Bark is an attractive renewable raw material, comprised of all types of silviculture vegetation. This renewable resource is a major alternative raw material for the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Valorization is a key component of an economic lignocellulosic biorefinery. In this paper are included three extraction techniques and comparisons of total phenolic content. All extractions were done on milled spruce bark (Picea abies). Microwave assisted extraction; accelerated solvent extraction and extraction with deep eutectic solvents were used as a technique for extracts isolation. Choline chloride-based eutectic solvents with car-boxylic acids (maleic or malic acid) and glycerol were used as extractants. The extractions were performed for 1 h at 60 0 C with continuous stirring. Accelerated solvent extraction (extractant 96.6% ethanol; temperature (120, 140, 160 0 C) with steam pre-treatment (10, 20, 30 min.) was used as another type of extraction technique. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically at 764nm using the Folin-Ci-ocalteu method. This test is based on the oxidation of phenolic groups by phosphomolybdic and phospho-tungstic acids (FC reagent). Extraction technique using deep eutectic solvents brings results of phenolic contents in ranged from 900 to 2000 mg GAE per 100 g of dry bark. Samples with range of phenolic contents between 136.2 and 230.3 mg GAE per 100 g of dry bark were prepared by using acceleratet solvent extraction. Closed-system microwave assisted extraction (time 3 to 20 min.), and temperature (60; 80; 100 0 C) was applied to extract total phenolics from spruce bark, using 96.6% ethanol as an extractant. The total extracted phenolics, as assessed by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, varied between 90.3 and 321 mg gallic acid equivalence (GAE) per 100 g of dry bark for different temperatures. The results indicated that the highest amount of total phenolic compounds were found in extracts when using extraction by deep eutectic solvents
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Drug Binder from Tobacco WastePremier Publishers
In Indian agriculture, tobacco has a prominent place. So, it is but natural that tobacco waste or dust is generated at various stages of post-harvest processing of tobacco and also while manufacturing various products. As rational production and processing of tobacco plant must include the entire biomass, both the main product leaves as well as stalks that remain after harvest. Residues (stalks and small leaves) and significant amounts of leaf scrap and waste generated during processing of tobacco, can serve as a very important secondary raw material from after final processing, a great number of products could be obtained in industry considering that these stalks contain a certain amount of cellulose. The waste obtained after nicotine extraction was utilized for cellulose extraction. The extracted cellulose was converted to value-added product such as cellulose acetate. Prepared cellulose acetate is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
GREEN SOLVENTS BASED ON CHOLINE CHLORIDE FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SPRUCE BARK (P...Michal Jablonsky
Spruce bark is a rich source of extractives, such as condensed tannins, suberin, resin acids and terpenes. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new type of green solvents, were used in this study for obtaining a spruce bark extract with valuable properties. Choline chloride-based eutectic solvents with carboxylic acids and glycerol were used as extractants. The extractions were performed for 1 h at 60 °C under continuous stirring. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using an antioxidant system with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The content of the total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The results indicated promising possibilities for the development and usage of eutectic solvents for bark pretreatment. All the tested extracts showed phenolic contents that ranged from 41 to 463 mg GAE/100 g extract. No correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed. This study demonstrated that DESs are environmentally suitable solvents for extracting phenolic compounds from spruce bark.
Terpenoids are volatile substances which give plants and flowers their fragrance. They occur widely in the leaves and fruits of higher plants, conifers, citrus and eucalyptus. The term ‘terpene’ was given to the compounds isolated from terpentine, a volatile liquid isolated from pine trees.
This document presents the results of a phytochemical screening of Ficus sycomorus bark and Cleome gynandra aerial parts. The extracts were fractionated and tested for secondary metabolites. Both plants contained phenols, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, quinones, alkaloids, triterpenes, steroids, and saponins across fractions, though diterpenes were absent in F. sycomorus. The screening revealed the presence of various medically important compounds in the plants including antioxidants and those with anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-tumor properties.
Phytochemical investigation of lawsonia inermis linn and itsMamoona Nigha
This document summarizes a study investigating the phytochemical components and applications of Lawsonia inermis Linn (henna) leaves. The aims were to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil and extracts. Methods included extracting and analyzing the essential oil using GC-MS, performing phytochemical analysis of extracts, and testing antioxidant activity and color formulations. Results found the essential oil contained compounds like α-pinene and exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and other compounds. Formulations with mordants were made and tested on leather, showing variations in properties. In conclusion, the study characterized components of he
Regulations of bis, agmark, fda & us fda on food productsBHAVANASAMANTHAPUDI
The document discusses methods for determining pesticide residues, phototoxins, and microbial contaminants in herbal formulations. It describes using column chromatography, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography to analyze samples. Methods are provided for extracting samples and detecting residues of pesticides like DDT and BHC, as well as phototoxins like furanocoumarins. Plating, membrane filtration, and serial dilution techniques are also outlined for evaluating microbial contamination in herbal drugs.
The document discusses guidelines for standardization and quality control of herbal drugs and formulations. It describes various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluations. Specific tests covered include determination of foreign matter, ash values, extractive values, water soluble ash, total solid content, water content, volatile oil content, bitterness value, haemolytic activity, tannin content, swelling index and foaming index. Standardization helps in confirmation of identity, quality and purity of herbal drugs.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Drug Binder from Tobacco WastePremier Publishers
In Indian agriculture, tobacco has a prominent place. So, it is but natural that tobacco waste or dust is generated at various stages of post-harvest processing of tobacco and also while manufacturing various products. As rational production and processing of tobacco plant must include the entire biomass, both the main product leaves as well as stalks that remain after harvest. Residues (stalks and small leaves) and significant amounts of leaf scrap and waste generated during processing of tobacco, can serve as a very important secondary raw material from after final processing, a great number of products could be obtained in industry considering that these stalks contain a certain amount of cellulose. The waste obtained after nicotine extraction was utilized for cellulose extraction. The extracted cellulose was converted to value-added product such as cellulose acetate. Prepared cellulose acetate is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
GREEN SOLVENTS BASED ON CHOLINE CHLORIDE FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SPRUCE BARK (P...Michal Jablonsky
Spruce bark is a rich source of extractives, such as condensed tannins, suberin, resin acids and terpenes. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new type of green solvents, were used in this study for obtaining a spruce bark extract with valuable properties. Choline chloride-based eutectic solvents with carboxylic acids and glycerol were used as extractants. The extractions were performed for 1 h at 60 °C under continuous stirring. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using an antioxidant system with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The content of the total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The results indicated promising possibilities for the development and usage of eutectic solvents for bark pretreatment. All the tested extracts showed phenolic contents that ranged from 41 to 463 mg GAE/100 g extract. No correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed. This study demonstrated that DESs are environmentally suitable solvents for extracting phenolic compounds from spruce bark.
Terpenoids are volatile substances which give plants and flowers their fragrance. They occur widely in the leaves and fruits of higher plants, conifers, citrus and eucalyptus. The term ‘terpene’ was given to the compounds isolated from terpentine, a volatile liquid isolated from pine trees.
This document presents the results of a phytochemical screening of Ficus sycomorus bark and Cleome gynandra aerial parts. The extracts were fractionated and tested for secondary metabolites. Both plants contained phenols, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, quinones, alkaloids, triterpenes, steroids, and saponins across fractions, though diterpenes were absent in F. sycomorus. The screening revealed the presence of various medically important compounds in the plants including antioxidants and those with anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-tumor properties.
