The document discusses user interface design and human-computer interaction. It begins by listing the objectives of understanding concepts like user-centered design, interface guidelines, components, and input/output design. It then defines what a user interface is and discusses the evolution of interfaces. Several sections provide guidelines for effective interface design, including making it transparent, easy to learn/use, enhancing productivity, and allowing for help/error correction. Specific controls that can be included are also described. The document emphasizes the importance of usability testing and obtaining user feedback throughout the design process.
System users often judge a system by its interface rather than its functionality
A poorly designed interface can cause a user to make catastrophic errors
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a multidisciplinary field of study focusing on the design of computer technology and, in particular, the interaction between humans (the users) and computers. While initially concerned with computers, HCI has since expanded to cover almost all forms of information technology design
System users often judge a system by its interface rather than its functionality
A poorly designed interface can cause a user to make catastrophic errors
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a multidisciplinary field of study focusing on the design of computer technology and, in particular, the interaction between humans (the users) and computers. While initially concerned with computers, HCI has since expanded to cover almost all forms of information technology design
Human computer interaction 3 4(revised)emaan waseem
human computer interaction Human-Computer Interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them” -ACM/IEEE
User Interface Design - Module 1 IntroductionbrindaN
User Interface Design - Module 1 Introduction
Subject Code:15CS832 USER INTERFACE DESIGN VTU UNIVERSITY
Referred Text Book: The Essential Guide to User Interface Design (Second Edition) Author: Wilbert O. Galitz
I made this with my 3 partners for my CEC marks in 3rd sem of MCA. It includes information about HCI, definition, types, how it works, queries of it etc.
One can get idea easily about HCI after refering this presentation.
what is user interface
types of interface
command line interface
menu driven interface
graphical user interface
and advantages and disadvantages of all interface
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 4 Implementation Support and Evaluation Te...VijiPriya Jeyamani
Implementation Support:
Introduction
Elements of windowing systems
Programming the application
User interface management systems
4.2 Evaluation Techniques
What is evaluation?
Goals of evaluation
Choosing an evaluation method
Human computer interaction 3 4(revised)emaan waseem
human computer interaction Human-Computer Interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them” -ACM/IEEE
User Interface Design - Module 1 IntroductionbrindaN
User Interface Design - Module 1 Introduction
Subject Code:15CS832 USER INTERFACE DESIGN VTU UNIVERSITY
Referred Text Book: The Essential Guide to User Interface Design (Second Edition) Author: Wilbert O. Galitz
I made this with my 3 partners for my CEC marks in 3rd sem of MCA. It includes information about HCI, definition, types, how it works, queries of it etc.
One can get idea easily about HCI after refering this presentation.
what is user interface
types of interface
command line interface
menu driven interface
graphical user interface
and advantages and disadvantages of all interface
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 4 Implementation Support and Evaluation Te...VijiPriya Jeyamani
Implementation Support:
Introduction
Elements of windowing systems
Programming the application
User interface management systems
4.2 Evaluation Techniques
What is evaluation?
Goals of evaluation
Choosing an evaluation method
A presentation I gave in 2007 to Business School students at the University of Auckland - focusing mostly on the value of sketching, prototyping and iterating in software design & development.
MBTA Customer Support Portal - User Interface & Design - Reccomendations & Su...Shaun Gould
Using Web 2.0 & Social Media Technology to streamline Customer Service for profit and good.
Mass Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) of Boston
An Evaluation of the Webby Award winning portal and their User Interface & design.
By Shaun M. Gould
A Presentation by Shaun Gould for:
MBTA (Metropolitan Boston’s PublicTranssit Authorty (AKA "The T " ) CustomerSupport Portal.
Reccomendations, User Surveys, Interviews, and discussion with designa nd implementation team.
From Use to User Interface- This 3-4 hour tutorial describes a practical approach to translating the goals users would like to achieve and the tasks they wish to accomplish into user interface designs that effectively support those goals and tasks.
Automotive User Interface Design: Innovative UI design in a slow moving indus...UXPA International
Have you ever noticed how dated the interface looks on your brand new car? Skeumorphic was so cool back when the design team actually created it. How sad it’s not flat like your new smart watch.
A panel of experts will discuss the challenges of designing cool, high-tech digital user interfaces for automobiles that people want to keep forever but be as cool as their latest tech gadget.
