 cm from the solution level
and the temperature of the reactor was controlled at 30± 2◦
C.
After period of time of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min, the
aqueous suspension was filtered through centrifugation to
remove catalyst particles. Each set of experiment was
performed three times. MR concentration was estimated by
colorimetric method using UV-vis spectrophotometer
(Biochrom, Libra S32).
The photo-catalytic kinetic of methyl red degradation was
described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic as follows:
v = -dC/dt = -kC (or C = Coe-kt
) (1)
Where v is the reaction rate, C is the concentration of MR
dye at certain reaction time, Co is the initial concentration of
MR, k is rate constant and t is reaction time.
After the integration of the equation (1), the model can be
expressed by the following equation (2):
kt
C
Co
)ln( (2)
A plot of )ln(
C
Co
with time will yield a linear plot with
slope k.
3. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-1, Jan-Feb- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.1.66 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 531
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1.Composition and absorbed dose for preparation of different Ag-Ni/TiO2 samples
Sample name Weight of precursor V(H2O): V (C2H5OH) Dose
(kGy)
Irradiation
time (min)
Ag0.75-Ni1.5/TiO2 mAgNO3 =0.0236 g
mNi(NO3)2.6H2O = 0.1488 g
90 ml: 10 ml 23.3 1398
Ag1.5-Ni0.75/TiO2 mAgNO3 = 0.0472 g
mNi(NO3)2.6H2O = 0.0744 g
90 ml: 10 ml 15.8 948
Ag1.5-Ni1.5/TiO2 mAgNO3 = 0.0472 g
mNi(NO3)2.6H2O = 0.1488 g
90 ml: 10 ml 26.0 1560
Ag1.5-Ni3.0/TiO2 mAgNO3 = 0.0472 g
mNi(NO3)2.6H2O = 0.2976 g
90 ml: 10 ml 46.5 2790
Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2 mAgNO3 = 0.0944 g
mNi(NO3)2.6H2O =0.1488 g
90 ml: 10 ml 31.6 1896
The absorbed doses presented in Table 1 were calculated based on the dose of ~1.67 kGy for reduction of 1 mM Ag+
[18], but in
excess for 20% .
3.1. Characterization of catalysts
Fig.1:UV-vis Diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) of pure TiO2 and modified TiO2: (a) Pure TiO2; (b) Ag0.75-Ni1.5/TiO2; (c)
Ag1.5-Ni0.75/TiO2; (d) Ag1.5-Ni3.0/TiO2; (e) Ag1.5-Ni1.5/TiO2; (f) Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2
The UV-visible spectral of the pure TiO2 and modified TiO2
by Ag and Ni in the range of 200 to 900 nmwere shown in
Fig. 1. It was found that the absorbance of Ag-Ni/TiO2 in
the visible region was always higher than that for pure TiO2.
The absorption peak of Ag-Ni/TiO2 shifted towards the
visible region. The visible-light photo absorption of Ag3.0-
Ni1.5/TiO2 was the highest among studied samples. The
absorption of the modified TiO2 samples in the range of
510−570 nm was probably due to Ag and Ni nanoparticles
which absorbed in this spectral range.
4. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-1, Jan-Feb- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.1.66 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 532
Fig. 2.XRD patterns of TiO2 (P25) andAg-Ni/TiO2with various content of Ag and Ni.
Fig. 2 showed the typical XRD patterns of the pure TiO2
(P25), and TiO2 doped with various content of Ag and Ni. It
is clearly from Fig. 2 that original TiO2 powder exhibits
typical pattern that indicate for the phases of anatase and
rutile. The XRD pattern of Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2 consisted of
peaks at 25.2 o
; 37.6o
; 48.0o
; 53.9o
; 55.1o
; 62.4o
; 68.7o
; 70.2o
and 75.1o
correspond to the crystal planes [101], [004],
[200], [105], [211], [204], [220], [220] and [215]
respectively; this is indicate for phase anatase of TiO2,
whereas rutile crystallites structure has peaks at 27.4o
and
36.1o
correspond to the crystal planes [110] and [101].Peaks
at 2θ values of 38.1o
, 44.1o
that reflect the cubic Ag phase
which can be attributed to the crystal planes of metallic
silver [111] and [200], respectively.Peaks at 2θ values of
44.5o
and 51.7o
that indicated for crystal planes of metallic
nickel [111] and [200]. All peaks for Ag and Ni were weak
because of the low content of silver and nickel.