Phytochemical investigation of lawsonia inermis linn and itsMamoona Nigha
This document summarizes a study investigating the phytochemical components and applications of Lawsonia inermis Linn (henna) leaves. The aims were to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil and extracts. Methods included extracting and analyzing the essential oil using GC-MS, performing phytochemical analysis of extracts, and testing antioxidant activity and color formulations. Results found the essential oil contained compounds like α-pinene and exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and other compounds. Formulations with mordants were made and tested on leather, showing variations in properties. In conclusion, the study characterized components of he
Regulations of bis, agmark, fda & us fda on food productsBHAVANASAMANTHAPUDI
The document discusses methods for determining pesticide residues, phototoxins, and microbial contaminants in herbal formulations. It describes using column chromatography, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography to analyze samples. Methods are provided for extracting samples and detecting residues of pesticides like DDT and BHC, as well as phototoxins like furanocoumarins. Plating, membrane filtration, and serial dilution techniques are also outlined for evaluating microbial contamination in herbal drugs.
The document discusses guidelines for standardization and quality control of herbal drugs and formulations. It describes various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluations. Specific tests covered include determination of foreign matter, ash values, extractive values, water soluble ash, total solid content, water content, volatile oil content, bitterness value, haemolytic activity, tannin content, swelling index and foaming index. Standardization helps in confirmation of identity, quality and purity of herbal drugs.
Isolation and characterization of triterpenes from petroleumAlexander Decker
Two triterpenes, betulin and betulinic acid, were isolated from Parinari curatellifolia through serial extraction and column chromatography. Betulin was isolated from the petroleum ether extract while betulinic acid was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. Structural characterization of the compounds was carried out using NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. Based on the spectroscopic data, the isolated compounds were identified as betulin and betulinic acid. These are the first reports of these triterpenes being constituents of P. curatellifolia.
Standardization of herbal drugs involves using morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods to determine identity, quality, purity and detect adulterants. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis examines physical characteristics. Microscopic methods include determining stomatal number, palisade ratio, and vein-islet number. Physical methods involve measuring properties like viscosity, melting point, solubility, moisture content, optical rotation, and refractive index. Chemical analysis comprises determining extractive values, ash values, bitterness, and hemolytic activity. Together, these techniques allow for confirmation of herbal drug identity and quality.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating the quality of natural medicinal products, including physical, chemical, and biological tests. It describes procedures for determining foaming index, volatile oils, tannin content, contaminants like pesticides and microbes, and using quantitative microscopy with lycopodium spores to calculate drug purity percentages. Evaluation methods help ensure manufacturing quality and consistency of natural medicines.
This document discusses guidelines for standardizing herbal drugs and herbal formulations. It provides details on various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological studies. Some key points covered are methods for determining moisture content, extractive values, ash values, volatile oil content, and biological activities like bitterness value, haemolytic activity and tannin content. The document emphasizes the importance of quality control and standardization of herbal drugs and formulations to ensure identity, purity and consistency in their composition.
This document describes a study comparing the acetylation of cellulose extracted from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehn wood using microwave irradiation versus conventional heating. Cellulose was acetylated using acetic anhydride with pyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was performed using microwave irradiation for 6 hours and conventional heating for 7 hours. The acetylated products were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that microwave irradiation led to a faster and cleaner reaction compared to conventional heating. Microwave irradiation is proposed as a more efficient method for acetylating cellulose.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Natural products, including medicinal plants, have traditionally played an important role in drug discovery. Even today with advanced technology, we rely on natural products to develop drugs, though we can now modify them. The document examines the plant Schumannianthus dichotomus, determining its phytochemicals, evaluating its pharmacological properties beyond traditional uses, and comparing activities between leaf and rhizome extracts. It finds the plant shows antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities, suggesting it warrants further study for new drug development.
Extraction of Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) roots by carbon dioxide. 1...Egidijus Dauksas
This document summarizes an experiment on extracting lovage (Levisticum officinale) roots using carbon dioxide (CO2). Two series of extractions were conducted: the first varied CO2 pressure and temperature, finding the best yield at 50°C and 200 bar; the second kept temperature at 50°C while varying pressure from 80 to 350 bar, finding that yield increased up to 200 bar but not above. The goal was to determine the effect of CO2 parameters on extract yield.
Physical and biological method of drug evaluation by Dr.U.Srinivasaummanabadsrinivas
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes determining total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, sulphated ash value, and water soluble ash value. Methods are provided for measuring swelling factor and water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble extractive values. Finally, it outlines using bioassay to evaluate drug activity through tests on living organisms.
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes determining total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, sulphated ash value, and water soluble ash value. Methods are provided for measuring swelling factor and water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble extractive values. Finally, it outlines using bioassay to evaluate drug activity through tests on living organisms.
Standardization of herbal drugs involves physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological methods. Physical methods include determining viscosity, melting point, solubility, moisture content, and ash values. Chemical methods involve detecting compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, and oils. Biological assays test for effects on microbes, tissues, or animals. Toxicological analysis checks for pesticide, heavy metal, and radioactive contamination as well as aflatoxins. Together, these techniques provide a standardized profile for identifying herbal drugs and ensuring their quality and purity.
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and in-vitro antimicrobial studies of a copper(II) complex derived from black pepper. Specifically, it details the isolation of 1-[5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2,4-pentadienyl]piperidine from black pepper through solvent extraction. It then describes the synthesis of the copper(II) complex using the isolated compound as a ligand. Various spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, NMR, and UV-Vis were used to characterize the ligand and complex. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of both the ligand and complex were evaluated against various bacteria and fungi, finding that the copper
This document describes methods for conducting phytochemical screening tests on plant extracts to identify their chemical constituents. It discusses extracting plants using a Soxhlet apparatus with various solvents and then testing the extracts using several chemical tests to detect the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, sugars, glycosides, xanthoproteins and fixed oils. The objective is to determine the primary phytochemicals responsible for the biological activities of herbal medicines.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of Ceiba pentandra. The stem bark was extracted using n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol. Phytochemical analysis found flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and triterpenes in the acetone extract. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against three bacteria. The acetone extract showed the highest activity, inhibiting all three bacteria at 300mg/ml. The phytochemicals identified, like flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes have been shown to have antibacterial properties and may be responsible for the antibacterial activity observed.
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for herbal drugs and formulations. Herbal drugs include crude plant materials, finished products containing plant parts, and herbal formulations made by extracting or processing plants. Standardization of herbal drugs involves identification, quality control, and determining purity using morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods. Key steps include macroscopic and microscopic examination of plant materials, measurement of ash values, extractive values, water content, volatile oils, bitterness, and other chemical analyses.
Determination of Anti-microbial Property of Gycyrrhiza lepidota roots and Es...IJSIT Editor
This document discusses a study that determined the antimicrobial properties and phenolic content of Glycyrrhiza lepidota roots. The researchers estimated the phenolic content to be 23.92 mg/100g using a spectrophotometer. They also found that the methanolic extract of the roots showed inhibition of growth against 5 of 6 bacterial species tested, using a disc diffusion method. This antimicrobial activity is believed to be due to the high amount of phenolic compounds present in the roots.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of Strobilanthes crispus extract on lipid profiles, antioxidant status, and toxicity in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Specific objectives were to determine the extract's effects on total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, lipid peroxidation, liver enzymes, and atherosclerotic lesions. Rabbits were fed one of four diets for 12 weeks: control, high-cholesterol, high-cholesterol with 0.2% extract, or high-cholesterol with simvastatin. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed for biomarkers.