The panel will include: 1) a human factors expert with years of experience evaluating automobile cockpits among other things, 2) a user interface design consultant with decades of experience designing everything from cockpits to farm tractors, 3) an automotive industry insider with years of HMI strategy experience, and finally, 4) a cognitive psychologist with significant industry experience.
This lecture provide a detail concepts of user interface development design and evaluation. This lecture have complete guideline toward UI development. The interesting thing about this lecture is Software User Interface Design trends.
Topics include:
Principles of user interface
UI design process
Design principles
Wireframe
Graphic icon, image and colour physiology
User experience and research
User Experience & Design…Designing for others…UEDPreeti Chopra
User-centered design (UCD) techniques,
Simplification of technology as per user’s needs,
User is right,
User testing,
Information architecture,
Interaction design,
ui,
ued
ux
Usability engineering is a field that is concerned generally with human-computer interaction and specifically with devising human-computer interfaces that have high usability or user friendliness. It provides structured methods for achieving efficiency and elegance in interface design.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Explore our most comprehensive guide on lookback analysis at SafePaaS, covering access governance and how it can transform modern ERP audits. Browse now!
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...
User Interface Design
1.
2. OBJECTIVES
When you finish this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain the concept of user interface design and human-
computer interaction, including basic principles of user-
centered design
List user interface design guidelines
Describe user interface components, including screen
elements and controls
Discuss output design and technology issues
Design effective source documents
Explain input design and technology issues
Discuss guidelines for data entry screen design
Use input masks and validation rules to reduce input
errors
Describe output and input controls and security
3. What is a User Interface?
A user interface (UI) describes how users
interact with a computer system, and
consists of all the hardware, software,
screens, menus, functions, output, and
features that affect two-way communications
between the user and the computer.
5. User Rights
1. Perspective: The user always is right. If there is a problem with the use of the
system, the system is the problem, not the user.
2. Installation: The user has the right to install and uninstall software and
hardware systems easily without negative consequences.
3. Compliance: The user has the right to a system that performs exactly as
promised.
4. Instruction: The user has the right to easy-to-use instructions (user guides,
online or contextual help, and error messages) for understanding and
utilizing a system to achieve desired goals and recover efficiently and
gracefully from problem situations.
5. Control: The user has the right to be in control of the system and to be able to
get the system to respond to a request for attention.
6. Feedback: The user has the right to a system that provides clear,
understandable, and accurate information regarding the task it is performing
and the progress toward completion.
7. Dependencies: The user has the right to be informed clearly about all systems
requirements for successfully using software or hardware.
8. Scope: The user has the right to know the limits of the system’s capabilities.
9. Assistance: The user has the right to communicate with the technology
provider and receive a thoughtful and helpful response when raising
concerns.
10. Usability: The user should be the master of software and hardware
technology, not vice versa. Products should be natural and intuitive to use.
6. Human-Computer Interaction
Human-computer interaction (HCI) describes the
relationship between computers and people who use to
perform their jobs, like the worker shown in Figure 8-5.
FIGURE 8-5 HCI is essential to employee
productivity, whether the work is done in
a traditional office setting, or on a construction
site like the one shown here.
7. Principles of User-Centered Design
1. Understand the Business
2. Maximize Graphical Effectiveness
3. Think Like a User
4. Use Models and Prototypes
5. Focus on Usability
6. Invite Feedback
7. Document Everything
8. Designing the User Interface
1. Design a transparent interface.
a. Facilitate the system design objectives, rather than
calling attention to the interface.
b. Create a design that is easy to learn and remember.
c. Design the interface to improve user efficiency and
productivity.
d. Write commands, actions, and system responses
that are consistent and predictable.
e. Minimize data entry problems.
f. Allow users to correct errors easily.
g. Create a logical and attractive layout.
9. 2. Create an interface that is easy to learn
and use.
a. Clearly label all controls, buttons, and icons.
b. Select only those images that users can
understand easily, and provide on-screen
instructions that are logical, concise, and
clear.
c. Show all commands in a list of menu items,
but dim any commands that are not currently
available.
d. Make it easy to navigate or return to any level
in the menu structure.
10. 3. Enhance user productivity.
a. Organize tasks, commands, and functions in groups that
resemble actual business operations.
b. Create alphabetical menu lists or place the selections
used frequently at the top of the menu list.
c. Provide shortcuts so experienced users can avoid
multiple menu levels.
d. Use default values if the majority of values in a field are
the same.
e. Use a duplicate value function that enables users to
insert the value from the same field in the previous
record.
f. Provide a fast-find feature that displays a list of possible
values as soon as users enter the first few letters.
g. Use a natural language feature that allows users to
type commands or requests in normal English
phrases.