Table.2:o
values of [101] plane and [200] plane of TiO2after doping by Ag and Ni with different content
Ag content , %(w/w) 0.0 (TiO2) 0.75 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.0
Ni content, %(w/w) 0.0 (TiO2) 1.5 0.75 1.5 3.0 1.5
2o
[101] plane 25.5 25.37 25.34 25.21 25.42 25.22
2o
[200] plane 48.29 48.16 48.13 47.98 48.17 48.02
In addition, from the results of XRD inTable 2, it can be
seen that the position of TiO2 plane [101] and [200] change
the angle by doping with Ag and Ni. According to Bragg’s
law: n=2dsin[19], can be drawn that the lesser is the
value of sin,the larger is the d spacing. Opposite, the larger
is the value of sin, the lesser is the d spacing. So we can
conclude that the value of d spacing change with Ag and Ni
doping, which implies that nickel and silver ions diffused
into the lattice of TiO2.
Table.3:Sample, BET surface area of pure TiO2 and Ag-Ni
doped TiO2 samples
Sample BET surface area (m2
/g)
TiO2 69.417
Ag0.75-Ni1.5/TiO2 53.083
Ag1.5-Ni0.75/TiO2 55.991
Ag1.5-Ni1.5/TiO2 56.200
Ag1.5-Ni3.0/TiO2 53.747
Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2 51.800
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The surface areas of pure TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2with various
content of Ag and Ni were determined by the nitrogen gas
adsorption method and shown in Table 3. Theresults in
Table 3 showed that the surface area of Ag-Ni/TiO2samples
decreased compared to that of TiO2.
Energy/ keV
Fig. 3:SEM image (a) and EDX diagram (b) of Ag3.0-
Ni1.5/TiO2 catalyst
The SEM micrograph and EDX spectrum of Ag3.0-
Ni1.5/TiO2 catalyst were shown in Fig. 3. The SEM
micrograph showed catalyst particles with spherical
morphology. The composition of the Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2
catalyst was determinedby EDX analysis. The EDX
spectrum was recorded in the binding energy region of 0 - 6
eV which was shown in Fig. 3b. The existence of Ag and Ni
atoms on the TiO2 was confirmed.
Fig. 4:TEM images of TiO2 (P25) (a) and Ag 3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2
(b) photocatalyst
The morphology and metal distribution of the catalysts were
then examined by TEM images. Fig. 4 showed the TEM
images of TiO2 (P25) and Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2. TEM image of
TiO2in Fig. 4a indicated that the TiO2 particles have not
agglomerated. The average size of particles of TiO2 was
estimated to be 10 – 40 nm. TEM image of Ag3.0-
Ni1.5/TiO2 in Fig. 4b indicated that Ag and Ni
nanoparticles with size of about 1-2 nm were dispersed on
the surface of TiO2.The size of TiO2 particles was almost
unchanged for TiO2 and Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2sample.
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Fig. 5: XPS full survey of Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2
XPS analysis of silver and nickel co-doped TiO2 sample
(Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2) was performed and shown in Fig. 5.
The XPS full spectrum showed the presence of different
elements on the surface of the catalyst. XPS analysis of
Ag3.0-Ti1.5/TiO2 sample detected peaks of Ti, O, C, Ni and
Ag. The presence of C was attributed to carbon
contamination existed on the sample rack.
Fig. 6: XPS survey for Ag3d
Fig. 6 showed that the catalyst exhibited their
Ag3d level two peaks (at around 368 and 374 eV), which
indicated for the Ag 3d5/2 and 3d3/2. The binding energy of
peak Ag 3d5/2 maximum at 368.1 eV was close to the value
reported for metallic Ag(0) [12].