This document describes methods for extracting and characterizing tannins from three Acacia species found in Sudan. Bark samples from Acacia nilotica, Acacia seyal, and Acacia senegal were extracted using water, 80% methanol, and 70% acetone through boiling and shaking at room temperature. 70% acetone was the most efficient solvent for extraction. Tannins from mature fruits of A. nilotica were identified using thin layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Both condensed and hydrolyzable tannins were present, as indicated by the presence of catechin, tannic acid, and gallic acid. Hydrolysis showed gallic acid, indicating
Eucalyptus pellita has been posited as a primary raw material in Indonesia due to its fast growth. In some areas, however, trees with heart rot were found. Thus, the wood with heart rot was analysed chemically both in sound (sapwood, outer heartwood, inner heartwood) and degraded parts (heart rot-affected wood/HRAW). The results revealed that there was a different trend in the wood chemical composition between bottom and centre parts. In bottom parts, wood with bigger diameter of heart rot, the slight changes in polysaccharides and lignin amounts was observed in HRAW compared to sound wood parts. On the contrary, comparatively high lignin and low polysaccharide levels in HRAW were measured in centre parts. HRAW was also characterized with high content of inorganic materials and high pH values but low in extractive content, mostly ethanol soluble extractives or its polar fraction. Increasing of phenolic contents was more pronounced in HRAW of lower part than that of upper of the stem. The difference trend of chemical composition between bottom and centre parts suggesting the cause of heart rot could be several wood degraders.
Isolation and characterization of triterpenes from petroleumAlexander Decker
Two triterpenes, betulin and betulinic acid, were isolated from Parinari curatellifolia through serial extraction and column chromatography. Betulin was isolated from the petroleum ether extract while betulinic acid was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. Structural characterization of the compounds was carried out using NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. Based on the spectroscopic data, the isolated compounds were identified as betulin and betulinic acid. These are the first reports of these triterpenes being constituents of P. curatellifolia.
Standardization of herbal drugs involves using morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods to determine identity, quality, purity and detect adulterants. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis examines physical characteristics. Microscopic methods include determining stomatal number, palisade ratio, and vein-islet number. Physical methods involve measuring properties like viscosity, melting point, solubility, moisture content, optical rotation, and refractive index. Chemical analysis comprises determining extractive values, ash values, bitterness, and hemolytic activity. Together, these techniques allow for confirmation of herbal drug identity and quality.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating the quality of natural medicinal products, including physical, chemical, and biological tests. It describes procedures for determining foaming index, volatile oils, tannin content, contaminants like pesticides and microbes, and using quantitative microscopy with lycopodium spores to calculate drug purity percentages. Evaluation methods help ensure manufacturing quality and consistency of natural medicines.
This document discusses guidelines for standardizing herbal drugs and herbal formulations. It provides details on various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological studies. Some key points covered are methods for determining moisture content, extractive values, ash values, volatile oil content, and biological activities like bitterness value, haemolytic activity and tannin content. The document emphasizes the importance of quality control and standardization of herbal drugs and formulations to ensure identity, purity and consistency in their composition.
This document describes a study comparing the acetylation of cellulose extracted from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehn wood using microwave irradiation versus conventional heating. Cellulose was acetylated using acetic anhydride with pyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was performed using microwave irradiation for 6 hours and conventional heating for 7 hours. The acetylated products were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that microwave irradiation led to a faster and cleaner reaction compared to conventional heating. Microwave irradiation is proposed as a more efficient method for acetylating cellulose.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Natural products, including medicinal plants, have traditionally played an important role in drug discovery. Even today with advanced technology, we rely on natural products to develop drugs, though we can now modify them. The document examines the plant Schumannianthus dichotomus, determining its phytochemicals, evaluating its pharmacological properties beyond traditional uses, and comparing activities between leaf and rhizome extracts. It finds the plant shows antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities, suggesting it warrants further study for new drug development.
Extraction of Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) roots by carbon dioxide. 1...Egidijus Dauksas
This document summarizes an experiment on extracting lovage (Levisticum officinale) roots using carbon dioxide (CO2). Two series of extractions were conducted: the first varied CO2 pressure and temperature, finding the best yield at 50°C and 200 bar; the second kept temperature at 50°C while varying pressure from 80 to 350 bar, finding that yield increased up to 200 bar but not above. The goal was to determine the effect of CO2 parameters on extract yield.
Physical and biological method of drug evaluation by Dr.U.Srinivasaummanabadsrinivas
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes determining total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, sulphated ash value, and water soluble ash value. Methods are provided for measuring swelling factor and water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble extractive values. Finally, it outlines using bioassay to evaluate drug activity through tests on living organisms.
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes determining total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, sulphated ash value, and water soluble ash value. Methods are provided for measuring swelling factor and water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble extractive values. Finally, it outlines using bioassay to evaluate drug activity through tests on living organisms.
Standardization of herbal drugs involves physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological methods. Physical methods include determining viscosity, melting point, solubility, moisture content, and ash values. Chemical methods involve detecting compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, and oils. Biological assays test for effects on microbes, tissues, or animals. Toxicological analysis checks for pesticide, heavy metal, and radioactive contamination as well as aflatoxins. Together, these techniques provide a standardized profile for identifying herbal drugs and ensuring their quality and purity.
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and in-vitro antimicrobial studies of a copper(II) complex derived from black pepper. Specifically, it details the isolation of 1-[5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2,4-pentadienyl]piperidine from black pepper through solvent extraction. It then describes the synthesis of the copper(II) complex using the isolated compound as a ligand. Various spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, NMR, and UV-Vis were used to characterize the ligand and complex. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of both the ligand and complex were evaluated against various bacteria and fungi, finding that the copper
This document describes methods for conducting phytochemical screening tests on plant extracts to identify their chemical constituents. It discusses extracting plants using a Soxhlet apparatus with various solvents and then testing the extracts using several chemical tests to detect the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, sugars, glycosides, xanthoproteins and fixed oils. The objective is to determine the primary phytochemicals responsible for the biological activities of herbal medicines.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of Ceiba pentandra. The stem bark was extracted using n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol. Phytochemical analysis found flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and triterpenes in the acetone extract. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against three bacteria. The acetone extract showed the highest activity, inhibiting all three bacteria at 300mg/ml. The phytochemicals identified, like flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes have been shown to have antibacterial properties and may be responsible for the antibacterial activity observed.
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for herbal drugs and formulations. Herbal drugs include crude plant materials, finished products containing plant parts, and herbal formulations made by extracting or processing plants. Standardization of herbal drugs involves identification, quality control, and determining purity using morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods. Key steps include macroscopic and microscopic examination of plant materials, measurement of ash values, extractive values, water content, volatile oils, bitterness, and other chemical analyses.
Determination of Anti-microbial Property of Gycyrrhiza lepidota roots and Es...IJSIT Editor
This document discusses a study that determined the antimicrobial properties and phenolic content of Glycyrrhiza lepidota roots. The researchers estimated the phenolic content to be 23.92 mg/100g using a spectrophotometer. They also found that the methanolic extract of the roots showed inhibition of growth against 5 of 6 bacterial species tested, using a disc diffusion method. This antimicrobial activity is believed to be due to the high amount of phenolic compounds present in the roots.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of Strobilanthes crispus extract on lipid profiles, antioxidant status, and toxicity in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Specific objectives were to determine the extract's effects on total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, lipid peroxidation, liver enzymes, and atherosclerotic lesions. Rabbits were fed one of four diets for 12 weeks: control, high-cholesterol, high-cholesterol with 0.2% extract, or high-cholesterol with simvastatin. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed for biomarkers.