11. 4. Make it easy for users to obtain help or
correct errors.
a. Ensure that help is always available.
b. Provide user-selected help and context-sensitive help.
c. Provide a direct route for users to return to the point from
where help was requested.
d. Include contact information.
e. Require user confirmation before data deletion and provide a
method of recovering data that is deleted inadvertently.
f. Provide an Undo key or a menu choice that allows the user to
eradicate the results of the most recent command or action.
g. When a user-entered command contains an error, highlight the
erroneous part and allow the user to make the correction
without retyping the entire command.
h. Use hypertext links to assist users as they navigate through
help topics.
12. 5. Minimize Input Data
a. Create input masks, which are
templates or patterns that make it
easier for users to enter data.
b. Display event-driven messages and
reminders.
c. Establish a list of predefined values that
users can click to select.
d. Build in rules that enforce data integrity.
13. 6. Provide Feedback to Users
a. Display messages at a logical place on the
screen, and be consistent.
b. Alert users to lengthy processing times or
delays.
c. Allow messages to remain on the screen long
enough for users to read them.
d. Let the user know whether the task or
operation was successful or not.
e. Provide a text explanation if you use an icon
or image on a control button.
f. Use messages that are specific,
understandable, and professional.
14. 7. Create an Attractive Layout and
Design
a. Use appropriate colors to highlight different areas of the
screen; avoid gaudy and bright colors.
b. Use special effects sparingly.
c. Use hyperlinks that allow users to jump to related topics.
d. Group related objects and information.
e. Screen density is important.
f. Display titles, messages, and instructions in a consistent
manner and in the same general locations on all screens.
g. Use consistent terminology.
h. Ensure that commands always will have the same effect.
i. Ensure that similar mouse actions will produce the same
results throughout the application.
j. When the user enters data that completely fills the field, do not
move automatically to the next field.
15. 8. Use Familiar Terms and Images
a. Remember that users are accustomed to a pattern of red
= stop, yellow = caution, and green = go. Stick to that
pattern and use it when appropriate to reinforce
onscreen instructions.
b. Provide a keystroke alternative for each menu
command, with easy-to-remember letters, such as File,
Exit, and Help.
c. Use familiar commands if possible, such as Cut, Copy,
and Paste.
d. Provide a Windows look and feel in your interface design
if users are familiar with Windows-based applications.
e. Avoid complex terms and technical jargon; instead,
select terms that come from everyday business
processes and the vocabulary of a typical user.
16. Good user interface design is based on a
combination of ergonomics, aesthetics, and
interface technology.
ERGONOMICS describes how people work,
learn, and interact with computers;
AESTHETICS focuses on how an interface can
be made attractive and easy to use; and
INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY provides the
operational structure required to carry out the
design objectives.
17. Add Control Features
The designer can include many
features, such as menu bars, toolbars,
dialog boxes, text boxes, toggle buttons,
list boxes, scroll bars, drop-down list
boxes, option buttons, check boxes,
command buttons, and calendar
controls, among others.
18. The menu bar at the top of the screen displays the
main menu options.
A command button initiates an action such as
printing a form or requesting help.
A dialog box allows a user to enter information
about a task that the system will perform.
A text box can display messages or provide a
place for a user to enter data.
A toggle button is used to represent on or off
status — clicking the toggle button switches to the
other status.
A list box displays a list of choices that the user
can select. If the list does not fit in the box, a scroll
bar allows the user to move through the available
choices.
19. A drop-down list box displays the current
selection; when the user clicks the arrow, a
list of the available choices displays.
An option button, or radio button, represents
one choice in a set of options. The user can
select only one option at a time, and selected
options show a black dot.
A check box is used to select one or more
choices from a group. Selected options are
represented by a checkmark or an X.
A calendar control allows the user to select a
date that the system will use as a field value.
20.
21. Screen design requires a sense of aesthetics
as well as technical skills. You should design screens
that are attractive, easy to use, and workable. You
also should obtain user feedback early and often as
the design process continues.
The opening screen is especially important
because it introduces the application and allows
users to view the main options. When designing an
opening screen, you can use a main form that
functions as a switchboard.
A switchboard uses command buttons
that enable users to navigate the system and select
from groups of related tasks.
22.
23. Output Design
Before designing output, ask yourself several questions:
What is the purpose of the output?
Who wants the information, why is it needed, and how
will it be used?