Fig. 7: XPS survey for Ni2p
The Ni 2p3/2regions of the Ag3.0-
Ti1.5/TiO2catalystshowed severalpeaks in the range of 850–
870 eV (Fig. 7). The first peak at 852.1 eV resulted for
metallic nickelNi(0)[20]. The second peak at 858.1 eV was
attributed to Ni2+
ions within the composite oxide structure
[21], whereas the peak at 862 eV was assigned to its
corresponding shake-up satellite lines. The detection of
metallic nickel Ni(0) clearly indicated a reduction of the ion
Ni2+
on the surface of the catalyst.
3.2. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl red
3.2.1.Effect of dopant content
363 368 373 378
Ag3d
Binding energy/eV
Intensity(a.u)
850 855 860 865 870
Intensity(a.u)
Binding Energy/ eV
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Fig. 8:Absorption spectra of MR at different time interval
degraded by the Ag1.0-Ni0.75/TiO2catalyst under visible
light.
Fig.8 showed the absorption spectra of MR before and
after irradiating under the visible light for different time
interval using Ag1.0-Ni0.75/TiO2 as a photocatalyst. The
intensity of the peak was found to decrease with increasing
irradiation time during photocatalytic degradation of MR. It
proves that the concentration of MR decreased with
increasing degradation time.
Fig.9: Degradation of MR under visible irradiation by TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2 with different dopant (Ag and Ni) content. The initial
concentration of MR: 1×10-5
M, amount of catalyst: 0.5 g/L.
Photocatalytic degradation of MR by pure TiO2 and Ag and
Ni co-doped on TiO2 catalysts with various dopant
concentrations under visible light was presented in Fig. 9.
The effect of dopant on the percentage of methyl red
degradation was studied with different amount of Ag and Ni
varying from 0.75 to 3.0 % (w/w), with MR solution
concentration of 10-5
M and amount of catalyst of 0.5 g/L.
All the Ag-Ni/TiO2 samples showed higher photocatalytic
activity than that of commercial TiO2 (Degussa P25) under
visible light irradiation. Thus modified TiO2 by Ag and Ni
nanoparticles resulted in higher photocatalytic activity.
Among catalysts, the sample containing 3% Ag and 1,5%
Ni (w/w) performanced the highest photodegradation
efficiency.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
TiO2
Ag1.5-Ni0.75/TiO2
Ag1.5-Ni1.5/TiO2
Ag1.5-Ni3.0/TiO2
Ag0.75-Ni1.5/TiO2
Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2
dark visible light
irradiation
C/Coofmetylred
time (min)
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Fig.10: Ln(Co/C) versus irradiation time for MR under
visible light by TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2 catalysts with initial
concentration of MR: 10-5
M, amount of catalyst: 0.5 g/L.
As a result, the photodegradation kinetics fitted well with
the pseudo first-order model that showed in Fig. 10.
Degradation rate constants calculated from the results in
Fig. 10 were of 0.0019; 0.0077; 0.0085; 0.009; 0.0098 and
0.0111 min-1
for TiO2, Ag1.5-Ni0.75/TiO2, Ag0.75-
Ni1.5/TiO2, Ag1.5-Ni3.0/TiO2, Ag1.5-Ni1.5/TiO2 and
Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2, respectively. The sample with 3 % Ag
(w/w) and 1.5 % Ni (w/w) doped on TiO2exhibited the
highest rate constant.
3.2.2. Effect of pH
Fig. 11: The effect of pH on photodegradation of MR
(amount of catalyst: 2.0 g/L; irradiation time: 60 min; MB
initial concentration: 10-5
M;)
The pH of a dye solution is an important parameter that
affects the rate of degradation. The effect of pH on photo
catalytic degradation of MR was investigated with content
of catalyst (Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2) of 0.5 g/L, concentration of
MR of10-5
M,irradiation time of 60 min andthe range of
pH from 3 to 10. PH was adjusted by 1N HNO3 and 1N
NaOH. Fig. 11 showed the degradation efficiency of MR at
different pH values.The results clearly showed that photo
catalytic degradation of the MR dye increased to pH 4 and
then decreased significantly to pH 10. The maximum MR
degradation of 89.18% was observed at pH 4. This may be
explained that the higher degradation extent of MR
occurred in acidic medium rather than alkaline. Hence, at
acidic pH values,the particle surfaces of catalysts are
positively charged and at basic pH values, they are
negatively charged [22]. In acidic environment, the
adsorption of anionic dye molecules on the surface of the
catalyst particle increased.Moreover,in acidic pHthe photo
excited electrons in the photo catalyst could be fast
abstracted from the surface by the numerous protons of
the medium [23].