This document describes methods for extracting and characterizing tannins from three Acacia species found in Sudan. Bark samples from Acacia nilotica, Acacia seyal, and Acacia senegal were extracted using water, 80% methanol, and 70% acetone through boiling and shaking at room temperature. 70% acetone was the most efficient solvent for extraction. Tannins from mature fruits of A. nilotica were identified using thin layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Both condensed and hydrolyzable tannins were present, as indicated by the presence of catechin, tannic acid, and gallic acid. Hydrolysis showed gallic acid, indicating
Eucalyptus pellita has been posited as a primary raw material in Indonesia due to its fast growth. In some areas, however, trees with heart rot were found. Thus, the wood with heart rot was analysed chemically both in sound (sapwood, outer heartwood, inner heartwood) and degraded parts (heart rot-affected wood/HRAW). The results revealed that there was a different trend in the wood chemical composition between bottom and centre parts. In bottom parts, wood with bigger diameter of heart rot, the slight changes in polysaccharides and lignin amounts was observed in HRAW compared to sound wood parts. On the contrary, comparatively high lignin and low polysaccharide levels in HRAW were measured in centre parts. HRAW was also characterized with high content of inorganic materials and high pH values but low in extractive content, mostly ethanol soluble extractives or its polar fraction. Increasing of phenolic contents was more pronounced in HRAW of lower part than that of upper of the stem. The difference trend of chemical composition between bottom and centre parts suggesting the cause of heart rot could be several wood degraders.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
In vitro antioxidant activities of salazinic acid and its derivative hexaacet...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The stress generated upon oxidation can lead to the production of free radicals which may cause many degenerative diseases. In order to eliminate the free radicals antioxidants have been used. The present study was to estimate the antioxidant activity of salazinic acid and its derivative hexaacetyl salazinic acid. The antioxidant property were studied under the categories DPPH, FRAP, Metal chelating activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Superoxide dismutase activity. We have isolated salazinic acid from the lichen Parmotrema reticulatum collected from Kodaikanal hills. The Derivative hexaacetyl salazinic acid was also prepared. Both the compounds were subjected to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity and their IC50 value are also calculated. The Lichen metabolite and its derivative have shown better antioxidant efficiency.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, Salazinic acid, Hexaacetyl salazinic acid, Tannic acid.
Effect of fast CO2 pressure changes on the yield of lovage (Levisticum offici...Egidijus Dauksas
1) The study investigated the effect of fast CO2 pressure changes on the extraction yield of compounds from lovage and celery plants.
2) It was found that applying frequent pressure changes in the extraction vessel increased the rate of extracting CO2-soluble materials from different parts of lovage and celery plants, compared to constant pressure extraction.
3) However, after sufficient CO2 had passed through the system, the total extraction yields were similar regardless of using constant or fluctuating pressures. The composition of extracts was analyzed and key compounds were identified.
Anti oxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory ethyl acetate extract of cynodon da...srirampharma
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from Cynodon dactylon and Piper betle extracts. Extracts were prepared from these plants using successive solvent extractions. Isolated fractions from the ethyl acetate extracts were obtained via column chromatography. These isolates were then evaluated for their antioxidant effects using various in vitro assays like DPPH radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Their ability to inhibit the enzyme alpha-amylase was also tested. The results showed that the isolated compounds possessed antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities, with combined forms showing better effects than individual forms.
Anti oxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory ethyl acetate extract of cynodon da...srirampharma
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from Cynodon dactylon and Piper betle extracts. Extracts were prepared from these plants using successive solvent extractions. Isolated fractions from the ethyl acetate extracts were obtained via column chromatography. These isolates were then evaluated for their antioxidant effects using various in vitro assays like DPPH radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Their ability to inhibit the enzyme alpha-amylase was also tested. The results showed that the isolated compounds demonstrated antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities, with combined isolates showing better effects than individual isolates.
This document describes a study that prepared chitosan from waste prawn shells and evaluated its performance as an adsorbent for Remazol Red dye. Chitosan was characterized using various analytical tools and showed good thermal stability. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration on adsorption capacity. Maximum adsorption of 313.4 mg/g occurred at pH 3.0 after 30 minutes. Experimental data fit the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The study demonstrated that chitosan can be effectively used as a low-cost adsorbent for Remazol Red dye removal from wastewater.
The document summarizes a research article that studied the ability of essential oil from Thymus Capitatus to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. The essential oil was extracted from Thymus Capitatus plants found in Morocco. Gas chromatography analysis identified the major components of the essential oil. Electrochemical tests including polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the essential oil reduced the corrosion current density and increased the charge transfer resistance, indicating it acts as an effective corrosion inhibitor by forming a protective film on the steel surface.
The document summarizes a research article that studied the essential oil of Thymus Capitatus from North-East Morocco as a natural corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the major components of the essential oil. Electrochemical tests including polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and weight loss measurements found that the essential oil inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid. Inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of the essential oil and decreased with increasing temperature. The essential oil forms a protective film on the steel surface to inhibit corrosion.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
Differential extraction and gc ms based quantification of sesquiterpenoids fr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze and quantify sesquiterpenoids extracted from immature heartwood of East Indian sandalwood trees using different solvents. The key findings were:
1) N-hexane was the most effective solvent for extracting santalols, yielding up to 92.6% of total quantified sesquiterpenoids.
2) Z-α-trans-bergamotol, Z-epi-β-santalol and Z-β-santalols were the most abundant constituents in immature heartwood.
3) Sesquiterpenoid diversity decreased with
This document summarizes a study that used a continuous stirred bed reactor (SBR) to treat textile wastewater through bacterial decolourisation. A mixture of three bacterial strains - Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Bacillus sp., and filamentous bacteria - were introduced to the SBR. The study used a mixture experimental design to optimize the formulation of bacterial strains and assess colour and COD removal. The results found that the highest predictable decolourisation and COD removal rates were 86.72% and 75.06% respectively. Regression analysis showed excellent correlation between the bacterial mixtures and responses of decolourisation and COD removal.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic
acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2
extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid
methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich
fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-
angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 μg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak
in activity (IC50 = 432.3 μg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert
was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to
Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and
methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of
methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very
strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of roasting on the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of three fruit seeds: Prunus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus persica. Seeds were roasted at 160°C for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were highest at different time points for each seed. For P. domestica, phenolic content was highest at 1 hour (554 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity was highest at 1 hour (48%). For P. armeniaca, phenolic content was highest at 2 hours (684 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity
Isolation of Alkaloid from a Medical Plant (A Case Study of Morinda Lucida)iosrjce
The isolation and detection of alkaloids content of Morinda lucida (Ezeogwu) from Rubiceace family,
a medicinal plant was carried out using solvent extraction process. The dried powdered leaves of the plant were
divided into batches. Different solvents were used on them. After 6 days of occasional shaking, it was filtered.
The filtrates were used for testing the presence of alkaloids in Morida Lucida. Mayer’s reagents Wagner and
Lugol’s reagents and 5m sodium hydroxide were used as detecting reagents. Mayer’s reagent yields cream
precipitate in both acidic and alkaline extracts. Wagner and Lugol’s reagents yield reddish brown precipitate in
both acidic and alkaline extracts. 5ml sodium hydroxide gave white swirling precipitate. Other coloured
precipitate like orange and pale orange was gotten as a result of difference in solvents used for isolation. The
presence of the above precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids in Morinda Lucida.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document describes research on the synthesis and characterization of octahydroxanthene derivatives and evaluation of their biological activity. Various octahydroxanthene derivatives were synthesized by condensing dimedone with different aldehydes, followed by cyclization. The synthesized compounds were characterized using techniques like IR, NMR, mass spectrometry. The compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus. Some of the ligands showed activity against these bacteria in sterile water and DMSO.
1) The study investigated the polyphenolic content of rose hip (Rosa canina L.) tea extracts obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction with different solvents.
2) The highest extract yield was obtained using UAE with water at 619.37 mg/g dried matter. The highest total phenolic content was obtained using Soxhlet extraction with a 50% methanol mixture at 59.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried matter.
