Uveitis is inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye. It can be idiopathic or caused by infection or autoimmune conditions. Anterior uveitis is the most common type, involving the iris and sometimes the ciliary body. Uveitis is classified based on location and course of inflammation. Symptoms vary depending on location but can include eye pain, redness, photophobia, blurred vision, and floaters. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation with corticosteroid eye drops. Complications can include glaucoma, cataracts, and vision loss if not properly treated.
1.BRIEF ANATOMY OF EYE
2.OPTIC NEUROPATHY
3. SIGNS OF OPTIC NEUROPATHY
4. CLASSIFICATION OF OPTIC NEUROPATHY
5. IN DETAIL ABOUT DIFFERENT OPTIC NEUROPATHY
6. MANAGEMENT OF OPTIC NEUROPATHY
1.BRIEF ANATOMY OF EYE
2.OPTIC NEUROPATHY
3. SIGNS OF OPTIC NEUROPATHY
4. CLASSIFICATION OF OPTIC NEUROPATHY
5. IN DETAIL ABOUT DIFFERENT OPTIC NEUROPATHY
6. MANAGEMENT OF OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Retinal vasculitis refers to the inflammation of the retinal vessel resulting in evident clinical manifestations i.e. vascular sheathing, leakage and occlusion. This presentation covers the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of this spectrum of retinal disease.
congenital cataract for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Also covers salient points for PGMEE.
Aetiology, clinical features and management discussed in detail.
This presentation describes the background of the cornea and the corneal diseases in general, also it describes in detailed manner how to manage the corneal ulcer with its different causes
Retinal vasculitis refers to the inflammation of the retinal vessel resulting in evident clinical manifestations i.e. vascular sheathing, leakage and occlusion. This presentation covers the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of this spectrum of retinal disease.
congenital cataract for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Also covers salient points for PGMEE.
Aetiology, clinical features and management discussed in detail.
This presentation describes the background of the cornea and the corneal diseases in general, also it describes in detailed manner how to manage the corneal ulcer with its different causes
this research is made by a dental student (me) under supervision of our oral medicine specialist dr. muhassad almudhafer and this research is collected from several articles hope u like it
this my email if u would like to contact me - mnmmnz4503.mm@gmail.com
Skull base osteomyelitis is a rare complication of otitis externa in which soft tissue pathogens have spread to the periosteum and temporal bone of the skull causing necrosis.
an overview of Lupus for journalist
Lupus has a wide spectrum of manifestation. Some mild but in most cases it has a high impact of life and quality of life
Retinoblastoma for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, Genetics, pathophysiology, clinical features, Classification and management of Retinoblastoma.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Hypertensive Retinopathy (HTN-R) for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, Classification and management of HTN-R.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, Classification and management of DR.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, types, associated conditions and management of CRAO.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, types, associated conditions and management of CRVO.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Branched Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, types, associated conditions and management of BRVO.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Optic Neuritis for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, types, associated conditions and management of optic neuritis.
Features of Multiple sclerosis and demyelinating optic neuritis have been detailed.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Optic Atrophy for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, types and associated conditions of optic atrophy.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Papilloedema for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, stages and associated conditions of optic disc edema, pseudopapilloedema and papilloedema.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Retinoscopy for undergraduates and post-graduates.
salient points covering examinations and PGMEE.
Detailed discussion of the technique of retinoscopy and its utility in deducing refractive errors.
Use of cycloplegic refraction and subjective refraction has been discussed.
"Sturm's Conoid" for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Sturm's Conoid, including the ray diagram and explanation of Sturm's interval and circle of least confusion.
it's application in Astigmatism has been covered.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
"APHAKIA" for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aphakia and its management.
typical problems associated with spectacle correction of Aphakia have been detailed.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Management of Cataract for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of diagnosis of cataract, evaluation of a case of cataract and various modalities of treatment of cataract.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE.
Overview of Cataract for undergraduate MBBS students.
Covers the aetiology, clinical features, associations and management of cataract in detail.
Also includes salient points for PGMEE.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Uveitis is defined as inflammation of
the uveal tract, which includes the iris,
ciliary body, and choroid.
Anterior uveitis, the most common
form, includes iritis; iridocyclitis, in
which the ciliary body is also involved;
and anterior cyclitis.
Uveitis is often idiopathic (upto 50%),
but it can be triggered by genetic,
traumatic, or infectious mechanisms.
5. After anatomical classification, uveitis is
further described by the following :
Onset (sudden vs insidious)
Duration (limited—less than 3 months in
duration, or persistent—greater than 3
months in duration)
Course (acute, recurrent, or chronic)
Laterality (unilateral vs bilateral)
Aetiological: infectious, non-infectious,
idiopathic
Pathological: granulomatous, non-
granulomatous
7. Acute anterior uveitis presents as follows :
Pain, generally developing over a few
hours or days except in cases of trauma
Redness
Photophobia
Excessive tearing
Decreased vision
Chronic anterior uveitis presents
primarily as blurred vision and mild
redness. Patients have little pain or
photophobia except when having an
acute episode.
8. Posterior uveitis presents as follows :
Blurred vision and floaters
Absence of symptoms of anterior uveitis
(ie, pain, redness, and photophobia)
The presence of symptoms of posterior
uveitis and pain suggests one of the
following:
Anterior chamber involvement
Bacterial endophthalmitis
Posterior scleritis
9. Intermediate uveitis presents as
follows :
Painless floaters and decreased vision
(similar to posterior uveitis)
Minimal photophobia or external
inflammation
Patients with panuveitis may present
with any or all of the above symptoms.