What specific information will be included?
Will the output be printed, viewed on-screen, or both?
What type of device will the output go to?
When will the information be provided, and how often
must it be updated?
Do security or confidentiality issues exist?
24. Types of Reports
DETAIL REPORTS. A detail report produces one or
more lines of output for each record processed. Each
line of output printed is called a detail line.
25. EXCEPTION REPORTS. An exception report
displays only those records that meet a specific
condition or conditions.
26. SUMMARY REPORTS. Upper-level managers
often want to see total figures and do not need
supporting details. A sales manager, for example,
might want to know total sales for each sales
representative, but not want a detail report listing
every sale made by them. In that case, a summary
report is appropriate.
27. Designing a Report
1. You should prepare a sample report, called a mock-up,
or prototype, for users to review. The sample should
include typical field values and contain enough records to
show all the design features. Depending on the type of
printed output, you can create a Word document or use a
report generator to create mock-up reports.
2. After a report design is approved, you should document
the design by creating a report analysis form, which
contains information about the layout, fields,
frequency, distribution, data security considerations, and
other issues.
28. Design Features
1. REPORT HEADERS AND FOOTERS
2. PAGE HEADERS AND FOOTERS
3. COLUMN HEADING ALIGNMENT
4. COLUMN SPACING
5. FIELD ORDER
6. GROUPING DETAIL LINES
7. REPEATING FIELDS
8. CONSISTENT DESIGN
29.
30. Output Technology
1. Internet – Based Information Delivery
2. E-mail
3. Blogs
4. Instant Messaging
5. Wireless Devices
6. Digital Audio, Images, and Video
7. Podcasts
8. Automated Facsimile Systems
9. Computer Output to Microfilm (COM)
10. Computer Output to Digital Media
31. 11. Specialized Forms of Output
An incredibly diverse marketplace requires many forms of
specialized output and devices such as these:
Portable, Web-connected devices that can run applications,
handle multimedia output, and provide powerful, multipurpose
communication for users
Retail point-of-sale terminals that handle computer-based credit
card transactions, print receipts, and update inventory records
Automatic teller machines (ATMs) that can process bank
transactions and print deposit and withdrawal slips
Special-purpose printers that can produce labels, employee ID
cards, driver’s licenses, gasoline pump receipts, and, in some
states, lottery tickets
Plotters that can produce high-quality images such as blueprints,
maps, and electronic circuit diagrams
Electronic detection of data embedded in credit cards, bank
cards, and employee identification cards
32. Input Design
The objective of input design is to ensure the
quality, accuracy, and timeliness of input data.
The term garbage in, garbage out (GIGO), is
familiar to IT professionals, who know that the
best time to avoid problems is when the data is
entered.
Good input design requires attention to human
factors as well as technology issues.
33. Source Documents and Forms
A source document collects input data, triggers or
authorizes an input action, and provides a record of the
original transaction.
Source documents generally are paper-based, but also
can be provided online. Either way, the design
considerations are the same.
Good form layout makes the form easy to complete and
provides enough space, both vertically and horizontally, for
users to enter the data.
A form should indicate data entry positions clearly using
blank lines or boxes and descriptive captions.
34. Source Document Zones
The heading zone usually contains the company name or
logo and the title and number of the form.
The control zone contains codes, identification
information, numbers, and dates that are used for storing
completed forms.
The instruction zone contains instructions for completing
the form.
The main part of the form, called the body zone, usually
takes up at least half of the space on the form and contains
captions and areas for entering variable data.
If totals are included on the form, they appear in the totals
zone.
Finally, the authorization zone contains any required
signatures.
35. Data Entry Screens
Data capture uses an automated or manually operated
device to identify source data and convert it into
computer-readable form.
Examples of data capture devices include credit card
scanners and bar code readers.
Data entry is the process of manually entering data into
the information system, usually in the form of keystrokes,
mouse clicks, touch screens, or spoken words.
The most effective method of online data entry is form
filling, in which a blank form that duplicates or
resembles the source document is completed on the
screen. The user enters the data and then moves to the
next field.
36. The following guidelines will help you design
data entry screens that are easy to learn and use.
1. Restrict user access to screen locations where
data is entered.
2. Provide a descriptive caption for every field, and
show the user where to enter the data and the
required or maximum field size.
3. Display a sample format if a user must enter
values in a field in a specific format.
4. Require an ending keystroke for every field.
5. Do not require users to type leading zeroes for
numeric fields.