3) UAE and Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and mixtures, were tested on three commercial brands of rose hip tea. Total phenolic content and extract yields
Similar to Comparison of different extraction methods for the extraction of total phenolic compounds from spruce bark (20)
Green solvents show several favorable features to be used as extraction and fractionation solvents, such as their ease of preparation and lower cost, and they can be both non-toxic and biodegradable when prepared with natural compounds. Due to their properties, green solvents' application in biomass fractionation has been extensively studied during the past years. The presented work describes the application of several possible combinations to create deep eutectic solvents with the potential to be used in processing different types of biomass. The results of studies suggest that deep eutectic solvents may have an important ability to dissolve lignin molecules from plants and can realize a mild catalytic mechanism (acid-base) that will activate the checked cleavage of non-stable ether linkages between phenylpropane units.
Phytomass valorization by deep eutectic solvents - achievements, perspectives...Michal Jablonsky
In recent years, a plethora of extraction processes have been performed by a novel class of
green solvents known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), possessing several environmental, operational,
and economic advantages proven by experience when compared to organic solvents and ionic
liquids. The present review provides an organized overview of the use of DESs as extraction
agents for the recovery of valuable substances and compounds from the original plant biomass,
waste from its processing, and waste from the production and consumption of plant-based food.
For the sake of simplicity and speed of orientation, the data are, as far as possible, arranged in
a table in alphabetical order of the extracted substances. However, in some cases, the isolation
of several substances is described in one paper and they are, therefore, listed together. The table
further contains a description of the extracted phytomass, DES composition, extraction conditions,
and literature sources. With regard to extracted value-added substances, this review addresses their
pharmacological, therapeutic, and nutritional aspects. The review also includes an evaluation of
the possibilities and limitations of using DESs to obtain value-added substances from phytomass.
Involvement of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction by Molecularly Imprinted ...Michal Jablonsky
Substantial research activity has been focused on new modes of extraction and refining
processes during the last decades. In this field, coverage of the recovery of bioactive compounds and
the role of green solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) also gradually increases. A specific
field of DESs involvement is represented by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The current state
and prospects of implementing DESs in MIPs chemistry are, based on the accumulated experimental
data so far, evaluated and discussed in this minireview.
Investigation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Spruce ...Michal Jablonsky
Extracts from spruce bark obtained using dierent deep eutectic solvents were screened for
their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities. Water containing choline chloride-based
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and
1,5-pentanediol, with dierent molar ratios, were used as extractants. Basic characteristics of the DESs
(density, viscosity, conductivity, and refractive index) were determined. All the DESs used behave
as Newtonian liquids. The extractions were performed for 2 h at 60 C under continuous stirring.
TPC was determined spectrophotometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and expressed as
gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically by
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The TPC varied from 233.6 to
596.2 mg GAE/100 g dry bark; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ranged between 81.4% and 95%.
This study demonstrated that deep eutectic solvents are suitable solvents for extracting phenolic
compounds from spruce bark.
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Fractionation of Wheat StrawMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
CITE: Hodasova, L., Jablonsky, M., Skulcova, A., Haz, A. (2015). Lignin, potential products and their market value. Wood Research, 60(6), 973-986.
Author "Michal Jablonsky" gives permission to use information and pictures from publications
Lignin is one of the important components in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin-based materials and chemicals represent potential value-added products for biorefineries. Lignin products have numerous applications and can be divided into three main groups. Group, in which lignin is fragmentized into smaller aromatic compounds such as phenol or benzene, toluene and xylene, is less developed than group where lignin is used as macromolecule, but has greater potential. Lignin as macromolecule is used as additive or polymer blend. Last group of lignin products are carbon materials, which include carbon fibres.
Cellulose protectors for improving ozone bleaching - reviewMichal Jablonsky
The document reviews cellulose protectors that have been used to improve ozone bleaching processes. It systematically classifies protectors into 7 chemical groups and evaluates their effects on viscosity, kappa number, and brightness compared to bleaching without protectors. Alcohols and carboxylic acids are generally the most effective, positively impacting lignin removal while preventing carbohydrate degradation. Inorganic additives usually show no benefits. The protectors are thought to work by scavenging radicals, selective adsorption to cellulose, or forming protective compounds on the cellulose surface. Overall, no single protector was identified that strongly promotes lignin removal without also degrading cellulose.
Deep Eutectic Solvent Delignification: Impact of Initial LigninMichal Jablonsky
This study investigated the effect of initial lignin content in hardwood kraft pulps on pulp delignification using deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Pulps with different initial Kappa numbers were treated with four DES systems and oxygen delignification for comparison. The results showed that DES delignification decreased the Kappa number by 37.8-43.3% depending on the DES, with alanine:lactic acid being most efficient. DESs caused less degradation than oxygen delignification as shown by smaller decreases in viscosity and degree of polymerization. The pulp with higher initial lignin had a greater fraction of easily removed lignin fragments.
Mechanical Properties of Pulp Delignified by Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Mechanical properties were evaluated for pulp delignified by four deep eutectic solvents (DES). The DES systems were based on choline chloride and lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid:dihydrate (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and the system alanine:lactic acid (1:9). The results indicated that the type of DES system used influenced the delignified pulp's mechanical properties including tensile, burst and tear indexes, tensile length, and stiffness. The most suitable DES systems were choline chloride:malic acid (1:1) and alanine:lactic acid (1:9), which achieved the best aforementioned mechanical properties compared to the other DES systems. The weakest performance in the process of pulp delignification was the system with choline chloride and oxalic acid dihydrate (1:1).
The pH Behavior of Seventeen Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a unique category of green solvents that have gained attention in biomass processing due to their distinctive properties not offered by traditional solvents. The pH behavior of 17 selected DESs along with their temperature dependence on pH were evaluated in this study. For all investigated DESs, a temperature increase caused a decrease in pH value.
UV/Vis Spectrometry as a Quantification Tool for Lignin Solubilized in Deep E...Michal Jablonsky
In this short communication, UV/Vis spectrophotometry is described as an analytical tool for the quantification of lignin content in deep eutectic solutions. The lignin was solubilized with different deep eutectic solvent (DES). DESs were prepared as binary mixtures of choline chloride with lactic acid (1:9); (1:10); ethylene glycol (1:2); glycerol (1:2) and alanine:lactic acid (1:9), and betaine:lactic acid (1:2). The UV-Vis spectrometric quantification of the solubilized lignins was independent of the type of solubilized lignin. The approach consists of measuring the absorbance of a solution of lignins dissolved in the deep eutectic solvents at an absorbance of 440 nm.
THERMAL STABILITY OF SELECTED DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTSMichal Jablonsky
n this study, a new type of " green solvents " named deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has been synthesized combining hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs). Choline chloride (ChCl) was chosen as typical HBA, and lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and oxalic acidwere chosen as HBDs. The thermal stability of deep eutectic solvents is an important parameter for their application and limits the maximum operation temperature. The thermal stability of DESs such as lactic, tartaric, citric and oxalic acid with choline chloride showed wide range of application (134.8 – 197.8°C). All DESs were observed in temperature range 25 – 400°C.
Behaviors of Pulp During Delignification in Solutions of Deep Eutectic Solven...Michal Jablonsky
In this short communication, the degradation of cellulose for delignified pulp by deep eutectic solvents was evaluated. The pulp was delignified using different DES systems based on choline chloride and lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid dehydrate (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and system alanine : lactic acid (1:9). This paper shows that cellulose degradation can be characterized in terms of the percentage degree of polymerization loss of cellulose. Among the investigated DES (Choline chloride:oxalic acid; choline chloride:malic acid; alanine:lactic acid; choline chloride:lactic acid), the most suitable seemed to be a treatment using the alanine:lactic acid system that provided a relatively low degradation of cellulose and high delignification efficiency for the removed of lignin from pulp.