10. Pathophysiology
The etiology of uveitis is often idiopathic.
However, genetic, traumatic, or infectious
mechanisms are known to promote or trigger
uveitis.
The mechanism for trauma is believed to be a
combination of microbial contamination and
accumulation of necrotic products at the site of
injury, thereby stimulating proinflammatory
processes.
For infectious etiologies of uveitis, it is postulated
that the immune reaction directed against foreign
molecules or antigens may injure the uveal tract
vessels and cells.
When uveitis is found in association with
autoimmune disorders, the mechanism may be a
hypersensitivity reaction involving immune
complex deposition within the uveal tract.
11. Immune Mechanisms of uveitis
The immunologic mechanisms of uveitis associated with systemic
or autoimmune diseases are multifactorial, and the exact process
remains unclear. But, known factors include genetic
susceptibility, previous exposure to infectious agents and
loss of immune privilege.
Genetic susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases is linked to
specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) subtypes. Human
leukocyte antigens are associated with immune responses and
play a prominent role in organ transplant rejection, vulnerability to
autoimmune diseases and susceptibility to infectious diseases.
HLA molecules are proteins (peptides) that are present on the
surfaces of many cells of the body. They represent the product of
genes comprising the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on
chromosome 6. Human leukocyte antigens function to present
antigen to lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes, in turn, recognize the HLA proteins of other cells,
determining self vs. non-self, or foreign cells. So, the HLA system
helps regulate the nature and strength of immune responses.
12.
13. Mechanisms linking HLA-B27 and its associated
inflammatory diseases:
Molecular mimicry, the resemblance of
antigenic microbial proteins to host (self) tissue.
An immune response against a microbial
component may cross-react with a similar host
structure. A T lymphocyte-mediated response
may occur against a self peptide found only in
joint tissue (arthritogenic peptide) or ocular
tissue (uveitogenic peptide).
Abnormal forms of HLA-B27, which may
present microbial or self proteins to T cell
lymphocytes, triggering an immune response.
HLA-B27 breakdown products, which may
serve as autoantigens and initiate an
autoimmune response.
14.
15. Epidemiology
Incidence and prevalence:
The incidence of uveitis varies from 14 to 52.4/100,000 with
the overall prevalence around the world is up to 0.73%
Race
Racial predisposition to uveitis is related to the patient's
underlying systemic disease.[3]
Caucasian: HLA-B27, multiple sclerosis
African American: Sarcoidosis, SLE
Mediterranean/Middle Eastern: Behçet's disease
Asian: Behçet's disease
Sex
In general, uveitis does not have a gender predisposition
except in cases secondary to systemic disease, such as JRA
and SLE.
Age
The majority of patients are aged 20-50 years.
16. Physical examination findings
The lids, lashes, and lacrimal ducts are normal
The conjunctival examination reveals 360-degree
perilimbal injection, which increases in intensity
as it approaches the limbus; this is the reverse of
the pattern seen in conjunctivitis, in which the
most severe inflammation occurs at a distance
from the limbus
Visual acuity may be decreased in the affected
eye
Extraocular movement generally is normal
On the pupillary examination, the patient may
have photophobia i.e. abnormal sensitivity to
ambient light.
17. Slit-lamp examination
Keratitic precipitates/ K.P.(white blood cells) on the endothelium are a
hallmark of iritis
The typical distribution of KPs occurs in the inferior half of the cornea as a
triangle with an inferior base (Arlt's triangle)
Small to medium keratitic precipitates are classified as non-
granulomatous, whereas granulomatous keratitic precipitates are large
and have a greasy or "mutton-fat" granular appearance.
White or red blood Cells may be observed in the anterior chamber and
are graded on a scale of 1+ to 4+. Presence of cells in anterior chamber is
a/w active uveitis.
an increase in the protein content of the aqueous causes an effect upon
examination known as Flare, which is similar to that produced by a
moving projector beam in a dark smoky room.
Layered leucocytes in the anterior chamber is termed as Hypopyon.
Adhesions between iris and peripheral cornea(peripheral anterior
synechiae) or lens(posterior synechiae) may be seen.
Intraocular pressure may be normal or slightly decreased in the acute
phase due to decreased aqueous humor production; however, pressure
may become elevated as the inflammation subsides
Opacities of the lens (posterior subcapsular/ complicated cataracts) may
be present but are not specific for uveitis
21. Laboratory work-up
A nonspecific workup is indicated if the history and the
physical examination findings are unremarkable in the
presence of uveitis that is bilateral, granulomatous, or
recurrent. These tests, which may be ordered by the
consulting ophthalmologist, include the following :
CBC
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL)
Purified protein derivative (PPD)
Lyme titer
HLA-B27
Chest radiography (to assess for sarcoidosis or
tuberculosis)
22.
23. Treatment
The goals of pharmacotherapy are to
reduce pain and inflammation through
the use of cycloplegics and
corticosteroids.
Topical Corticosteroid eye drops have
been the standard of care for uveitis.
Commonly used steroids are:
Prednisolone 1%
Dexamethasone 0.1%
Loteprednol 0.5%
Fluorometholone 0.1%
Difluprednate 0.05%