37. 6. Do not require users to type trailing zeroes for
numbers that include decimals.
7. Display default values so operators can press
the enter key to accept the suggested value.
8. Use a default value when a field value will be
constant for successive records or throughout
the data entry session.
9. Display a list of acceptable values for fields,
and provide meaningful error messages if the
user enters an unacceptable value.
10. Provide a way to leave the data entry screen at
any time without entering the current record.
38. 11. Provide users with an opportunity to confirm
the accuracy of input data before entering it by
displaying a message such as, Add this
record? (Y/N).
12. Provide a means for users to move among
fields on the form in a standard order or in any
order they choose.
13. Design the screen form layout to match the
layout of the source document.
14. Allow users to add, change, delete, and view
records.
15. Provide a method to allow users to search for
specific information, as shown in Figure 8-33.
39. Input Masks
Use input masks, which are templates
or patterns that restrict data entry
and prevent errors.
40. A DATA VALIDATION RULE improves input quality by testing
the data and rejecting any entry that fails to meet specified conditions.
You can design at least eight types of data validation rules. For
example:
1. A sequence check is used when the data must be in some
predetermined sequence.
2. An existence check is used for mandatory data items.
3. A data type check tests to ensure that a data item fits the
required data type.
4. A range check tests data items to verify that they fall between
a specified minimum and maximum value. When the validation
check involves a minimum or a maximum value, but not both, it
is called a limit check.
5. A reasonableness check identifies values that are
questionable, but not necessarily wrong.
6. A validity check is used for data items that must have certain
values.
7. A combination check is performed on two or more fields to
ensure that they are consistent or reasonable when
considered together.
8. Batch controls are totals used to verify batch input.
42. Batch Input
Using batch input, data entry usually is
performed on a specified time schedule, such
as daily, weekly, monthly, or longer.
For example, batch input occurs when a payroll
department collects time cards at the end of the
week and enters the data as a batch.
Another example is a school that enters all
grades for the academic term in a batch.
43. Online Input
Although batch input is used in specific
situations, most business activity requires online
data entry.
A popular online input method is source data
automation, which combines online data
entry and automated data capture using input
devices such as RFID tags or magnetic data
strips.
Source data automation is fast and accurate,
and minimizes human involvement in the
translation process.
44. Many large companies use a combination of source data
automation and a powerful communication network to manage global
operations instantly. Some common examples of source data
automation are:
Businesses that use point-of-sale (POS) terminals
equipped with bar code scanners and magnetic swipe
scanners to input credit card data.
Automatic teller machines (ATMs) that read data strips on
bank cards.
Factory employees who use magnetic ID cards to clock on
and off specific jobs so the company can track production
costs accurately.
Hospitals that imprint bar codes on patient identification
bracelets and use portable scanners when gathering data
on patient treatment and medication.
Retail stores that use portable bar code scanners to log
new shipments and update inventory data.
Libraries that use handheld scanners to read optical strips
on books.
45. Tradeoffs
Although online input offers many advantages, it does
have some disadvantages.
For example, unless source data automation is used,
manual data entry is slower and more expensive than
batch input because it is performed at the time the
transaction occurs and often done when computer
demand is at its highest.
The decision to use batch or online input depends on
business requirements. For example, hotel
reservations must be entered and processed
immediately, but hotels can enter their monthly
performance figures in a batch.
In fact, some input occurs naturally in batches. A cable
TV provider, for example, receives customer payments
in batches when the mail arrives.
46. Input Volume Reduction
The following guidelines will help reduce
input volume:
1. Input necessary data only.
2. Do not input data that the user can retrieve
from system files or calculate from other
data.
3. Do not input constant data.
4. Use codes.
47. Output Security and Control
Output must be accurate, complete, current, and secure.
Companies use various output control methods to
maintain output integrity and security.
Output security protects privacy rights and shields
the organization’s proprietary data from theft or
unauthorized access.
A diskless workstation is a network terminal that
supports a full-featured user interface, but limits the
printing or copying of data, except to certain network
resources that can be monitored and controlled.
48. Input Security and Control
Input control includes the necessary measures to
ensure that input data is correct, complete, and secure.
Every piece of information should be traceable back to the
input data that produced it. That means that you must
provide an audit trail that records the source of each
data item and when it entered the system.
Data security policies and procedures protect data from
loss or damage, which is a vital goal in every organization.
Sensitive data can be encrypted, or coded, in a process
called encryption, so only users with decoding software
can read it.