Long-term Isothermal Stability of Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents play an important role in the clean production of chemicals and the fractionation of renewable sources. When dissolving lignin or cellulose at elevated temperatures, the thermal stability of deep eutectic solvents is of great importance. However, studies concerning the long-term isothermal stability of deep eutectic solvents are scarce. In this study, the thermal stability of deep eutectic solvents, namely, choline chloride with oxalic acid dihydrate, glycerol, glycolic, malic acid, and citric acid monohydrate were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The isothermal decomposition experiments were conducted at a constant temperature (60, 80, 100, and 120 °C) for 10 h. These long-term isothermal thermogravimetric studies of the deep eutectic solvents showed a non-linear weight loss as a function of time at each temperature. According to these studies it is recommended to perform fractionation or dissolution of biomass below 80 °C.
Swelling properties of pulp treated with deep eutectic solventsMichal Jablonsky
The reaction of cellulose with water produces swelling and structural changes of the fibres, both effects being of crucial importance for the understanding of paper formation. It was investigated how the treatment of pulp with deep eutectic
solvents affects the swelling kinetics of the fibres. Unbleached kraft pulp was treated with three deep eutectic solvents containing choline chloride (ChCl) – ChCl:lactic acid (1:9), ChCl:oxalic acid (1:1) and ChCl:malic acid (1:1) – and with the system alanine:lactic acid (1:9). The rate and maximum swelling of the
pulp in water were determined using a modified monitoring unit for measuring swelling ability. Since paper swells extremely rapidly in water even at 23°C, this apparatus made it possible for the first time to obtain accurate rate data on the swelling of DES-delignified pulp in water.
Delignification of pulp with two ternary deep eutectic solvents: Urea-acetami...Michal Jablonsky
Using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which ones act as solvent systems, offer an interesting green alternative to conventional technology in materials science, especially in the biomass processing. There is lack of information dealing with the delignification and bleaching effect of DESs in broad-leaved fiber process. This work describes application of various DESs on unbleached pulp, to study the influence of dissolution of lignin and protection of cellulose in the delignification process. In this work, two ternary deep eutectic solvents (urea-acetamide-glycerol) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3 and (malic acid-proline-lactic acid) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4 were synthesized and their density was studied in a temperature range of 25 to 75 0 C. Unbleached pulp (Kappa 14) was treated with prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents. The treatment was carried out in a water bath at present temperature of 60 0 C and atmospheric pressure for 2 hours. Solubility tests of cellulose were performed using pure cellulose (Whatman paper) in the DESs reagents. In 50 mL glass bottles, 0.5 g of the respective component was added separately into 20 mL of DES reagent and then incubated at 60 0 C for 2 h. The samples were filtered through glass fiber filters and dried at 105 0 C to constant weight. The weight of dried residual solid components was calculated in order to evaluate the % solubility in the DES reagent. Density of urea-acetamide-glycerol (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3) decreased with a temperature from 1,220 to 1,199 g/cm 3 and density of malic acid-proline-lactic acid (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4) decreased from 1,292 to 1,220 g/cm 3. Application of DESs to the lignocellulosic matrix pulp does not resulted in a significant decrease of lignin content. Deep eutectic solvent (urea-acet-amide-glycerol) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3 removed 5,4 % and DES (malic acid-proline-lactic acid) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4 removed 1.4 % lignin from unbleached pulp. The solubility of cellulose in ternary deep eutectic solvents was zero. Results show that prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents are able to delignify the pulp. However, the efficiency of delignification is not comparable to that of oxygen delignification. At the same time, used deep eutectic solvents do not cause dissolution of cellulose in pulp fibers.
Determination of the Thermal Oxidation Stability and the Kinetic Parameters o...Michal Jablonsky
The use of olive oil with cooking purposes, as final seasoning or within cooked foods is increasing worldwide due to its numerous nutritional and health benefits. These attributes are mainly determined by olive oil chemical composition, which can be altered after thermal processing, oxidation processes, or incorrect practices. For this reason, and due to the numerous factors which have influence in olive oil quality, the correct chemical characterization is highly relevant. In this study, fatty acid composition of four extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) varieties was studied. The major fatty acid (FA) determined was oleic acid (77.1% on average), followed by palmitic (11.5% on average). In addition, thermal oxidation behaviour of the four EVOO samples was studied as an indicator of their quality and stability during thermal processing. This was performed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from a temperature of 40°C at six different heating rates in the range of 0.5–10°C min ⁻¹ . DSC records showed the same pattern and a small shoulder in the thermo-oxidation peak was present for all samples and all heating rates. The presence of initial and final oxidation products (by monitoring K232 and K270 values, respectively) was discarded according to the International Olive Council method.
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Biomass-extracted Substances Isolated by Green ...Michal Jablonsky
According to the literature, approximately 41 nutraceutical compounds have been isolated from different types of biomass using green solvents. It is important to collect information on the pharmacokinetic properties of the nutraceutical substances from biomass isolated according to the published papers. The pharmacokinetic properties of the bioactive substances extracted by green solvents, such as the molecular weight, logP, AlogP, H-bond acceptor, H-bond donor, total polar surface area, atom molar refractivity, number of rotatable bonds, number of atoms, rotatable bond count, number of rigid bonds, number of atom rings, and number of H-bonds, were calculated with a drug-likeness tool. In practical terms, the original and most well-known Lipinski's Rule of Five (Ro5) was applied to 28 substances, namely 3-hydroxytyrosol; apigenin; artemisinin; bergapten; bilobalide; biochanin A; caffeic Acid; caffeoylmalic acid; catechins; cinnamic acid; curcumin; daidzei; daidzin; epicatechin; gallic acid; genistein; ginkgolide A; ginkgolide B; levofloxacin; luteolin; naringenin; p-coumaric acid; protocatechuic acid; psoralen; quercetin; trans-ferulic acid; tyrosol, and vanillin.
Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft LigninsMichal Jablonsky
Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.
Nutraceuticals as phenolic bioactive compounds analysis of softwood bark and ...Michal Jablonsky
Softwoods have a numerically large group of economically important renewable plants. Waste processing of trees mainly bark, needles are reasonable extent not recovered. The waste contains relatively high levels of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are one of the main components that have a high potential in various fields of food, pharmacy, and other industries. This review focuses on the main uses of softwood bark and overviews the extraction and analytical methods used to determine phenolic bioactive compounds in this matrix. At this time, various extraction techniques are used to obtain secondary metabolites from bark mainly bio-active phenolic compounds. The amount of bioactive compounds derived from the matrix affects the: extraction conditions, choice of the solvent, particle size, content of the water and, in particular, the extraction method. Amount and nature of the isolated compounds greatly depend on the isolation; the isolation is possible to use different methods: extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus, Soxtec extraction, accelerated solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and microwave assisted extraction. According to literature were selected nutraceuticals phenolic compounds (isolated from softwood bark):Astringin; Catechin; Epicatechin; Ellagic acid; Ferulic acid; Gallic acid; Hydroxymatairesinol; isolariciresinol; Isorhapontigenin; Isorhapontin,lariciresinol; Lariciresinol-9-p-coumarate; Methylthy mol;p-Coumaric acid; Piceatannol; Piceid; Podocarpic acid; Quercetin; Resveratrol; Sesquipinsapol B; Sinapic acid; Tannic acid; Taxifolin; Vanillic acid; Vladinol D. From this viewpoint, it is important to collect information on pharmacokinetic properties of the nutraceuti- cal phenolic substances isolated from bark according to published papers. Pharmacokinetics properties of phenolic bioactive substances extracted by different techniques such as: molecular weight, logP, AlogP, H-bond acceptor, H-bond donor, total polar surface area, atom molar refractivity, number of rotatable bond, number of atom, rotatable bond count, number of rigid bond, number of atom ring, and number of Hydrogen Bond were calculated by DruLito (Drug LiknessTool).