3.2.3. Effect of catalytic content
Fig. 12: Degradation at different content of Ag3.0-
Ni1.5/TiO2 catalyst (MR initial concentration: 10-5
M; pH:
4; irradiation time: 60 min).
The effect of catalyst content (Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2) on the
degradation efficiency of MR was investigated with
different catalytic content varying from 0.5 to 4.0 g/L, at
dye solution concentration: 10-5
M for 60 min and pH at
4.The results were shown in Fig.12. The degradation
efficiency significantly increased up to 2 g/L of catalytic
content. When catalytic content was more than 2.0 g/L, the
degradation efficiency of dye was found to bealmost
unchanged. Therefore, an optimum catalytic dose of 2 g/L
was selected for further experiment.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
TiO2
Ag1.5-Ni0.75/TiO2
Ag1.5-Ni1.5/TiO2
Ag1.5-Ni3.0/TiO2
Ag0.75-Ni1.5/TiO2
Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2
Time (min)
Ln(Co/C)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Catalyst content (g/L)
Degradationefficiency(%)
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Degradationefficiency(%)
pH
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3.2.4. Effect of irradiation time
Fig. 13: The effect of irradiation time on photodegradation
of MR (catalyst content: 2.0 g/L;pH: 4; MR initial
concentration: 10-5
M).
In order to study the effect of irradiation duration on the
degradation efficiency on MR, the experiments were carried
out with Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2 catalyst amount of 2.0 g/L; pH
of dye solution at 4, initial concentration of MR of 10-5
M
and irradiation time of the dye solution in the range from 0
to 120 min. The results in Fig. 13 indicated that the
degradation percentage increased with the increase of
irradiation time. At the irradiation time of 120 min, the
percent degradation of MR achieved 96.7%.
3.2.5. Reuse of the photocatalyst
To determine the ability of reuse of Ag-Ni/TiO2as a
photocatalytic, reuse experiment of the photocatalytic
activity of Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2 catalyst was performed. After
degradation of MR, the photocatalyst was then washed with
distilled water and dried. Then the catalyst was reused for
degradation of MR solution. The results in Fig. 14 showed
that after four times of reuse, the catalyst was still active
with a slight decrease in the degradation efficiency from
96.7% (first cycle) to 89.1% (fifth cycle). Hence, it can be
confirmed that the photocalytic activity of Ag-Ni/TiO2
catalyst was almost stable during degradation of MR.
Fig. 14: Regeneration of Ag3.0-Ni1.5/TiO2photocatalyston
degradation MR (amount of catalyst: 2.0 g/L; pH: 4; MR
initial concentration: 10-5
M; irradiation time: 120 min).
IV. CONCLUSION
Co-doping Ag and Ni nanoparticles on TiO2with different
amount of Ag and Niwas carried out by-irradiation
method. The presence of Ag and Ni in the crystal lattice of
TiO2 was confirmed. The size of Ag and Ni nanoparticles
on the surface of TiO2 was of 1-2 nm. Ag-
Ni/TiO2photocatalysts displayed higher photocatalytic
activity for pure TiO2. Among all synthesized catalysts, the
TiO2 modified with 3.0%Ag (w/w) and 1.5%Ni (w/w)
exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity under visible
light. In addition, the Ag 3.0-Ni 1.5/TiO2photocatalystcan
be reused many times with almost unchangeof
photocatalyticactivity. Thus, Co-doping TiO2with silver and
nickel by -irradiation can besuitably usedas photocatalyt
for degradation of organic pollutants in water.
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