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
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Comparison of different extraction methods for the extraction of total phenolic compounds from spruce bark
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323676635
Comparison of different extraction methods for the extraction of total
phenolic compounds from spruce bark
Article · March 2018
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2. Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design
72
Abstract
Bark is an attractive renewable raw material, comprised
of all types of silviculture vegetation. This renewable
resource is a major alternative raw material for the
food, chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Valoriza-
tion is a key component of an economic lignocellulosic
biorefinery. In this paper are included three extraction
techniques and comparisons of total phenolic content.
All extractions were done on milled spruce bark (Picea
abies). Microwave assisted extraction; accelerated sol-
vent extraction and extraction with deep eutectic sol-
vents were used as a technique for extracts isolation.
Choline chloride-based eutectic solvents with car-
boxylic acids (maleic or malic acid) and glycerol were
used as extractants. The extractions were performed
for 1 h at 60 0
C with continuous stirring. Accelerated
solvent extraction (extractant 96.6% ethanol; tempera-
ture (120, 140, 160 0
C) with steam pre-treatment (10,
20, 30 min.) was used as another type of extraction
technique. The total phenolic content was determined
spectrophotometrically at 764nm using the Folin–Ci-
ocalteu method. This test is based on the oxidation of
phenolic groups by phosphomolybdic and phospho-
tungstic acids (FC reagent).
Extraction technique using deep eutectic solvents
brings results of phenolic contents in ranged from 900
to 2000 mg GAE per 100 g of dry bark. Samples with
range of phenolic contents between 136.2 and 230.3
mg GAE per 100 g of dry bark were prepared by using
acceleratet solvent extraction. Closed-system micro-
wave-assisted extraction (time 3 to 20 min.), and tem-
perature (60; 80; 100 0
C) was applied to extract total
phenolics from spruce bark, using 96.6% ethanol as an
extractant. The total extracted phenolics, as assessed
by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, varied between 90.3 and 321
mg gallic acid equivalence (GAE) per 100 g of dry bark
for different temperatures.
The results indicated that the highest amount of total
phenolic compounds were found in extracts when us-
ing extraction by deep eutectic solvents
Key words: Extractives, Antioxidants, Food supplement,
Spruce bark.
1. Introduction
In addition to the main components of wood - cel-
lulose, hemicellulose and lignin, a small amount of
extraction or related substances is found. Accesso-
ry substances are compounds that can be extracted
with various solvents (e.g., ether, alcohol, water) from
individual wood species without any change in wood
building (Perelygin, [1]).
The amount and composition of extracts among relat-
ed tree species is very variable. Significant differences
in composition can also be seen in different parts of
the same tree. In general, the content of extracts is
higher in the bark, leaves and roots than in the tree
core (wood).
During the storage of wood, the content of extracts
decreases and their chemical composition chang-
es. There is a chain reaction generating free radicals,
which are particularly potent antioxidants. The influ-
ence of metal ions and light accelerates this process
of autoxidation. Nevertheless, only small quantities
of wood are excreted in the wood, have a great effect
Original scientific paper
UDC 582.475-114.43:542.61]:615.017
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTION METHODS FOR THE
EXTRACTION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM SPRUCE BARK
Ales Haz1*
, Michal Jablonsky1
, Veronika Majova1
, Andrea Skulcova1
, Petra Strizincova1
1
Department of Wood, Pulp, and Paper, Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers,
Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
*
e-mail: ales.haz@stuba.sk
3. Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design
73
on the properties and quality of the wood. They make:
smell, durability, permeability, insect resistance, or
lightfastness (Guangyu, [2]).
They are used as synthetic preservatives to increase the
life of wood or to protect it against molds and pests.
They act as a response to injury or act as a defensive
mechanism of wood. Many volatile extracts, in partic-
ular monoterpenes, camphor, α-pin, are causing the
characteristic smell of wood. While polyphenols and
tannins in hardwood hardly affect the color of wood.
This property is mainly used in the furniture industry
and in the production of floors. Tannins are extensive-
ly used in leather processing (Fengel, [3]). Nonpolar
low-oxygen extracts, such as: terpenes, oils, fats, resins,
affect the hygroscopicity and permeability of wood.
On the other hand, however, they have a high energy
value and increase the flammability of wood, espe-
cially the presence of resins, which is used in the pro-
duction of fuels. Some woody companion substances
are very valuable, for example, quinines, while others
are allergenic and toxic. The disadvantage is that the
group of valuable materials in the place of contact with
wood accelerates metal corrosion.
Extract substances are of great importance in medi-
cine. For example, substances derived from the bark of
a medical queen contain a quantity of quinine, which
has a beneficial effect in the treatment of malaria.Ther-
apeutic effects are also associated with asthma treating
agents. Mannitol, which can be extracted from woods
such as Fraxinus ornus or Olea europaea, has been used
in the past as a laxative (Harkin, [4]).
2. Materials and Methods
All extractions were made on milled spruce bark (Picea
abies). Microwave assisted extraction, accelerated sol-
vent extraction, and extraction with deep eutectic sol-
vents were used as a technique for extracts isolation.
Choline chloride-based eutectic solvents with carbox-
ylic acids (maleic or malic acid) and glycerol were used
as extractants. Choline chloride (≥ 98% mass fraction
purity), maleic acid (p.a.), malic acid (p.a.), glycerol
(86%), and ethanol (96.6%), was purchased from Sig-
ma-Aldrich.
2.1 Accelerated solvent extraction
Before extraction all samples were treated by steam
(temperature: 120, 140, 160 0
C, time of exposure: 10,
20, 30 min.) Accelerated solvent extraction (extract-
ant 96.6% ethanol) was then used as one type of ex-
traction technique. Extraction was performed with the
Accelerated Solvent Extractor model Dionex 350. The
extraction pressure (1500 psi) was imposed by the ASE
350 apparatus. Samples, typically 12 g, were placed
into stainless steel extraction chambers. Parameter of
static time (time for reaching final temperature) was 6
min. for 120 0
C, 140 0
C and 8 min. for 160 0
C. The sam-
ple in stainless steel cell was flushed with 50% volume
of used solvent and extract was collected in vial after
static time. Samples were sequentially extracted three
times. The extraction was carried out in duplicate. All
extracts were evaporated to dryness in rotary evapo-
rator at 40 0
C.
2.2 Microwave assisted extraction
Closed-system microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)
was performed using a MicroSYNTH Labstation (max-
imum output; 1.5 kW, 2.45 GHz, Milestone Inc., Shel-
ton, CT, USA, maximum temperature 250 0
C, maximum
pressure 100 bar) with an HPR 100 (high-pressure 100
ml) reactor. Sample (~2 g) was suspended in 20 mL of
96.6% ethanol, followed by microwave irradiation at
60, 80 and 100 0
C for: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min. in
the reactor. To reach desired temperature, 3 min. heat-
up time was applied. After MAE, the extracted liquors
were cooled to room temperature (maximum cooling
time < 15 min.) and immediately filtered through No.
1 filter paper to separate the extract and the residue.
2.3 Extraction with deep eutectic solvents
Milled spruce bark (Picea abies) was added into flask
in ratio 1 : 1 (choline chloride: carboxylic acids) and in
ratio 1 : 2 (choline chloride : glycerol). Choline chloride
(≥ 98%, Sigma Aldrich, Bratislava, Slovakia) was mixed
with malic and maleic acid and glycerol (86%). Eight
carboxylic acids were tested: tartaric acid (99.5%), lac-
tic acid (9%, WVR®
), malonic acid (p.a.), malic acid (p.a.),
maleic acid (p.a.), glycolic acid (p.a.), oxalic acid × 2H2
O
(p.a.), and citric acid × H2
O (p.a.). The mixtures were
stirred in an oil bath to form a homogeneous liquid at
60 °C to 80 °C, depending on the carboxylic acid.
The dried and weighed ground bark was added to the
DESs at a 1 : 20 (wt/wt) ratio. The extraction was per-
formed for 1 h at 60 0
C with continuous stirring in a
closed flask.
2.4 Folin-Ciocalteu method/Gallic acid equivalent
method (GAE)
The total phenolic content was determined spectro-
photometrically (VWR UV-VIS 1600PC) at 764nm using
the Folin-Ciocalteu method. A spectrophotometric Fo-
lin-Ciocalteu (FC) method was used to determine the
proportion of phenol components in the extract. This
method is commonly used for the determination of
phenols from woody extracts, but the procedures vary
considerably. One part of this method is a FC agent in
which phosphotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic
4. Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design
74
acid complexes are present. Reaction of complexes
with phenolic compounds results in a blue discolor-
ation. The principle is the oxidation of phenols in al-
kaline solution of Na2
CO3
. Gallic acid is used as a stan-
dard. The resulting value is subsequently converted to
an equivalent amount of gallic acid. (Mrázová, [5]). All
analyses were carried out in duplicate and the results
were expressed in mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g
dry residue.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Accelerated solvent extraction
The application of ASE is an important method for ob-
taining extractive compounds from lignicellulosic ma-
terials. Opportunities and conditions of extraction by
accelerated solvent extraction were confirmed in this
study. Extraction yield of phenolics is affected by the
addition to the time and temperature of extraction
and the type of solvent. From the liquid fraction was
determined the concentration of the extractives.
All extracts were prepared with ethanol at: 120,140
and 160 0
C.
The concentration of extractives was determined from
the obtained extract by solvent evaporation (Table 1).
3.2 Microwave assisted extraction
Total extracted phenolics, assessed by Folin-Ciocalteau
assay, varied between 42.7 and 265.0 mg GAE/100 g
dry bark for different particles at temperature of ex-
traction 60 0
C (Fig. 3). The yield reached and 90.3 and
321.1 mg GAE/100 g dry bark at 60 0
C to 100 0
C, respec-
tively when extracting 1 mm particles. Other studies
on European softwood bark extracts (Jerez et al. [6];Ye-
sil-Celiktas etal., [7]), reported values in the same range
as determined in our work. In determining the propor-
tion of polyphenols in a liquid extract a positive impact
on the efficiency of the extraction time also could be
seen, but we do not see a reduction in the yields of
polyphenols at 15 minutes. From Table 2 higher yields
of polyphenols are achieved at higher temperatures.
Table 2. Yield of extracts and content of phenolics (ASE, steam pre-treatment)
Parameters
Temperature [0
C]
60 80 100
Time of steam
exposure [min.]
1 10 20 1 10 20 1 10 20
Yield of extract [%] 5.18 5.78 5.6 5.24 5.93 5.76 5.7 7.04 6.63
Phenolic content
[mg GAE/100 g]
90.3 120.1 153.1 139.7 250.7 265.7 155.3 302.3 321.1
Table 1. Yield of extracts and content of phenolics (ASE, steam pre-treatment)
Parameters
Temperature [0
C]
120 140 160
Time of steam
exposure [min.]
10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30
Yield of extract [%] 16.41 17.44 18.08 19.54 20.77 21.45 26.38 27.37 28.44
Phenolic content
[mg GAE/100 g]
136.2 144.7 150.1 162.2 172.4 178.0 218.9 227.2 236.3
Table 3. Yield of extracts and content of phenolics (DES, 60 min.)
Parameters
Temperature [0
C]
60
Time of steam
exposure [min.]
ChChl : malic acid ChChl : maleic acid ChChl : glycerol
Yield of extract [%] 14.68 11.87 11.40
Phenolic content
[mg GAE/100 g]
900 2000 1700
5. Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design
75
3.3 Extraction with deep eutectic solvents
The effect of DESs on extraction and fractionation is
not fully understood. The application of DESs to indi-
vidual components (e.g., cellulose, lignin) may lead to
their solubilisation (Kroon et al., [8]). When applied to
lignocellulosic biomass, its complexity and composi-
tion can complicate extraction, fractionation, or del-
ignification. Researches focused on the verification of
selectivity in the fractionation process reflect the com-
plexity of DESs selectivity (de Dios, [9]; Jablonský et
al., [10]; Kumar et al., [11]; Grande, [12]; Škulcová et al.,
[13]). Yield of extracts and content of phenolics (DES,
60 min.) is presented in Table 3.
4. Conclusions
- The composition of bark Picea abies in terms of
monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, diterpenes and fatty
acid fractions was very complex. Antioxidant activity is
mainly connected with phenolic compounds which is
important parameter for further application.
- Different techniques show strong dependence with
this parameter. In case of extraction with deep eutectic
solvents, results can be explained as process which is
linked with solubility of lignin. Lignin consist of phen-
ylpropanoid units which can be determined with FC
method also. Wide range of phenolic content (90.3 -
2,000 mg gallic acid equivalence (GAE) per 100 g of dry
bark) shows strong dependence on used technique.
- All results lead to better knowledge of exact extract
composition and their potential risks during further
application in chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food, plas-
tics etc.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and
Development Agency under the contracts Nos. APVV-
15-0052 and APVV-0393-14, andVEGA grant 1/0848/17.
This article was realized also thanks to the support for
infrastructure equipment by the Operation Program
Research and Development for the project “National
Center for Research and Application of renewable en-
ergy sources” (ITMS 26240120016, ITMS 26240120028)
for the project “Competence center for new ma-
terials, advanced technologies and energy“ (ITMS
26240220073) and for the project “University science
park STU Bratislava“ (ITMS 26240220084), co-financed
by the European Regional Development Fund. The au-
thors would like to thank for financial assistance from
the STU Grant scheme for Support of excellent Teams
of Young Researchers under the contract no. 1663.
5. References
[1] Perelygin L. M. (1965). Woodworking (in Slovakian).
Slovenské vydavateľstvo technickej literatúry,
Bratislava, Slovakia.
[2] Guangyu Y. Jaakkola P. (2011). Wood chemistry and
isolation of extractives from wood.
URL: http://biotuli-hanke.fi/files/download/Biotuli_Yangj
Jaakkola2011.pdf. Accessed 16 October 2017.
[3] Fengel D., Wegener G. (1989). Wood: Chemistry,
ultrastructure, reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin,
Germany.
[4] Harkin J. M. Rowe W. J. (1971). Bark and its possible uses.
U.S.D: A. Forest service, Madison, USA.
[5] Mrázová E. (2011). Determination of phenolic substances
and antioxidant activity in cereals (in Czech). Diploma
thesis, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of
Technology, Czech Republic.
[6] Jerez M., Selga A., Sineiro J., Torres J. L., Nunez M. J.
(2007). A comparison between bark extracts from Pinus
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procyanidin composition. Food Chem., 100, pp. 439-444.
[7] Yesil-Celiktas O., Ganzera M., Akgun I., Sevimli C.,
Korkmaz K. S., Bedir E. (2009). Determination of
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[8] Kroon M. C., Casal M. F., van den Bruinhorst A. (2012).
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University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain.
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[12] Grande, P. M. (2014). Novel bio-based catalytic strategies
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Sc.D. Thesis, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
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[13] Škulcová A., Jablonský M., Ház A., Vrška M. (2016).
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